The document summarizes the key events and causes of World War 1. It describes the rise of imperialism and nationalism in Europe, the system of alliances that drew countries into war, and major battles like trench warfare. It also discusses America's initial neutrality and eventual entry into the war in 1917 after attacks on U.S. shipping. The aftermath included the harsh Treaty of Versailles and Wilson's failed attempt to establish the League of Nations.

1.  Imperialism
 Nationalism
 Leads to competition, antagonism
between nations
 Various ethnic groups resent domination,
want independence
 Militarism
 Alliances

2.  Triple Entente (Allies)—France, Britain,
Russia*
 Triple Alliance (Central Powers) --Germany,
Austria-Hungary, Italy**
 *Russia drops out before the war is over.
 **Italy changed sides at the beginning of the
war.

4.  Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
of Austria by a Serbian nationalist
 Gavrilo Princip
 Black Hand
 Alliance system pulls one nation after
another into war

5. Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand and wife Duchess Sophie

6. 1. Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
2. Russia declares war on Austria-Hungary
3. Germany declares war on Russia & France
4. Britain declares war on Germany

7.  Germany’s Schlieffen Plan: hold Russia,
defeat France, then Russia
 German troops sweep through Belgium
(neutral)

9.  2 parallel systems of trenches cross France –
leads to stalemate during early yrs.
 Armies fight to gain only yards of ground
 “No man’s land”

10. Illustration from Neil Demarco's The Great

11.  Socialists, pacifists, many ordinary people
against U.S. in war
 Naturalized citizens concerned about effect
on country of birth
 Many feel ties to British ancestry, language,
democracy, legal system
 U.S. has stronger economic ties with Allies
than with Central Powers

12.  Anti-immigrant feeling
 Fear spies (espionage) and sabotage
 Suppression of German culture—music,
language, literature, name changes
 U.S. continues to practice isolationism
 Wilson re-elected in 1916 on slogan “He kept
us out of war”

13.  British blockade & mine North Sea, stop war
supplies reaching Germany
 Germany has difficulty importing food,
fertilizer; by 1917, famine

14.  Germany begins unrestricted submarine
warfare.
 U-boat sinks British liner Lusitania; 128
Americans among the dead
 U.S. public opinion turns against
Germany
 President Wilson protests – gets Germany to
agree to Sussex Pledge, must warn ships first

15. NOTICE!
Travellers intending to embark on the Atlantic voyage
are reminded that a state of war exists between
Germany and her allies and Great Britain and her
allies; that the zone of war includes the waters
adjacent to the British Isles; that, in accordance with
formal notice given by the Imperial German
Government, vessels flying the flag of Great Britain, or
any of her allies, are liable to destruction in those
waters and that travellers sailing in the war zone on
ships of Great Britain or her allies do so at their own
risk.
IMPERIAL GERMAN EMBASSY WASHINGTON, D.C.,
APRIL 22, 1915.
German WWI U Boat

17.  By 1917, U.S. has mobilized for war against
Central Powers to:
 ensure Allied repayment of debts
 prevent German threat to U.S. shipping

18.  Germany resumes unrestricted sub warfare
 Zimmerman note - proposes alliance of
Germany, Mexico against U.S.
 Russian monarchy replaced with
representative government
 War of Democracies against Monarchies

19.  Wilson calls for war to “make world safe for
democracy”
 Says this will be the “war to end all wars”

20.  Tanks break trench stalemate
 Early planes flimsy, only do scouting; later
ones stronger, faster
 carry machine guns, heavy bomb loads
 Poison Gas
 Hand grenades
 Machine guns

21. World War I British Tank

23. WW I French Airplane with Machine Guns
World War I Observation Balloons

24. Captain Eddie
Rickenbacker
First US Ace Dogfighter
26 Aerial Victories

25.  New weapons and tactics lead to horrific
injuries, hazards
 Troops amidst filth, pests, polluted water,
poison gas, dead bodies
 Constant bombardment, battle fatigue
produce “shell shock”
 Physical problems include dysentery, trench
foot, trench mouth

27. Aerial View of Gas Attack
German Flame Thrower

28.  After 2 1/2 years fighting, Allied
forces are exhausted, demoralized
 American troops bring numbers,
freshness, enthusiasm

29.  Selective Service Act—men register,
randomly chosen for service
 African Americans in segregated units,
excluded from navy, marines
 Women in army, navy, marines as nurses
secretaries, phone operators

30.  Doughboys
 General John J. Pershing
leads American
Expeditionary Force
 Convoy System
 U.S. mines North Sea to stop
U-boats
General John J Pershing
1860 - 1948

31.  Russia pulls out of war 1917; Germans shift
armies to western front
 come within 50 miles of Paris
 Americans help stop German advance, turn
tide against Central Powers

32.  German sailors, soldiers rebel;
socialists establish German
republic
 Kaiser gives up throne
 Germans exhausted; armistice,
or truce, signed November 11,
1918
Kaiser Wilhelm
II
1859 - 1941

33.  World War I bloodiest war in history to date
 more than half of 22 million dead are
civilians
 20 million more are wounded
 10 million people become refugees

34. WWI Russian Refugees
WWI French Refugees
WWI Belgian Refugees

35.  World War I spurs social, political, and
economic change in the United States.

36.  U.S. spends $35.5 billion on war
effort
 1/3 paid through taxes, 2/3
borrowed through sale of war bonds

37.  Economy shifts from producing
consumer goods to war supplies
 Congress gives president direct
control of much of the economy
 War Industries Board is main
regulatory body
 urges mass-production,
standardizing products
 Bernard M. Baruch is head of board

38. Woodrow Wilson
28th President of the United
States
Bernard Baruch
Chairman of War Industries
Board

40.  Wilson creates National War Labor Board to
settle disputes
 Food Administration under Herbert Hoover
works to produce, save food (rationing is
voluntary)
 Encourages public conservation, increase of
farm production

41.  Railroad Administration, Fuel
Administration also control industries
 Conservation measures adopted by public,
nation

42.  Industrial wages rise; offset
by rising costs of food,
housing
 Large corporations make
enormous profits
 Unions boom from
dangerous conditions, child
labor, unfair pay

43.  George Creel heads Committee on Public
Information
 Produces visual works, printed matter to
promote war
 Volunteers speak about war, distribute
materials

45.  Many women take jobs in heavy industry
previously held by men
 Many do volunteer work for war effort
 Some active in peace movement
 Women’s effort bolsters support for suffrage;
19th Amendment passes

46. Women in World War I

47.  Du Bois urges support for war to strengthen
call for racial justice
 Most African Americans support war
 Some think victims of racism should not
support racist government

48. Black Doughboys of the
368th Infantry

49.  Great Migration
 escape racial discrimination
 take up new job opportunities
 Press of new migrants intensifies racial
tensions in North

50. The Great Migration
Black Families Move North

51.  Espionage and Sedition Acts—person can be
fined, imprisoned for:
 interfering with war effort, speaking against
government
 Violate 1st amendment; prosecute loosely
defined antiwar activities
 target socialists, labor leaders

52.  Eugene V. Debs – Socialist – was arrested for
violating Espionage and Sedition Acts and
sent to prison.
 IWW was targeted because of its socialist
members.
 Schenk v. United States – freedom of
speech is limited when it represents a “clear
and present danger”

53.  International flu epidemic
of 1918 has devastating effect
on economy
 As many as 30 million
people die worldwide

55.  Wilson’s plan for world peace known as Fourteen
Points
 Some examples: (1) Remove trade barriers, (2)
Arms reductions, (3) Self-determination, (4)
Freedom of the Seas, (5) No secret treaties.
 The last point calls for international organization
or League of Nations
 League to enable nations to discuss, settle
problems without war

56.  European leaders oppose most of Wilson’s peace plan,
and the U.S. Senate fails to ratify the peace treaty.

57.  Wilson fails to grasp anger of Allied leaders
against Germany
 Conference excludes Central Powers, Russia,
small Allied nations
 Wilson gives up most of his points in return
for League of Nations

59.  Creates 9 new nations
 Places various conditions on Germany:
 Demilitarized: army no larger than 100,000,
little navy and no airforce
 Loss of Land: Alsace-Lorraine returned to
France
 Loss of Money: pay reparations, or war damages
($33 billion)
 Loss of Pride: War-guilt clause—Germany must
accept sole responsibility for war

60. When we have paid one hundred
billion marks then I can give you
something to eat'

61.  Some think treaty too harsh, fear economic
effects
 Some feel treaty exchanged one group of
colonial rulers for another
 Some ethnic groups not satisfied with new
national borders

62.  Some think League threatens U.S. foreign
policy of isolation
 Senators like Henry Cabot Lodge mistrust
provision for joint action

63.  Lodge introduces amendments to treaty
 Wilson refuses to compromise
 Goes on speaking tour to convince nation
to support League
 has stroke, is temporarily disabled
 Neither amendments nor treaty approved
 U.S. never signs Treaty of Versailles
 U.S. & Germany sign separate treaty
 U.S. never joins League of Nations

64.  In U.S., war strengthens military, increases power
of government
 Accelerates social change for African Americans,
women
 Fears & antagonisms provoked by propaganda
remain
 In Europe, destruction, loss of life damage social,
political systems
 Communist, fascist governments form
 Treaty does not settle conflicts in Europe