Week11 Lecture: CSS

WEEK 6
WEEK 11:
CSS (CASCADING
STYLE SHEETS)

GOALS FOR TODAY
• Review what CSS is
• Writing CSS Targeting Selectors
• Types of Selectors
• CSS Cascade (Order)
• Applying basic CSS properties

HTML IS THE FOUNDATION,
CSS IS THE PRESENTATION

REVIEW:
WHAT IS CSS?
• CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is a style sheet language developed to
control the presentation (look and feel) of markup language documents, in
our case HTML
• CSS is a collection of formatting rules
Examples:
• size of font
• color of font
• font family
• margins,
• border,
• underline etc…

WHAT IS CSS?
<< WITHOUT CSS
<< WITH CSS

SPECIFY AND TARGET STYLES
There are 3 main ways to specify and target styles in our web pages

APPLYING CSS
ANATOMY
OF A CSS
STYLE

ANATOMY OF A CSS STYLE
p {
color: red;
font-size: 13px;
font-family: arial;
font-weight: bold;
}
You can write CSS
either way, they do
the same thing
p { color: red; font-size: 13px; font-family: arial; font-weight: bold;}
Result:
<p> Just some text for demonstration purposes. </p>

ELEMENT SELECTORS:
FOR REGULAR HTML TAGS
• The element selector selects all elements (tags) with the specified
element name
• These are very broad and the styles given to them would apply to all
• Elements selectors refer to regular HTML tags
p { color: red; }
h1 { color: yellow; }
ul { color: red; }
strong { color: blue; }
em { color: green; }

ELEMENT SELECTORS:
FOR REGULAR HTML TAGS

CLASS SELECTORS:
FOR ANY ELEMENT
• Classes are html attributes that can be added to any html
element (<p>, <h1>, <strong>, <em>, etc.)
• Classes can be named anything
• You can apply a class as many times on a page as needed
• Class selectors always start with a period in the css file (.ex)
CSS:
.subhead { color: red; }
HTML:
<h2 class=”subhead”>My Subhead</h2>

CLASS SELECTORS:
FOR ANY ELEMENT

ID SELECTORS:
FOR ANY ONE ELEMENT ON A PAGE
• The id selector uses the id attribute of an HTML tag to find the
specific element.
• An id should be unique within a page, so you should use the
id selector when you want to find a single, unique element.
CSS:
#subhead { color: red; }
HTML:
<h2 id=”subhead”>My Subhead</h2>

CSS CASCADE (ORDER)
From general to specific

THE CASCADE (ORDER)
(VERY IMPORTANT!)
• CSS cascade is very
important, whether you
want to style a very
specific element on a
page or a HTML elements
in a general tag
• With no CSS on a page,
the browser’s default
styles will be used
• CSS is just like HTML, it is
read top to bottom, left to
right

WEB COLOUR
RGB vs HEX, web safe vs millions…

WEB COLOUR
In the Stone Age…
In the stone age, when computers
only supported 256 different colors,
a list of 216 "Web Safe Colors" was
suggested as a Web standard,
reserving 40 fixed system colors.
This 216 cross-browser color
palette was created to ensure that
all computers would display colors
correctly:

WEB COLOURS
Colors are displayed combining
RED, GREEN, and BLUE light.
The combination of Red, Green
and Blue values from 0 to 255
gives a total of more than 16
million different colors to play
with (256 x 256 x 256).
Most modern monitors are
capable of displaying at least
16384 different colors.

COLOUR VALUES
Colors are defined using a hexadecimal (hex) notation for the
of Red, Green, and Blue values (RGB).
• The lowest value for each light source is 0 (hex 00)
• The highest value is 255 (hex FF)
• Hex values are written as # followed by either three or six hex
characters, eg: #990033
Try it!
• See the web links in Week 10

APPLYING STYLES TO A PAGE OR SITE

3 WAYS TO APPLY STYLES
1 - Embedded style:
• Typed directly into each html document, applies only to that
document, embedded in the <head></head> section
2 - Linked style sheet
• Separate style sheet written and then linked to each document
• This allows you to control the style of an entire site consisting of
more then 1 page from 1 style sheet
• Links to style sheets go in the <head></head> section
3 – In-line
• An inline style loses many of the advantages of a style sheet (by
mixing content with presentation). Use this method sparingly!
• To use inline styles, add the style attribute to the relevant tag

EMBEDDING CSS
• To embedded CSS styles in your
document the <style> tags are added
inside of the <head></head> tags at
the top of your document.
• Your custom CSS styles (or rules) are
placed inside of the <style></style>
tags
Embedding css directly on a
page limits it to JUST that
page
• This has pros can cons: Pro: maybe
you just need it applied to that page,
con: doing this on multiple pages
would be a lot of work!

LINKING CSS STYLE SHEETS
• Linking a style sheet means that you can control the
presentation of a site consisting of multiple pages from 1 CSS
file
You link to a separate file:
• <link href="global.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
• Linked Style Sheet are named with a .css extention (ie.
global.css).
• Linked Style Sheet are added in head section between the
opening and closing head tags just like embedded CSS styles
This is the technique we will be using in class

LINKED STYLE SHEETS CAN BE
APPLIED TO MULTIPLE PAGES
This makes updating much easier!

BASIC CSS PROPERTIES
p {color: olive;}
• “p” is the selector, “color” is the
property and “olive” is the value
color: blue;
• modifies the color property of your
chosen font, default is black
• you use keywords (red) or
hexadecimal (#e0e0e0)
font-size: 13px;
• modifies the size property of your
chosen font
• Can be measured in px, em, or pts
font-weight: normal;
font-weight: bold;
• controls the weight of the font, either
bold or normal
background-color: yellow;
• sets the background property of an
element, can you use keywords (red) or
hexadecimal (#e0e0e0)
Important! With CSS it is
always property first,
value second

Week11 Lecture: CSS

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Week11 Lecture: CSS