1. Chapter 11 Sculpture Sculptures are three-dimensional objects that take up real space and have mass. The open spaces in a sculpture create voids that are essential parts of sculpture, as the open voids are in Henry Moore’s Reclining Figure: Angles. Focusing on the swelling form of the female body and resembling a mountainous landscape, the large, abstract figural work by Moore changes as the viewer moves around the figure. Moore Reclining Figure: Angles, Bronze

3. Sculpture also employs the principles of design and balance taking on a new significance in a three-dimensional work. Richard Serra’s 120-foot long, steel, site-specific sculpture Tilted Arc appears to balance precariously in New York ’s Federal Plaza, while Edgar Degas’s Dancer Looking at the Sole of Her Right Foot is balanced rather awkwardly through the natural center of gravity.

6. A common subject matter for sculptures throughout time has been the human figure, either in a representational manner or in a spiritual sense that the gods and goddesses of a culture embodied a human form. The figure of Buddha is made tangible in the Japanese bronze Amida Butsa, the Great Buddha , seen in a meditation pose.

9. Portrait busts are sculptures that depict a person’s head and shoulders; artist Gianlorenzo Bernini carved the bust of Cardinal Scipione Borghese with vibrancy and movement. Whereas portrait busts represent an actual person, a mask covers up the person, transforming the wearer into another character or spirit; for example, the Dance Mask of the Kwakiutl people of the northwest coast of British Columbia represents the spirits of birds.

12. Animals are represented in sculptures also, in equestrian monuments that feature a hero or heroine atop a horse, seen in the example of Monument to Peter the Great by Étienne-Maurice Falconet.

16. Relief - a projection from a surrounding surface Mayan, relief from Pyramid of the Feathered Serpent High relief - more than half of the projection is raised from the surface “High relief" involves deep carving; the figures are raised high from the background.

17. c.450-440 BCE Classical Greek, Little Girl with Bird, marble Relief attached to the background; usually the back of the subject cannot be seen. c.1260-1270, diptych, Coronation of the Virgin and the last judgment, French, Ivory High relief or low relief?

18. Freestanding or In the Round Rodin – Burghers of Calais Freestanding or in the round – completely detached from the background; all sides of the subject can be seen.

19. Venus de Milo, Classical Greek Sculpture, freestanding Sculpture can come in many forms such as wood, marble, bronze, clay, plaster, ivory, stone, metals, plastic and more. Vietnam Heroes, Frederick Hart, 1984, bronze, freestanding

20. Traditional Materials and Techniques Traditional techniques include modeling, carving, and casting. Modeling uses pliable material such as clay or wax to form the desired shapes by hand or tool manipulation. Modeling is one of the oldest sculptural techniques, and many cultures have utilized its capabilities; one example is the Portrait Vessel , made by the Moche people in Peru over fifteen hundred years ago. Clay is often the preferred material since it is flexible and can be made more permanent by firing the material in a kiln, resulting in terra cotta or “baked earth.” Ceramic work, or any kind of kiln-fired works, can be glazed with glass-like coatings.

26. Kinetic Sculpture Calder – Lobster Trap and Fish Tail Sculpture that moves – Stabiles and mobiles George Rickey Top – Four Cubes Left – Gyratory 4

28. Installations Made for a specific space, exploiting certain qualities of that space. Installations may be temporary or permanent. A work of art created for a specific location and designed to relate to that location. 3D use of constructing and assembling a work. Christo, The Gates, Central Park, NYC 1979 - 2005

29. Readymades Picasso – Bull’s Head, 1943, bicycle seat and handle bars Sculptures made with objects not made by the hand of the artist are called found object sculptures and the objects are usually added together to form an assemblage. Readymades generally incorporate everyday items in a different way than the intended use.

30. Land Art Site specific using earthworks At right, Ohio Serpent Mounds Bottom pictures – Andy Goldsworthy’s Earthworks

32. Public Art – Richard Serra’s Tilted Arc

33. Two general types of sculpture Tectonic – simple massive forms Atectonic – spacious forms Alberto Giacometti, Swiss Surrealist Painter and Sculptor, metal Brancusi, The Kiss, 1908, marble