2. MODULE 7: Neurons: The Basic
Elements of Behavior
Why do psychologists study the brain and
nervous system?
What are the basic elements of the
nervous system?
How does the nervous system
communicate electrical and chemical
messages from one part to another?
3. The Structure of the Neuron
Neurons (Nerve
cells)
› Basic elements of the
nervous system
› As many as 1 trillion
4. Nerve cells
The building blocks of the nervous
system
A specialized cell that transmit
neural impulses to other neurons,
glands and muscles
4
5. The Structure of the Neuron
Dendrites
› Clusters of fibers that receive messages from
other neurons
Axon
› Carries messages received by the dendrites
to other neurons
6. Dendrites - a cluster of
fibers at one end of a
neuron
› receive information from
other neurons and transmit
towards the cell body.
Cell body
› keeps the neuron alive
and determines whether it
will fire.
6
7. The Structure of the Neuron
Terminal buttons
› Sends messages to other neurons
Myelin sheath
› Protective coating of fat and protein that
wraps around the axon like links of sausage
8. Myelin Sheath
Fatty insulation that may surround the axon of a neuron.
8
9. Myelin sheath
› A protective coat of fat and protein that
wraps around the axon
› Serves to increase the velocity with which
electrical impulses travel through axons
› “if your hand touches a painfully hot stove,
the information regarding the pain is
passed through axons in the hand and
arm that have a relatively thick coating of
myelin sheath, speeding the message of
pain so that you can react instantly.
9
10.
11. Nerve
› Bundle of axons
belonging to many
neurons
Nucleus
› a group of cell
bodies in the brain
and spine
Ganglion
› A group of cell
bodies outside the
brain and spine
› Glial cells
› Nonneuronal cells
that hold the
neurons in place
and remove
dead neurons
and waste
products 11
12. Identify parts of the neuron and synapse and
describe how they communicate information.
13. Identify parts of the neuron and synapse and
describe how they communicate information.
14. How Neurons Fire
Transmit an electrical
impulse along the
axon
› All-or-none law
› Resting state
› Action potential
› Mirror neurons
15. Where Neurons Meet: Bridging
the Gap
Synapse
› Space between two
neurons where the
axon of a sending
neuron communicates
with the dendrites of a
receiving neuron by
using chemical
messages
16. Where Neurons Meet: Bridging
the Gap
Neurotransmitters
› Chemicals that carry messages across the
synapse to a dendrite of a receiving neuron
Excitatory messages
Increase likelihood that neuron will fire
Inhibitory messages
Decrease likelihood that neuron will fire
Reuptake
Reabsorption by the terminal button
SSRIs
18. i. Found at many synapses and is usually
excitatory
ii. Prevalent in the hippocampus where
memories are formed
› Has a role in Alzheimer’s disease
iii. Released at every synapse where a neuron
terminates at a skeletal muscle fiber
Directed onto end plates located on the
muscle cells which cause them to contract
18
19. Part of the monoamines and is
produced mainly in the brain stem
› Cocaine and amphetamines prolong the
action of norepinephrine leading to
elevated mood states
› Lithium speeds up norepinephrine
reuptake leading to depressed mood
19
20. Similar to norepinephrine and
related to feelings of pleasure
Too much dopamine may
cause schizophrenia and too
little is associated with
Parkinson’s disease
20
21. Plays an important role in the
regulation of mood, sleep and
appetite
Antidepressant drugs, called
serotonin reuptake inhibitors,
increase serotonin levels
21
22. An excitatory neurotransmitter is
present in neurons of the central
nervous system
› Believed to play a role in
learning and memory
22
23. A major inhibitory transmitter
used in the majority of synapses
in the brain
› Used as anxiety reducing
drugs
23
24.
25. MODULE 8: The Nervous System and
the Endocrine System:
Communicating Within the Body
How are the structures of the nervous
system linked together?
How does the endocrine system affect
behavior?
26. The Nervous System: Linking
Neurons
Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
› Central nervous system
Spinal cord
Reflex
Sensory (afferent) neurons
Motor (efferent) neurons
Interneurons
27. The Nervous System: Linking
Neurons
Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
› Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic division
Voluntary movements
Autonomic division
Controls organs that function automatically
28. Activating the Divisions of the
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic Division
› Acts to prepare the body for action in
stressful situations by engaging all of the
organism’s resources to run away or confront
the threat
“Fight or flight”
Parasympathetic Division
› Calms the body after emergency ends
29.
30. The Evolutionary Foundations
of the Nervous System
Evolutionary Psychology
› Branch of psychology that seeks to identify
how behavior is influenced and produced by
our genetic inheritance from our ancestors
31. The Evolutionary Foundations
of the Nervous System
Behavioral Genetics
› Studies the effects of heredity on behavior
Molecular genetics and psychological
disorders
Genetic markers
Behavioral genetics, gene therapy, and
genetic counseling
32. The Endocrine System: of
Chemicals and Glands
Chemical
communication
network that sends
messages throughout
the body via the
bloodstream
› Hormones
› Pituitary gland
“Master gland”
33. MODULE 9: The Brain
How do researchers identify the major
parts and functions of the brain?
What are the major parts of the brain,
and for what behaviors is each part
responsible?
34. MODULE 9: The Brain
How do the two halves of the brain
operate interdependently?
How can an understanding of the
nervous system help us find ways to
alleviate disease and pain?
35. Studying the Brain’s Structure and
Functions: Spying on the Brain
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(fMRI)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
36.
37. The Central Core: Our “Old
Brain”
Central Core
› Hindbrain
Medulla
Breathing and
heartbeat
Pons
Transmitter of motor
information
Cerebellum
Balance
38. The Central Core: Our “Old
Brain”
Central Core
› Reticular formation
Passes through the midbrain and into the
forebrain
Activates other parts of the brain to produce
bodily arousal
39. The Central Core: Our “Old
Brain”
Central Core
› Thalamus
Relay station for information about the senses
› Hypothalamus
Homeostasis
40. The Central Core: Our “Old
Brain”
The Limbic System:
Beyond the Central
Core
› Amygdala
› Hippocampus
41. The Cerebral Cortex: Our “New
Brain”
Cerebral Cortex
› Gives the ability to
think, evaluate, and
make complex
judgments
Lobes
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
42. The Cerebral Cortex: Our “New
Brain”
The Motor Area of the Cortex
› Largely responsible for the body’s voluntary
movement
The Sensory Area of the Cortex
› Corresponds to body sensations
Somatosensory area
Touch
Pressure
44. The Cerebral Cortex: Our “New
Brain”
The Association Areas of the Cortex
› Executive functions
Higher mental processes such as thinking,
language, memory, and speech
Broca’s aphasia
Wernicke’s aphasia
45. Neuroplasticity and the Brain
Neuroplasticity
› The brain continually reorganizing itself
Neurogenesis
› New neurons created in certain areas of the
brain during adulthood
46. The Specialization of the
Hemispheres: Two Brains or One?
Left and right symmetrical halves
› Lateralized
Left
Verbal competence
Processes information sequentially
Right
Spatial relationships
Recognition of patterns and drawings
Music
Emotional expression
Processes information globally
47. The Split Brain: Exploring the
Two Hemispheres
Split-brain patients
› Corpus callosum
surgically cut