This is the presentation given at the end of the Space studies program at NASA Ames, August 2009. The ACCESS Mars project stands for Assessing Cave Capabilities and Evaluating Specific Solutions (ACCESS) Mars explores the future of robotic and human exploration missions to Mars via subsurface habitation. Mission statement: "...to develop a mission architecture for an initial settlement on Mars by assessing the feasibility of cave habitation as an alternative to proposed surface-based solutions".

1. ACCESS Mars: A Vision of Exploration

2. ACCESS MARS Space Studies Program 2009 Team Project Final Presentation August 27 th , 2009 NASA Ames Research Center NASA Exploration Systems Mission Directorate (ESDM) International Space University

3. Video introduction

4. Music by Megatrax with Danielle Cormier and Jeffrey Apeldoorn August 27 th , 2039

7. Lava Tubes Images: Credit NASA

11. Lava Tubes Scientific Merit ISRU (Ice)

13. Video introduction

14. Music by Megatrax with Danielle Cormier and Jeffrey Apeldoorn August 27 th , 2039

15. EXCLUSIVE: Communication with Mars crew EXCLUSIVE !

16. Music by Megatrax with Danielle Cormier and Jeffrey Apeldoorn August 27 th , 2039

18. Mission Architecture T-14 months T+6 months T+10 months T+26 months T+32 months

23. Artist’s Conception of the Habitat Design (Tomás Saraceno) Cave Habitat Structure Advantages Disadvantages Lava Tube: Pressurized pneumatic habitat within a natural lava tube. - Readily available radiation shielding - No excavation required - Lightweight construction - Structural stability - Scientific merit - Expandable within cave network - Potential access to underground resources - Deeper drilling capability - Natural stable temperature environment - Location specific - Limitation for landing site - Limitation for mobility and access to surface resources - Fixed entry way - Precursor mission needed

24. Power Systems A: Surface rovers D: Human transport vehicles -: Not suggested B: Microbots E: Habitat R: Suggested redundancy C: Cargo delivery rovers F: Future concept for settlement S: Suggested solution Power Source Advantages Disadvantages A B C D E Primary Batteries -Cheap, reliable, full-time operation -No energy capture required -Very short lifetime -Low power output - - - - - Solar power and Secondary Batteries -High reliability -Mature technology -Renewable energy -Low efficiency and large area -Degradation and damage -Intermittent power generation -Need to transport solar arrays R S - - - Solar power and RFCs -Renewable fuel -Lower array area required -Degradation and damage -Intermittent power generation -Need to transport solar arrays S - R R R Wind Energy -Renewable energy -Low atmospheric density - -Large structures required - - - - - Geothermal -High efficiency -High reliability -No proof of concept (Arizona State University, 2009a; Arizona State University, 2009b) - - - - - Nuclear Fission and Nuclear RTG -Optimal for large-scale, high-power missions -Full-time operation and long lifetime -Compliments nuclear propulsion -High reliability -Ethical and safety concerns -Radiation shielding -Low specific power - - S S S, R ISRU -Sustainable energy source -Long lifetime -Abundance of fuel -Insufficient knowledge and access to resources -New technology - - F F F

26. Music by Megatrax with Danielle Cormier and Jeffrey Apeldoorn August 27 th , 2039

27. Calculated Frequency and Duration of EVA In Each Scenario Space Medicine Scenario Duration Frequency Critical Path (Time) Min. Path (Time) Rover inside other caves 10-15 days, with maximum 8 hours inside other cave 1-2/month 720h/month 240h/month Rover inside main habitat cave 1-5 days 4-5/month 600h/month 96h/month Foot inside cave 2-8 hours 3/week 24h/week 6h/week Rover outside cave 10-15 days 1-2/month 720/month 240h/month On foot outside cave 2- 6 hours 3/week 18h/week 6h/week

29. Space Medicine Health risks Bone loss Muscle loss Cardiovascular deconditioning Orthostatic intolerance. Health Risk Probabilities, calculated after (HUMEX study, ESA, 2003) More research needed Long-term analogs Countermeasures Estimated Probabilities of Health Issue Outcomes (%) Scenario Scenario Condition DRM EDRM Condition DRM EDRM Acute respiratory infections 54.95 85.99 Urinary calculus 0.03 0.04 Pneumonia and influenza 0.14 0.22 Disease of male genital organs 0.03 0.04 Neoplasms (pre & post flight control) 0.01 0.02 Disease of breast or female organs 0.71 1.11 Endocrine, nutritional, metabolic, immunity 0.04 0.07 Heat and light effects 0.10 0.15 Blood diseases and blood forming organisms 0.03 0.04 Open wounds / bleeding 0.14 0.22 Cardiovascular disease 0.14 0.22 Ischemic heart disease 0.06 0.09 Hypertensive disease 0.01 0.22 Disease of liver or gall bladder 0.07 0.11

32. Mars weather forecast

33. with Danielle Cormier and Jeffrey Apeldoorn August 27 th , 2039

34. Video introduction

35. Music by Megatrax with Danielle Cormier and Jeffrey Apeldoorn August 27 th , 2039

37. EXCLUSIVE: communication with Mars crew [Insert video response from the crew here]

40. Space and Society Stakeholder Matrix Stakeholders Interest Governments Social Impact, Political, Economical, Policy NGO’s Social Impact, Political Space Agencies Science, Technology, Political Large Aerospace Companies Technology, Financial, Economical Small Aerospace Companies Technology, Financial, Economical Private Enterpreneurs Financial, Technology Eng. TaxPayers Social Impact Space Lobbyist organizations Political, Regulatory/Policy Academia Science, Technology, Education Cultural Institution Social impact, Cultural Mass and Social Media Social Impact

41. Music by Megatrax with Danielle Cormier and Jeffrey Apeldoorn August 27 th , 2039

42. T-14 months T+6 months T+10 months T+32 months T+36 months T+50 months Alternate Mission Architecture

43. Alternate Mission Architecture

45. Conclusions CHALLENGES MITIGATION In-Situ Resource Utilization Methods T echnological development (Earth, Moon) Detecting and assessing caves P recursor Mars robotic and orbital missions Unknowns related to caves Study of analogue sites in lava tubes Cave stability P roper roof thickness and lack of surface impacts Psychological effects of cave environment Crew training through analogue missions Mobility in caves Rover and aerial vehicle development Communication and navigation in caves Relay network system Planetary protection and legal considerations International cooperation and discussions

47. Closing Words

48. Video introduction

49. We would like to extend special thanks to NASA Ames Research Center and NASA Exploration Systems Mission Directorate (ESMD) for all their support and resources throughout this project Video clips courtesy of NASA Video soundtracks: Theme from Armageddon by Trevor Rabin (Sony) Hoppípolla by Sigur Rós (EMI)

52. Acknowledgements Abdul Mohsen Al Husseini Q&A, Editor, Life Science Luis Alvarez Sanchez Konstantinos Antonakopoulos Distant supporter Engineering Jeffrey Apeldoorn Anchor Man, Q&A, Engineering Kenneth Ashford Editor, Interdisciplinary Kutay Deniz Atabay Video Team, Life Sciences Ignacio Barrios Video Team, Physical Science Yasemin Baydaroglu Life Sciences Katherine Bennell Expert Physical Science, Physical Science Jie Chen Engineering Xin Chen Life Sciences Danielle Cormier Anchor Woman, Producer, System Architect Patrick Crowley Casting, Life Sciences Guy de Carufel Physical Science Benoit Deper Engineering Line Drube Q&A, Physical Science Paul Duffy Editor, Life Science Phillip Edwards Video Team, Physical Science Esteban Gutierrez Engineering Olivia Haider Design, Astronaut, Interdisciplinary Ganesh Kumar Hair Shankar Lal Das Video Team, Engineering Carsten Henselowsky Physical Science Daichi Hirano Astronaut, Engineering Tomas Hirmer Director, Editor, Life Science Barry Hogan Editor, Astronaut, Life Sciences Andrea Jaime Albalat Video Team, Life Sciences Elizabeth (Beth) Jens Editor, Astronaut, Life Sciences Iulia Jivanescu Physical Science Aliac Jojaghaian Set Decoration, Engineering Mary Kerrigan Video Team, Poem Writer, Physical Science Yukiko Kodachi Interdisciplinary Sara Langston Editor, Video Team , Interdisciplinary Reggie MacIntosh Design, Steward, Life Sciences Xavier Miguelez Video Team, Design, Engineering Natalie Panek Editor, Stewardess, Life Science Campbell Pegg Interdisciplinary Expert, Engineering Regina Peldszus Design, Video Team, Life Sciences Xiaobo Peng Engineering Antoni Perez Poch Expert Life Sciences, Life Sciences Alexandre Perron Content, Engineering Jiawen Qiu Engineering Pascal Renten Video Team, Life Sciences Joao Ricardo Casting, Engineering Tomas Saraceno Design, Video Team, Life Sciences Felipe Sauceda Producer, Astronaut, System Architect Azam Shaghaghi Varzaghani Weather Reporter, Physical Science Rogan Shimmin Life Sciences Ruben Solaz Engineering Alexandre Sole Video Team, Voice, Life Sciences Rahul Suresh Life Sciences Tatiana Mar Vaquero Escribano Engineering expert, Engineering Marta Vargas Munoz Set Decoration, Engineering Pierre-Damien Vaujour Interdisciplinary Dominic Veillette Engineering Yonatan Winetraub Engineering Oliver Zeile Astronaut, Engineering

53. “ To develop a mission architecture for an initial settlement on Mars by assessing the feasibility of cave habitation as an alternative to proposed surface-based solutions” Questions and Answers