Методичка для заочников

С Уфимский государственный нефтяной технический университет, 2004
ПРОГРАММА
Основной целью заочного обучения студентов английскому языку в
неязыковом вузе является формирование умения самостоятельно читать
литературу по специальности с целью извлечения информации из иноязычных
источников.
За курс обучения студент должен освоить следующий языковой материал:
1.ФОНЕТИЧЕСКИЙ МИНИМУМ. Звуковой строй английского языка,
письменные символы (транскрипционные знаки) звуков, расхождение между
написанием и произношением, ударение, особенности интонации.
2. ЛЕКСИЧЕСКИЙ МИНИМУМ. За полный курс обучения студент должен
запомнить 1000 лексических единиц, усвоить наиболее употребительные
средства словообразования (основные суффиксы и префиксы тех или иных
частей речи), а также расширить словарный запас за счет интернациональных
слов, явления конверсии.
3. ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ МАТЕРИАЛ.
МОРФОЛОГИЯ
Имя существительное. Признаки имен существительных (артикли, предлоги,
притяжательный падеж). Образование множественного числа
существительных. Существительное в роли определения и его перевод на
русский язык.
Имя прилагательное. Степени сравнения. Сравнительные конструкции
the …the; as … as, not as … as.
Числительные. Количественные, порядковые. Чтение дат.
Местоимения. Личные местоимения (именительный и объектный падежи),
притяжательные местоимения, возвратные и усилительные местоимения.
Неопределенное местоимение one (one’s) и его функции. Some, any, no и их
производные.
Глагол. Образование времен групп Simple, Continuous, Perfect. (Active and
Passive Voice). Особенности перевода пассивных конструкций на русский язык.
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Функции глаголов to be, to have, to do. Повелительное наклонение и его
отрицательная форма. Использование глагола to let для выражения просьбы или
приказания. Неличные формы глагола: инфинитив, его формы, функции,
инфинитивные конструкции – объектный инфинитивный оборот, субъектный
инфинитивный оборот; причастия 1 и II , их функции, формы, независимый
причастный оборот; герундий и герундиальный оборот.
Строевые слова. Многофункциональность строевых слов it, that (those), one,
because, because of, as, since, till, due to, provided, if, both, either, neither.
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СИНТАКСИС.
Порядок слов утвердительного, отрицательного и вопросительного
предложений. Оборот there is (are). Безличные предложения. Главное и
придаточное предложение. Бессоюзное подчинение определительных и
дополнительных придаточных предложений. Обороты, равнозначные
придаточным предложениям.
4.Объем текстового материала, включая тексты контрольных заданий, должен
равняться 5000 печатных знаков (около 30 стр.)
ОБРАЗЦЫ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ ЗАДАНИЙ
Образец №1
Ед. число Мн.число
This city is clean. These cites are clean.
There is a nice park in the city. There are nice parks in the city.
This is a nice film. These are nice films.
A farmer lives in the country. Farmers live in the country.
Образец №2
1.The earth and the moon form a part of the solar system.
form – глагол в Present Simple, 3 л. , ед. ч.
2.The earth and the moon have the form of a sphere.
form – существительное в ед.ч.
Образец №3
1.This plant produces tractors – Этот завод производит тракторы.
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produces - Present Simple Active от глагола to produce.
2. Your English is getting better. – Твой английский становится лучше.
is getting – Present Continuous Active от глагола to get
Образец №4
1.Housing construction is carried out on a large scale in this country. – В нашей
стране жилищное строительство ведется в больших масштабах.
is carried out - Present Simple Passive .
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2. How many houses have you constructed. – Сколько домов вы построили?
have constructed – Present Perfect Active.
Образец №5
1.How many houses have you constructed? – Сколько домов вы построили?
constructed – причастие II, является частью глагола-сказуемого.
2.Building a house workers use different kinds of machines. – Строя дом, рабочие
используют различную технику.
building – Причастие I в функции обстоятельства.
3.The workers building a new house in this street use different kinds of machines. –
Рабочие, строящие новый дом на этой улице, используют различную технику.
building – Причастие I в функции определения.
КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 1
Грамматика: 1.Множественное число имен существительных. Артикли,
предлоги. Притяжательный падеж. Существительное в функции определения и
его перевод. 2. Степени сравнения прилагательных. Сравнительные
конструкции the … the, as… as, not as … as. 3. Числительные, даты.
4. Местоимения: личные, притяжательные, some, any, no и их производные.
5. Времена Simple (Active), Continuous (Active). Спряжение глагола to be.
Повелительное наклонение. 6. Порядок слов. Оборот there is (are). 7.
Словообразование.
Вариант 1.
1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Напишите их во множественном
числе. (Образец №1)
1.This is a black pen.2. This man lives next door.3. There is a child in the
garden. 4.The cat is grey.
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2. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения. Определите, какой
частью речи являются подчеркнутые слова. (Образец №2)
1.Every year he plans to go to the country for a holiday. 2. Every year his plans
remain just plans. 3. There is a lift in the house. 4. The crane lifts different elements
of the house and puts them in place.
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3. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите, обращая внимание на
особенности перевода существительных в роли определения.
1.What does he do? He deals with car export. 2. What does he do? He deals with
export cars. 3. Air pollution problem is becoming worse and worse.
4. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы
сравнения, переведите их.
1. My brother is three years younger than me.2. He is the best student in our
group. 3. The better you get to know Pete the more you like him. 4. The city is as
beautiful as it was 5 years ago.
5. Перепишите предложения, определите в них видо-временные формы
подчеркнутых глаголов и укажите их инфинитив. Переведите предложения.
(Образец №3)
1.The sun doesn’t go round the earth. 2. You may turn off the television, I’m not
watching it. 3. I’m not hungry. 4 The concert began at 7.00 and finished at 10
o’clock.
6. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменно
переведите 1, 2, 4, 5 абзацы.
Oxford
1.What is so special about Oxford and Cambridge, the two oldest English
universities? Why do so many students want to study there?
2.Both of these university towns are very beautiful. They have some of the finest
architecture in Britain. Some of their colleges, chapels and libraries are three, four
and even five hundred years old, and are full of valuable books and precious
paintings. Both towns have many lovely gardens, where the students can read and
relax in the summer months.
3.Oxford is the older university of the two. The first of its colleges was founded
in 1249. The university now has thirty-four colleges and about twelve thousand
students, many of them from other countries. There were no women students at
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Oxford until 1878, when the first women’s college, Lady Margaret Hall, opened.
Now, women study at most colleges.
4.Oxford is, of course, famous for its first-class education as well as its beautiful
buildings. Some of the most intelligent men and women in the country live and work
here. Oxford gives them what they need: a quiet atmosphere, friendly colleagues, and
the four-hundred-year-old Bodleian library, which has about five million books.
5.It is not easy to get a place at Oxford University to study for a degree. But
outside the university there are many smaller private colleges which offer less
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difficult courses and where it is easy to enroll. Most students in these private schools
take business, secretarial or English language courses.
Пояснения к тексту:
1.chapel – часовня
2.degree - степень
3.enroll – поступать
7.Перепишите следующие утверждения. Определите, какие из них
соответствуют тексту, а какие нет. Напротив правильных предложений
напишите “True” (верно).
1.Oxford is older than Cambridge.
2.There are no women students at Oxford.
3. It’s quite difficult to get a place at Oxford University.
Вариант 2
1.This is a new building. 2.A farmer plants potatoes in spring. 3.There is a nice
picture on the wall. 4.Can you see that woman over there?
2.Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения. Определите, какой
1.They are going to cut prices by 25% . 2.There will be a price cut by 25%. 3.He
opened the door by force. 4. Nobody can force me to do that.
1. I’d like to live in a country house with a flower garden around it. 2. The garage
roof needs repairing. 3. He knows English quite well. I think he won’t have any
language problems in England.
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4.Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения,
переведите их.
1.I know him better than anybody else. 2. It isn’t as cold today as it was
yesterday. 3.This is the most harmful chemical. 4.The slower you speak English the
easier me understand it.
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1.How fast were you driving when the accident happened.2.Don’t put the
dictionary away. I’m using it. 3.An architect is a person who designs buildings. 4.I’m
sure you’ll pass your exam.
переведите 1,2,3,4 абзацы
Scotland
1. Scotland is a part of the United Kingdom and is governed from London. Its
area is 30,000 square miles (about 79,000 sq.km), the population is over five million
people. About one third live in the cities of Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen and
Dundee. Scottish people speak English, although about 100,000 still speak Scottish
Gaelic. Many of the Scottish accents of England are very strong, and visitors from
abroad (or even England) sometimes have difficulty in understanding them.
2.Scotland is a very mountainous country: mountains with a great amount of
moorland, in which few people live, occupy three-fourths of the area.
3.Scotland is famous for the beautiful large lakes, with mountains round them.
They are not like the English ones: there are not so many trees and flowers, and green
hills around them as in England.
4.There are many rivers in Scotland, but they are not long. The longest and the
most important Scottish river is the Clyde.
5.Hills dominate in the northern part of Scotland, traditionally called the
Highlands. Scottish lakes, called lochs, are long and narrow. In the past all those
lochs joined the sea and some of them still do so. The largest and the most beautiful
of all the lochs in Scotland is Loch Lomond, which has more than 30 beautiful
islands. It lies within easy reach of Glasgow.
6.The most famous of the Scottish lochs, however, is Loch Ness, because of the
mystery of the Loch Ness monster. The mystery of the Loch Ness monster attracts a
large number of tourists bringing a lot of money to the region.
1.accent – диалект
2.moorland – болотистая местность, покрытая вереском
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7. Перепишите следующие утверждения. Определите, какие из них
1.Scottish people do not like English lakes.
2.Scottland has many lochs and rivers.
3.Loch Ness is a great tourist attraction.
Вариант 3
1.This book is quite interesting. 2.Is there a lift in this house? 3. A match breaks.
4.The man over there is our English teacher.
2. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения. Определите, какой
1.Man needs electricity for industrial uses. 2. He uses electricity for his needs.
3.The garage houses twenty cars. 4.We have larger rooms in our new houses.
1.He works for the Moscow region newspaper. 2.This method is widely used in
bridge construction. 3.They discussed bridge construction methods.
4. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы
сравнения, переведите их.
1.He is the oldest in the family. 2.He lives further than I thought. 3.Jack isn’t as
old as he looks. 4.The more expensive the hotel, the better the service.
1.When I last saw Alan he was trying to find a job. 2.Don’t put the dictionary
away. I need it. 3.I won’t tell anybody what you said. 4.Please, be quieter. I’m
working.
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переведите 2, 3, 4 абзацы
London
1.London is the capital of Great Britain. London has a population of about
6,770,000. It lies on the River Thames, where the Romans landed nearly 2,000 years
ago. From about 1800 until World War Two, London was the biggest city in the
world, but now there are many cities, which are much bigger.
2.London is famous for many things. Ten million people visit London every year
to see its places of interest. They come from all over the world to visit its historic
buildings, such as St. Paul’s Cathedral, which has a huge dome, and the Houses of
Parliament, where you can see and hear the famous clock, Big Ben. Across the road
from the Houses of Parliament is Westminster Abbey. It is one of the most beautiful
buildings in London. The Tower of London is one of the most interesting places. It
was a fortress, a royal residence, a prison, now it is a museum.
Tourists also come to visit its theatres, its museums, and its many shops, such as
Harrods, where you can buy anything.
3.Like many big cities, London has problems with traffic and pollution. Over
1,000,000 people a day use the London Underground, but there are still too many cars
on the streets. The air isn’t clean, but it is cleaner than it was 100 years ago. Until the
Clean Air Act in 1956, London was famous for its fog or “smog”, which is a mixture
of smoke and fog.
4.The best thing about London is the parks. The most beautiful ones are all in the
centre.
1.the Romans – римляне
2. place of interest – достопримечательность
3.St.Paul’s Cathedral – собор Святого Павла
4.the Houses of Parliament – палаты парламента, здание парламента
5.Westminster Abbey – Вестминстерское аббатство
6.Harrods – известный в Лондоне супермаркет
7. Underground – метро
8.the Clean Air Act – закон о чистом воздухе
1.London had a population of about 6,770.000 people 2000 years ago.
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2.London is the biggest city in the world.
3.London is situated on the banks of the River Thames.
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КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №2
Грамматика: 1.Времена группы Simple (Indefinite) – активный залог.
2.Времена группы Continuous – активный залог. 3. Времена группы Perfect –
активный залог. 4. Времена группы Simple (Indefinite) – пассивный залог.
Особенности перевода пассивных конструкций. 5.Модальные глаголы и их
эквиваленты – can – be able to; must – have to, be to, should. 6. Причастие 1 и
Причастие II (простые формы) в функциях определения и обстоятельства.
7.Придаточные предложения условия и времени.
Вариант 1
1.Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в них глагол-сказуемое и
определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на
русский язык. (Образец №4)
1.We have found that the nucleus of the atom is a tremendous storehouse of
energy. 2. Rapid sand filters were developed in the U.S. in 1900-1910. 3. Mendeleyev
tried to find some system of classifying the elements whose properties he was
describing. 4. As a rule a new discovery is followed by intensive research work of
other scientists.
2.Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните причастие 1
(Participle 1) и причастие II (Participle II) и установите функции каждого из них,
т.е. является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-
сказуемого. Переведите предложения. (Образец №5)
1.The degree of treatment required will depend upon the nature of the water.
2.Much attention is given to the planning of new cities. 3.They stayed at home
refusing to go anywhere that day. 4.He is taking part in the construction of the
channel linking the two seas.
3.Перепишите предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол
или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения.
1.We have to get some first-hand information about our future partners. 2. My
visit is to last a few weeks. 3.Somebody stole my car but the police were able to find
it. 4.Water should be suitable for domestic uses.
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4.Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменно
переведите 1,2,3 абзацы.
Some Important Properties of Metals
1.Why are metals of such importance for man’s life? The answer to this must be
found in their characteristic properties. The most important of these is strength, which
means that metals can withstand weight without bending and breaking. They are also
corrosion-resistant and may assume different shapes, which distinguishes them from
many other classes of materials. Some metals also have other special properties, two
of which are conductivity and the property to be magnetized.
2.Strength is of great importance for most industrial purposes. That is why steel is
widely used in modern industry. We know that steel constructions are used not only
for building ships, planes and engines but also in building industry as well as for
producing tubes, pipes, etc. For this purpose, engineers often use special kinds of
steel.
3.As iron and steel are used more often than any other metal, we usually divide
metallurgical materials into two classes: ferrous metals and non-ferrous ones.
4.We know that engineers use copper and aluminium for conducting electric
current since these metals offer less resistance to it than ferrous metals do. A copper
wire offers less resistance to current than an aluminium wire of the same size does.
But due to its lighter weight aluminium offers less resistance per unit of weight.
Пояснения к тексту
a) as well as – а также
b) offer less resistance - оказывают меньше сопротивления
c) due to - благодаря
6. Прочитайте 4 абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Перепишите вопрос и укажите
правильный вариант ответа.
Why do engineers use copper and aluminium for conducting electric current?
1.Because these metals do not offer electrical resistance.
2.Since they are stronger than ferrous metals.
3.Because they offer less resistance to electric current than other metals.
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Вариант 2
1. The new tenants (жильцы) were shown a three-room flat ready for occupation.
2.I have been in construction for many years. 3. An average 5-storey house is
assembled in just 3 months. 4. We had discussed all the questions when he came to
our meeting.
2.Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните причастие 1
1.He heard the voices coming through the open window. 2. The explanation given
was not complete. 3. When burnt coal produces heat. 4.He said he had already
translated the article.
1.Before erecting a house a lot of planning work has to be done. 2. Foundation is
to keep the floors and walls from contact with the soil. 3. We missed the bus but we
were able to come back by the 7 o’clock train. 4. When I entered the room I could
hear some noise.
переведите 1,3,4,5 абзацы.
Parts of a Building
1. Houses are built of wood, brick, stone and concrete. All the parts of such
houses are produced on an industrial scale in factories and assembled on the spot. In
the construction of a house the first step is to make a careful survey of the site and to
examine the soil in order to find its bearing power. Next the building lines are staked
out. After this the foundations are built. The excavation is dug for the basement and
then followed by the building of the foundation walls below ground level.
Foundations are to keep the floors and walls from contact with the soil, to act against
the action of frost and to prevent from settlement.
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2.The part upon which the stability of the structure depends is the framework. It
carries the loads, which are imposed on it. The designer determines the size of the
walls, the floor joists, the beams, the girders and the parts, which make up the
framework. He also decides how they are to be spaced and arranged.
3.The building of a wall consists in laying down courses of bricks and bonding
them together with mortar. Walls are constructed to enclose areas and to support the
weight of floors and roofs. The walls may be solid and hollow. Besides brick, stone,
concrete and other natural and artificial materials are used for the construction of
walls.
5.Floors divide the building into stages or storeys. They may be of timber or may
be constructed of fire-resisting materials.
6.The whole structure is crowned by the roof, which covers the building and
protects it from exposure to the weather. It ties the walls and gives strength to the
structure.
What does the stability of the building depend on?
1.Size of the walls.
2. Framework.
3.The designer.
Вариант 3
1.Bricks have been in constant use everywhere in every sort of construction. 2.Is
2 o’clock tomorrow OK with you? - I’m sorry, I’ll be papering the walls. Let’s meet
some other time. 3.An important part in the history of building was played by the
column. 4.Is your house looked after when you are on holiday?
2.Перепишите следующие предложения ; подчеркните причастие 1
1.While waiting for him I looked through the magazines lying on the table.
2. The results obtained were of great importance. 3. When reconstructed the theatre
looked more beautiful than before. 4.I shall still be translating the article when you
come.
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1.You’ll have to wait until I finish. 2.I’m to visit New York and Washington .3.I
should show this letter to my boss. 4. After a lot of discussion they were able to solve
this problem.
переведите 1,3 ,4 абзацы.
The Building of a New City
1.The building of a new city is a very complex undertaking. It is a job involving
scores of state institutions and a host of specialists - architects, economists, engineers,
geographers, sociologists, hygienists, demographers, and many others. Their first
concern is the siting of the new town. They take into account the distance from the
source of raw materials, the available transport facilities and ties with other inhabited
localities. But that is far from all. The experts must appraise the climate, the
microclimate, the vegetation, the soil and subsoil and the terrain. Special methods
have been evolved for assessing sites with regard to microclimate and civil
engineering requirements.
2.The first-comers to the selected site are the geodesists. They have to survey the
site and produce a detailed topographical plan. This will show the designers the
nature of the terrain and the existence of bodies of water and areas covered with
vegetation. When the topographical plan is completed it is the turn of the architects to
decide where to deploy the industrial enterprises, where best develop housing, and
which patches should be preserved for recreation zones.
3. A modern city is a complex organism. To ensure the necessary interrelations
between its different elements, the city is divided into sections, each with its own
purpose, such as the production zone, the housing areas, the communal centre and the
recreation zone. The architects call this the functional zoning of urban territory.
4.But, however well organized any separate part of the city may be, it won’t
function properly if all the sections lack interconnecting links. The main thing is that
the production areas must be so deployed in relation to the housing projects that
people spend the minimum time traveling to and from work.
1.siting – местоположение, размещение
2.with regard to - относительно, в отношении
3.bodies of water - водоемы
4.functional zoning – функциональное зонирование
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Who comes first to the site after it has been selected?
1. A host of specialists.
2. Architects.
3. Geodesists.
Грамматика: 1) грамматические функции и значение слов one, that, it
2)пассивный залог времен Simple (Indefinite), Continuous, Perfect .3) функции
глаголов to be, to have, to do; 4) простые формы инфинитива; инфинитив в
функции подлежащего, составной части сказуемого, определения,
обстоятельства цели; 5) бессоюзное подчинение определительных и
дополнительных придаточных предложений.
Вариант 1
1.Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в них глагол-сказуемое и
1.The experiment has been carried out successfully, and the results will soon be
published. 2.As far as I know the experiment is being carried out. 3. This experiment
is much spoken about. 4.This experiment was followed by another one.
2. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, обращая внимание на
разные значения слов it, that, one.
1.One has to keep to the left when driving in Great Britain. 2.He said that that
“that” that is before the noun is a pronoun.3.It is precast concrete construction that
cut the time needed to put up a house.
3.Перепишите предложения, переведите их, обращая внимание на различные
значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.
1.He didn’t do anything to help him with his work. 2.They have been in
construction for many years. 3.The experiment is to be carried out in December.
4.Перепишите следующие предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на
отсутствие союзов в придаточных предложениях.
1.The part the stability of the building depends on is the framework. 2.He said
he had already translated the text
15
14

5.Перепишите предложения и переведите, обращая внимание на функцию
инфинитива.
1.If the beam is too long its weight makes it bend and even break. 2.The first
step to take is to cut working hours. 3.To improve your English you should go to an
English speaking country and practise as much as possible. 4. To know English well
means to be able to communicate with the English people.
6.Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Переведите письменно 1,2,3,4,5
абзацы.
From the History of Tunnel Construction
1.The first excavated passages beneath the earth were found in many of the
ancient civilizations archeologists have investigated in recent years. It is established
that natural tunnels and other results of water action, which are frequently found in
limestone, first suggested to early man the idea of an artificial passage through rock.
2.The uses tunnels were specially constructed for were numerous; water man
needed in the locality of towns and settlements was one of the main purposes. Road
construction was another activity of man that required making an artificial passage
through hills the builders encountered in their way.
3.Historians tell us that Egyptian Pharaohs who undertook the construction of
rock-cut galleries over 750 feet long were the first tunnel builders.
4.Underground temples we see in Malta are at least 5,000 years old. The tunnel
under the river Euphrates was probably the first submarine tunnel we know about.
5.The Romans were especially skilled in tunnel construction because of the
improvements in methods they effected. They knew that a rock cracked when
strongly heated and then suddenly cooled and applied this principle in all cases when
the builders encountered a solid rock to be cut through.
6.The Romans have introduced the use of fire into tunnel construction and
vinegar as a cooling agent because it was discovered that the acid nature of vinegar
disintegrated the rock chemically as well as physically. The sufferings of the slaves
who had to apply such methods can hardly be imagined.
7.Accurate location and construction methods depend on the rock the tunnel is
to be driven through. Although powerful machines are applied in modern tunnel
construction their work is stopped by hard rock formations such as marble and
granite. In this respect the discovery of the rock-shattering property of the laser light
is of tremendous importance for civil engineering.
16
15

1.rock-cut gallery – проход (галерея), вырезанный в горной (каменной) породе
2.effect – создавать, разработать
3. vinegar – уксус
4.as well as – а также
5. in this respect – в этом отношении
напишите “True” (Верно).
1.The Romans didn’t use vinegar because the slaves suffered badly.
2.The discovery of the laser light plays an important part in tunnel construction.
3.Construction methods used by tunnel builders depend on the rock formations.
Вариант 2
1 Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в них глагол-сказуемое и
1.The positive results hadn’t been obtained until a more powerful apparatus was
installed.2.The explanations of some UFO sightings (НЛО) haven’t been given yet.
3.The dinner was being cooked when mother came from work. 4.This new
phenomenon was much written about.
2. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, обращая внимание на
1.It should be noted that the pollution problem is becoming worse and worse.2.It
was Mendeleyev who systematized the chemical elements. 3. One never knows what
may happen.
3. Перепишите предложения, переведите их, обращая внимание на различные
1.The new method increased the output better than the old one did. 2.He had
much work to do today. 3. He child was looked for everywhere.
4. Перепишите следующие предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на
отсутствие союзов в придаточных предложениях..
1.He explained he couldn’t come because he was ill. 2. The letter we’ve just
received is from our partners.
17
5. Перепишите предложения и переведите, обращая внимание на функцию
16

1.It did not take much time to build the road. 2. There isn’t much to see in this
city. 3.To smoke 20 cigarettes a day won’t do you any good. 4.He used his influence
to get me a job.
6.Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и переведите
письменно 3,4,5 абзацы.
From the History of Land Transport
1.The history of transport is divided into two stages. The first stage is that in
which all forms of transport depended directly on the power of men or animals or on
natural forces such as winds and current. The second stage began with the
development of the steam engine, which was followed by the electric motor and the
internal combustion engine as the main sources of power for transport
2.The most ancient peoples did not live in settled homes. As they moved from
place to place they had to carry their goods themselves. The porters were usually the
women, probably because the men had to be ready to beat off attacks by wild beasts
or enemies.
3.The next step was the use of pack animals for carrying goods. The kind of
animal used varied in different places, but the general idea was the same – the
bundles or baskets were carried by the animals on their backs.
4.The next advance in land transport came with the invention of the wheel. The
wheel at once led to the development of two-wheeled carts and four-wheeled wagons
and carriages, but before these could be used for carrying goods over long distances,
a system of roads was necessary. These roads had to be wide enough to take a cart
and paved, for unless their surface was paved the wheels sank in and the cart stuck. In
Britain, and also over much Europe, the first long-distance paved roads were made by
the Romans, chiefly so that troops could march without delay from place to place.
The roads made it possible to use wheeled traffic. However, when the Roman Empire
collapsed, the roads gradually got into a very bad state.
5.There were two problems to be solved – first, how to make good roads, and,
second, to decide who was to pay for them. In Great Britain these problems were
solved in the 18th
century. Stretches of roads were handed over to groups called trusts.
The trusts borrowed money for repairing and improving the roads, paying it back
from the sums they collected from road users. This method of paying for new roads
and bridges is still used, especially in the United States.
18
1.internal combustion engine – двигатель внутреннего сгорания
2.pack animal – вьючное животное
17

3.for –для; в течение; так как, потому что
1The history of transport began with the development of steam engine.
2.The Romans were the first to have made long-distance paved roads in Britain.
3.The most ancient peoples used pack animals to carry their goods.
Вариант 3
1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в них глагол-сказуемое и
1.You are always waited for. 2. Much has been obtained through this new
method. 3.Speak in a lower voice. We are being listened too. 4. The letter was
answered at once.
2.Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, обращая внимание на
1.It is necessary for an engineer to know fundamentals of engineering. 2. The first
thing that has to be done is selecting the site. 3.One must be careful when crossing
the road.
3. Перепишите предложения, переведите их, обращая внимание на различные
1.You wouldn’t have missed the bus if you had left home earlier. 2. The main
task is to solve the pollution problem. 3. “Do come to my birthday party”, she said.
4. Перепишите следующие предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на
отсутствие союзов в придаточных предложениях.
1.She said she was going to the university. 2.The figures the speaker mentioned in
his report were published in the latest scientific journal.
19
5. Перепишите предложения и переведите, обращая внимание на функцию
18

1.The first step was to make good roads. 2. He was the first to start making this
experiment. 3. To explain the problem the engineer used some diagrams. 4. Nothing
could make him change his decision.
6.Прочитайте и переведите устно весь текст. Перепишите и письменно
переведите 1,2 абзацы
From the History of Water Supply
1.Good water for drinking purposes has doubtless been appreciated by the human
race from time immemorial. Among primitive peoples the question of water supply
was never of pressing importance, except arid and semi-arid regions. In these latter
countries provision for securing and storing a supply of water was usually necessary.
Consequently, springs were sought for, wells were dug and cisterns constructed in
order that a supply of water might all the time be available. Wells were common in
ancient Egypt, Greece, Assyria, Persia and India, and from the sanitary point of view
they probably furnished a safer drinking water than could be obtained from the
surface waters in the rivers and lakes.
2.As population became denser and people began to congregate in cities, the need
for larger volumes became urgent. Works for collection, storage and conveyance of
water were built for supplying many of the ancient cities. Probably no ancient city
was provided with more elaborate system of public water supply than Rome. Water
the Romans used for public baths and for watering streets was the least clear and
most loaded with sand; the clearer water served tanks, fountains and washing troughs
while the best was used for drinking purposes.
3.Long after man had found ways and means to organize water supplies, find
them where they were hidden and lead them to where he wanted them, streams and
pools in natural state have served as communal water supplies, even in more or less
civilized Europe.
4. Until 1183 A.D. Paris obtained its entire supply of water from the river Seine.
As late as 1550, Paris used only 1 qt. of water per capita per day. With such small
amounts of water being used one can easily imagine what the sanitary conditions
must have been.
1.from time immemorial – с незапамятных времен
2.latter – последний (из упомянутых)
3.as late as – уже
20
4.per capita – на душу населения, на человека
5.per day – в день
6.1 qt. – 1 кварта (чуть больше одного литра)
19

1.In 1550 Paris used very small amounts of water.
2.After finding ways and means to organize water supplies people didn’t use streams
and pools as communal water supplies.
3. The Romans used very clear water for public baths.
КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 4
Грамматика: 1.Сложные формы инфинитива. 2.Объектный инфинитивный
оборот. Субъектный инфинитивный оборот. 3. Причастия 1, II (сложные
формы). Независимый причастный оборот. 4.Герундий и герундиальный
оборот.
Вариант 1
1.Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая
внимание на сложные формы инфинитива.
1.The metal to be poured into a mold for casting may contract or expand on
solidifying. 2.This question is too difficult to be answered at once. 3. The weather
appears to be improving.
2.Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие объектный и
субъектный инфинитивные обороты.
1.Everybody knows him to be working on a new book. 2.He is known to be
working on a new book. 3. The engineer expected the work to be done in time.
4. The work was reported to have been done in time.
3.Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие зависимый и
независимый причастные обороты.
1.All the towers served as places of imprisonment, each of them keeping some
dark and tragic secret. 2. Having widened the main streets the builders helped to
solve the heavy traffic problem in the city. 3. Water is necessary for the existence of
man, animals and plants, every living thing containing large amounts of water.
21
4.Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие герундий и
герундиальный оборот.
1.She is against being sent to this faraway place. 2.Is there any possibility of their
finding a suitable building material so soon?
20

5.Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Письменно переведите 1,2 абзацы.
From the History of London
1.In the year 55 before our era a Roman legion headed by Julius Cesar crossed the
English Channel that divides the British Isles from the continent of Europe . Having
landed in Britain the Romans founded a military station on the northern bank of the
river Thames. Being skilled in the art of building they started fortifying their
settlements with thick massive walls and laying roads across the country leading to
the sea coast. After staying in Britain for two centuries the Romans returned to the
continent having left behind excellent roads and strong fortifications. One of the
Roman settlements was called Londinium Augusta. Four centuries later, according to
some historians the capital of Britain was founded in its locality, part of the Roman
wall still lying deep under the ground beneath modern London.
2.No other ancient monuments of Roman times have remained in the city. The
earliest historical monument of English architecture is the so called Tower of London
which has retained its name up to the present day. Being erected on the ruins of a
Roman fortress; it consists of parts belonging to different periods of English history,
its central and most ancient part being the huge square tower four storeys high. It was
called the White Tower, deriving its name from the white stone it was built of.
3.Nine centuries have passed since its erection but time failed to destroy the
enormous thickness of its walls or shake the solidity of its construction. In spite of
constant alterations and repairs during the ages of its existence the tower has retained
much of its former character and original appearance.
4.Looking at the Tower you feel its close connection to the historical past of
England with its constant and cruel fighting for power. Since the time of its erection
the Tower of London has served many purposes: first a king’s palace, then a fortress
and a political prison. Now it is a museum.
1.the English Channel – Ла-Манш
2.the Tower of London – Лондонский Тауэр
22
1.The Tower has changed a lot since the time of its erection.
2.The Tower was built nine centuries ago.
21

3. The Tower of London is a fortress.
4.The Tower is the only monument of Roman times that remained in the city.
Вариант 2
1..Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая
1.He was glad to have been invited to the party. 2. Stone to be used for the
erection of Egyptian pyramids was brought from faraway places. 3.Don’t phone him.
He may be working.
1.The computer is said to be able to do computation in milliseconds. 2.I suppose
him to be about 50. 3. The weather appears to be improving. 4. He wanted us to
complete the work in time.
3.Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие зависимый и
1.Alloys having better properties for industrial purposes, metals are seldom used
in their pure form. 2. Lake Baikal, known to be the deepest in the world is fed by 336
rivers. 3.Water is never absolutely pure in nature, the amount of impurities depending
upon the locality.
1.Coal, oil and gas are rapidly running out. (истощаются) because of their being
utilized as fuels. 2.I worked at my report without being helped by anybody.
23
5. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Письменно переведите 3 абзац.
Water
1.Water exists as a substance in three states: ice, which melts at 0 degrees
Celsius; liquid water and steam, the latter is formed when water boils at 100 degrees
Celsius.
22

2.Water differs from other liquids in that it expands when cooled from 00
Celsius,
contracts when heated from 00
to 40
Celsius , and reaches its maximum density at 40
Celsius. No other liquid possesses this property.
3.Water is a chemical compound of oxygen and hydrogen, the latter gas forming
two thirds of its volume. It is the most abundant of all chemical compounds, five
seventh of the earth’s surface being covered with water. As we know, water does not
burn, on the contrary, it is generally used for putting out the fire. Therefore it seems
remarkable that the two gases which it is composed of act in the opposite way: one of
them – hydrogen – burns, the second – oxygen – makes things burn much faster than
does air. Hydrogen is the lightest gas known, oxygen being slightly heavier than air.
Now, although these two gases, when taken separately, can be compressed into a
much smaller space by pressure, water is one of the most incompressible substances
known, the properties of a compound being unlike the properties of the elements of
which it is made. By means of hydraulic accumulators water can be subjected to a
tremendous pressure without appreciably reducing its volume. But in spite of its
resistance to compression, it has been calculated that at ocean depths water is
compressed to such an extent that the average sea level is 35,6 meters lower than it
would be if water were absolutely incompressible.
4.Water like air is never found quite pure in nature but contains various salts and
minerals in solution. Salt water being heavier, some things will float in it which
would sink in fresh water, hence it is easier to swim in salt water. When sea water
freezes the salt separates from it, ice being quite pure.
1.the latter – последний (из упомянутых)
2.put out - тушить
напишите “True”(Верно).
1.Water can be found quite pure in nature.
2.It is easier to swim in salt water.
3.Oxygen is slightly heavier than hydrogen.
24
4.If subjected to a tremendous pressure by hydraulic accumulators water
appreciably reduces its volume.
Вариант 3
1.Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая
23

1.The road surface to be repaired was destroyed many years ago by heavy
vehicles. 2.Please be quieter, they seem to be working. 3. He wanted to be invited to
the party.
1.Stone for the erection of the Egyptian pyramids is believed to have been
brought from long distances. 2.We believe the stone for the Egyptian pyramids to
have been brought from long distances. 3. Science has shown the electron to be
peculiar combination of mass and electrical charge. 4.The electron is known to be a
peculiar combination of mass and electrical charge.
3..Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие зависимый и
1.An engineer builds houses and cities, an architect planning their construction
2.Using prefab elements builders can put up a house in just 3 months. 3.The chemist
mixing oxygen and hydrogen, water can be produced in the laboratory.
1.We heard of the search for new sources of energy being started. 2.The
material was destroyed by having been exposed to atmospheric changes.
5. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Письменно переведите 1 абзац.
On Bridge Building
1.Today bridge building is considered to be a science; but while it is of very
recent origin, it must not be thought that the previous centuries made no contribution
to our knowledge of bridge construction. Everyone knows that there are in existence
bridges that are believed to have been constructed over two thousand years ago. Even
the idea of bridge has been given to man by nature. A tree accidentally fallen across a
stream served to provide a safe crossing. To drop another tree at its side and to use
strong creepers to bind them together must have been man’s first step in bridge
building. Homer, who lived some time between 800 and 1000 B.C. writes that
bridges were common in his day and mentions in particular pontoon bridges that
25
were used for the passage of armies. Herodotes describes a bridge over the Euphrates,
which must have been built at Babylon about 780 B.C. It was a short span structure
thirty feet wide made of timber resting on stone piers to carry its load. Another and
later form of bridge and one requiring a higher degree of skill was the arch. The
Romans are known to have brought this construction to its high degree of perfection.
24

2.The history of Russian bridge building is closely connected with the name of
Kulibin, one of the most talented self-taught engineers.
3.From his early childhood Kulibin showed a keen interest in all kinds of
mechanical devices and liked to build models of mills, water mills, and different
machine parts to be assembled into mechanisms. To acquire skill and knowledge
became the boy’s greatest desire. He realized that in order to master the secret of
mechanisms it was necessary to study mathematics and physics.
1.to be of recent origin - появиться недавно
2.bridges were common - мосты были распространены; мосты были обычным
явлением
3.self-taught engineer- инженер-самоучка
напишите “True”(Верно).
1.From his early childhood Kulibin showed a keen interest in bridge building.
2.The boy realized it was necessary to study mathematics and physics.
3.Arch bridges were perfected by the Romans
4.Bridge construction as a science has a two-thousand-year history.
Грамматика:1.Условные предложения.. 2.Грамматическме функции
should, would. 3. Обороты с инфинитивом и причастием, равнозначные
придаточным предложениям.4.Различные значения слов: as, because, because of,
due to, for, since, both … and, either … or, neither … nor.
Вариант 1
1.Перепишите и устно переведите следующие условные предложения.
Напротив каждого из них напишите тип условия (реальное, маловероятное,
нереальное). Подчеркните предложение, для которого верно утверждение “Peter
is a university student.”
26
1.If Peter had entered the university a year before he would have graduated
from it last year. 2. If Peter enters the university this year he will graduate from it
in five years.3. If Peter entered the university this year he could become an
engineer in five years.
2. Перепишите предложения и переведите, обращая внимание на различные
значения should, would.
25

1.It would be impossible to simplify the production of aluminium without
using the electrothermal method. 2 Had man learnt to control thermonuclear
explosion he would have a practically inexhaustible source of energy. 3. I think you
shouldn’t tell him about it.
3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, принимая во внимание, что
инфинитивные и причастные обороты соответствуют придаточным
предложениям.
1.Scientists consider solar energy to be an ideal source of power for artificial
satellites. 2. Some materials undergo changes when subjected to heat and pressure. 3.
There are still many problems to be solved concerning housing construction.
4.Matter is said to exit in four states- solid, liquid, gaseous and plasma, the latter
being a hot ionized gas.
значения подчеркнутых слов.
1.This metal possesses high strength due to the addition of tungsten. 2. High
strength of this metal is due to the addition of tungsten. 3.Copper is in a wide use for
cables because it is a good conductor of electricity .4. Copper is widely used for
cables because of its good conductivity of electricity.5. Both sedimentation (отстой)
and filtration are water purification methods.
переведите 1,2,3 абзацы.
Varieties of Energy
1.There exist many sources of energy in the world both potential and kinetic.
One source consists in water falling from a high level such as an upland lake.
Another source is wind or moving air. Others consist in tides in the sea, heat from
subterranean sources and coal deposits and oil wells yielding mineral oil..
2.But all these sources and stores of energy are not equally useful to mankind.
Moreover some stores of energy such as coal and oil can never be replaced by us 27
27
when once used up. On the other hand stores of water are continually being replaced
by rain whereas wind and tides will not, as far as we know, ever cease to exit. A very
important matter is the conversion of energy from one form to another, the form most
required by us being mechanical rotational energy.
3.Appliances for converting energy from one form to another are called
engines. Thus a heat-engine is a machine for converting heat energy into mechanical
energy of rotation by the combustion of coal or oil. A turbine or water engine can
convert the kinetic energy of falling water into mechanical rotational energy.
26

4.The efficiency of an engine is the ratio of the energy obtained in the desired
form to that given to the engine in the available form. Thus having given a heat-
engine much energy by combusting coal or oil we take from it mechanical energy in
kinetic form, either rotational or motional.
1.as far as we know – насколько мы знаем
2.matter – вопрос
6. Перепишите вопрос и выберите правильный ответ.
How does a heat-engine convert heat-energy into mechanical energy?
1. by the combustion of coal or oil.
2. by giving a heat-engine much rotational energy.
3. by using the kinetic energy of falling water.
Вариант2
1. Перепишите и устно переведите следующие условные предложения.
Напротив каждого из них напишите тип условия (реальное , маловероятное,
нереальное). Подчеркните предложение, для которого верно утверждение “The
student didn't work hard."
1.If the student works hard he will pass his exam. 2. If the student hadn’t
worked hard he wouldn’t have passed his exam. 3.If the student had worked hard he
would have passed his exam.
1.You shouldn’t believe everything you read in the newspapers. 2.You should
have been here an hour ago. 3.In summer we would all get up early and go for a
swim.
28
1.Concrete having reached its initial set, the workers shouldn’t disturb it. 2.If
disturbed after it has reached its initial set, concrete should never be used. 3.They
wanted the workers to improve the quality of prefab units. 4.Prefab units are known
to be widely used in the construction of both residential and industrial buildings.
27

1.We add steel to concrete in order to make it stronger. 2. In spite of bad
weather the builders went on working on the construction site. 3.Go as far as the
traffic lights then turn left. 4.I’ve known him since we met at Tom’s place.
5. I haven’t seen him since .
5.Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и переведите
письменно 1-8 абзацы.
The Properties of Building Materials
1.Materials that are used for structural purposes should meet several
requirements. In most cases it is important that they should be hard, durable, fire-
resistant and easily fastened together.
2.The most commonly used materials are steel, concrete, stone, wood and
brick. They differ in hardness, durability and fire-resistance.
3.Wood is the most ancient structural material. It is light, cheap and easy to
work. But wood has certain disadvantages: it burns and decays.
4.Stone belongs to one of the oldest building materials used by man. Its
properties are mechanical strength, compactness, porosity, sound and heat insulation
and fire-resistance.
5.Bricks were known many thousands of years ago. They are the examples of
artificial building materials.
6.Concrete is referred to as one of the most important building materials.
Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, crushed stone and water. Due to its durability
it is widely used in underwater structures.
7. Steel has come into general use with the development of industry. Its
manufacture requires special equipment and skilled labour.
8.Plastics combine all the fine characteristics of building materials with good
insulating properties. It is no wonder that the architects and engineers have turned to
them to add beauty to modern homes and offices.
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9.All building materials are divided into three groups: 1) Main building
materials such as rocks and artificial stones, timber and metals. 2) Binding materials
such as lime, gypsum and cement. 3) Secondary or auxiliary materials which are used
for interior parts of buildings.
10.We use main building materials for bearing structures. Binding materials are
used for making artificial stone and for joining different planes. For interior finish of
buildings we use secondary materials.
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1.crushed stone – щебень
2.It is no wonder that – Неудивительно, что
3.turn to – обратиться
4.interior finish – внутренняя отделка
What are main building materials used for?
1.for interior finish
2.for bearing structures
3.for making artificial stone.
Вариант 3
1. Перепишите и устно переведите следующие условные предложения.
Напротив каждого из них напишите тип условия (реальное, маловероятное,
нереальное.) Подчеркните предложение, для которого верно утверждение “The
children played football at a distance from the house.”
1.The children will break the window if they don’t play football at a distance
from he house. 2.The children wouldn’t have broken the window if they had played
football at a distance from the house. 3.The children would have broken the window
if they hadn’t played football at a distance from the house.
1.You should work harder if you want to pass your exam. 2.It would be useful to
have juice instead of coffee but I like it so much.3. He would sit for hours on the
shore looking at the water.
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1.A new type of crane having been tested, the builders put it into operation.
2.Unless treated, the water cannot be used for drinking and domestic purposes.
3. This is the branch of building engineering to be taken into consideration 4. The
bearing capacity of the ground was too low for the builders to start the construction
work of a tower block (высотный дом).
29

1.The chief engineer is either at the office or at the laboratory. 2. As soon as you
finish your calculations, we shall begin the tests. 3.All the calculations were made by
means of an electronic computer. 4.In order to protect the surface from heat and cold
it was covered with special substance. 5. The engine didn’t operate because of the
bad fuel.
переведите 1-3 абзацы.
Reinforced Concrete
1.Reinforced concrete is a combination of two of the strongest structural
materials, concrete and steel.
2.This term is applied to a construction in which steel bars or heavy steel mesh
are properly embeded in concrete. The steel is put in position and concrete is poured
around and over it, then tamped in place so that the steel is completely embeded.
When the concrete hardens and sets, the resulting material gains great strength. This
new structural concrete came into practical application at the turn of the 19th
century.
The first results of the tests of the reinforced concrete beams were published in 1887.
Since that time the development of reinforced concrete work has made great
progress. And the reasons of this progress are quite evident. Concrete has poor elastic
and tensional properties, but it is rigid, strong in compression, durable under and
above ground and in the presence or absence of air and water, it increases its strength
with age, it is fireproof.
3.Steel has great tensional, compressive and elastic properties, but it is not
durable being exposed to moisture, it loses its strength with age, or being subjected to
high temperature. So, what is the effect of the addition of steel reinforcement to
concrete?
31
4.Steel does not undergo shrinkage or drying but concrete does and therefore
the steel acts as a restraining medium in a reinforced concrete member. Shrinkage
causes tensile stresses in the concrete which are balanced by compressive stresses in
the steel. For getting the best from reinforced concrete the following consideration
should be kept in mind:
1. For general use the most suitable proportions of cement and aggregate are: 1 part
cement, 2 parts sand and 4 parts of gravel.
2. Only fresh water free from organic matter should be used for reinforced work. Sea
water is not allowed.
3. Homogeneity of the concrete is a very important requirement. Steel constructions
with reinforced concrete have become the most widely used building materials
invented in centuries.
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1. put in position – укладывать, устанавливать
2.the resulting material – полученный в результате материал
3.at the turn of the century – в конце века
4.restraining medium – сдерживающая среда (средство)
5.keep in mind – помнить
6.fresh water – пресная вода
7. free from – не содержащий
Why do we add steel to reinforced concrete?
1.to balance tensile stresses in the concrete.
2.because concrete loses its strength with age.
3.because it doesn’t undergo drying.
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СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
1. Программа ……………………………………………………………………..1
2. Образцы выполнения заданий ……………………………………………….2
3.Контрольное задание №1………………………………………………………3
4.Контрольное задание №2 ……………………………………………………...9
7.Контрольное задание №5………………………………………………………25
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