The document discusses various citation styles used in academic research. It provides guidelines for 9 different styles: AMA, APA, Chicago (author-date and humanities), Harvard, MLA, Vancouver/ICMJE, and numeric and author-date styles. For each style, it outlines how to format author names, titles, dates, and the reference list. It also provides instructions on inserting citations in Microsoft Word and creating a reference list.

1. CITATION STYLES IN ACADEMIC RESEARCHES
Kamal ElGazzar, PhD Candidate
Library Consultant
Ministry of Foreign Affairs - UAE

2. !
Before you write your list of references, check with your lecturer or tutor for the
bibliographic style preferred by the School. There may be differences in the style
recommended by the School.
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3.  What is referencing?
 Referencing is a standardized way of acknowledging the sources of information and
ideas that you have used in your assignments. This allows the sources to be
identified.
 Why reference?
 Referencing is important to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations and to enable
readers to identify and follow up works you have referred to.
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4. What ?
 Citing/Citation
o The way that (you) the writer refer to texts that you wish to include in your work –
example to follow.
o Can also be all of the information retrieved from a bibliographical database search.
 References
o An alphabetical list describing each source that you have used.
 Bibliography
o A list of material you have used for information or inspiration but have not referred to
directly in the text.
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5.  Record the full bibliographic details and relevant page numbers of the source from
which information is taken.
 Insert the citation at the appropriate place in the text of your document.
 Include a reference list that includes all in-text citations at the end of your document.
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6. I) Numeric type
 Allusion to every reference is assigned a number in Arabic Numerals (either in round
brackets or as a superscript)in a serial manner in the manuscript. The reference list is
numbered in the same manner correspondingly. If the same source is subsequently
quoted again in the manuscript, it bears the previously assigned number. eg Vancouver,
NLM,MLA.
 This method of numbering of references is reader-friendly, as it permits easy location of
the citation in the reference list by it’s serial number. However, any revision of the
manuscript with inclusion of additional references is a bane for the author, as it involves
the tedious task of re-numbering all the references in the new serial order.
II) Author-date type
o The name of author and the year are mentioned in the manuscript itself in parenthesis.
o The references are listed in alphabetical order based on the author surname.eg Harvard,
APA.
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7. AMA Style
The largest physician group in the United States, the American Medical Association
(AMA) has been publishing a style manual for its scientific journals since the early
1960s.
Instructions
 Number references and list them in the same order they were first cited in the text.
 Names: Use initials (without periods or spaces) for first and middle names.
 Titles: For articles and parts of books, capitalize only the first word, proper nouns, and
abbreviations that are ordinarily capitalized. For publications and books, capitalize the
first letter of every major word. Abbreviate journal titles according to Index Medicus.
 Dates: Use the order: month day year, spelled out.
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8. APA Style
 The main scholarly association for academic psychologists in the United States, the
American Psychological Association (APA) has developed standardized methods for citing
print and electronic sources used in research. Below are instructions according to
the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th edition)
and http://www.apastyle.org/.
Instructions
 Alphabetize each entry in a works cited list by the first letter, ignoring the articles A, An,
and The. Indent subsequent lines of entries one-half inch.
 Names: Use initials for first and middle names.
 Titles: For articles, chapters and books, capitalize only the first word of the title and
subtitle and proper nouns. Fully capitalize periodical titles.
 Dates: Publication dates use the order year, month day. The access date uses the order
month day year. If no publication date is available, use "n.d." in place of date.
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9. Chicago: Author-Date Style
 Begun in the 1890s as a simple list of style rules jotted down on a sheet of paper by a proofreader at the University of
Chicago Press, this style guide was expanded and published in book format in 1906, as A Manual of Style. Since then,
the Chicago Manual of Style has become a highly regarded and widely used resource for writers and editors in the
publishing field.In 1937, Kate Turabian (a dissertation secretary at the University of Chicago) created a simplified guide to
Chicago style intended for students. A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations is still regularly
published as a separate book, and Turabian is often used as a synonym for Chicago style.
 Chicago/Turabian actually offer two styles of documentation, each one favored by different groups of scholars. The
humanities or documentary-note style is favored by those in literature, history and the arts, while the author-date style is
widely used by those in the natural or social science fields.
Instructions
 Names: Author names should appear as they do on the title page, whether spelled out or using initials. The first author is
listed last name first, but any other authors appear in normal order.
 Titles: Use sentence-like capitalization: only the first word and proper nouns. Journal titles are fully capitalized.
 Dates: Use the order: month day year, spelled out.
 Indent: Indent subsequent lines of entries one-half inch.
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10. Chicago: Humanities Style
 Begun in the 1890s as a simple list of style rules jotted down on a sheet of paper by a proofreader at the University of
Chicago Press, this style guide was expanded and published in book format in 1906, as A Manual of Style. Since then,
the Chicago Manual of Style has become a highly regarded and widely used resource for writers and editors in the
publishing field.In 1937, Kate Turabian (a dissertation secretary at the University of Chicago) created a simplified guide to
Chicago style intended for students. A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations is still regularly
published as a separate book, and Turabian is often used as a synonym for Chicago style.
 Chicago/Turabian actually offer two styles of documentation, each one favored by different groups of scholars. The author-
date style is widely used by those in the natural or social science fields, while the humanities or documentary-note style is
favored by those in literature, history and the arts.
Instructions
 Names: Author names should appear as they do on the title page, whether spelled out or using initials. The first author is
listed last name first, but any other authors appear in normal order.
 Titles: Titles of books, chapters and articles are capitalized sentence-style. Periodical titles are capitalized headline-style.
 Dates: Use the order: month day year, spelled out.
 Indent: Indent subsequent lines of entries one-half inch.
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11. Harvard: Author-Date Style
Instructions
 Names: Author’s initials are used for their first name. If an author has more than one
initial do not put any spaces between initials. Where a resource has multiple authors,
all authors are listed by last name and then first initial separated by commas.
 Titles: Use sentence-like capitalization; only the first word and proper nouns. Include
article or chapter titles in single quotation marks. Book and journal titles are fully
capitalized.
 Dates: Use on the year of the publication. For viewed dates use the format date
month year with no punctuation between.
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12. MLA Style
 The Modern Language Association (MLA) is an organization of teachers and scholars devoted to the study of language and
literature. MLA style has been widely adopted by academic journals, schools, and instructors. Since its initial publication,
the MLA Style Manual has become the predominant style guide for use in the Humanities in the United States, and is
commonly used in Canada and other countries worldwide. Below are instructions according to the MLA Handbook for
Writers of Research Papers (7th edition), the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (2nd edition)
and http://www.mla.org/style.
Instructions
 Alphabetize each entry in a works cited list by the first letter, ignoring the articles A, An, and The. Indent subsequent lines of
entries one-half inch.
 Names: Author names should appear as they do on the title page, whether spelled out or using initials. The first author is
listed last name first, but any other authors appear in normal order. Name of the editor, compiler, or translator of a book (if
applicable and if not cited earlier), proceeded by any appropriate abbreviation, such as Ed.
 Titles: Capitalize the first, last, and all principal words.
 Dates: Use the order: day month year. Shorten the month to the standard 3- or 4- letter abbreviation. If no publication date
is available, use "n.d." in place of date.
 Spacing: Citations should be double-spaced
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13. Vancouver/ICMJE Style
 A small group of editors of general medical journals met informally in Vancouver, British Columbia, in
1978 to establish guidelines for the format of manuscripts submitted to their journals. The group
became known as the Vancouver Group. Its requirements for manuscripts, including formats for
bibliographic references developed by the National Library of Medicine, were first published in 1979.
The Vancouver Group expanded and evolved into the International Committee of Medical Journal
Editors (ICMJE), which has produced multiple editions of the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts
Submitted to Biomedical Journals.
Instructions
 Number references and list them in the same order they were first mentioned in the text.
 Names: Use initials (without periods or spaces) for first and middle names.
 Titles: For articles, chapters and books, capitalize only the first word, proper nouns, and
abbreviations that are ordinarily capitalized. For publication names, capitalize the first letter of all
significant words. Journal titles may be abbreviated according to Index Medicus.
 Dates: Use the order year, month day. Shorten the month to the standard 3-letter abbreviation
without a period.
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14. Practice at
writing references
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18.  Ms word >Title par> Click References
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19.  "Style" is under "References/Citations & Bibliography"
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20.  Click References > Click Manage Sources > Click New
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21.  Click References > Click Manage Sources > Click New > Click OK
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22.  Click References > click Insert Citation > click Add New Source.
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23.  Click References > click Bibliography > click Insert Bibliography
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24.  A reference list includes just the books, articles, and web pages … etc, that are cited
in the text of the document.
 A bibliography includes all sources consulted for background reading.
 A reference list is arranged alphabetically by author. If an item has no author, it is cited
by title, and included in the alphabetical list using the first significant word of the title.
 If you have more than one item with the same author, list the items chronologically,
starting with the earliest publication.
 Each reference appears on a new line.
 Each item in the reference list is required to have a hanging indent.
 References should not be numbered.
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25. Kamal ElGazzar
Library Consultant
Ministry of Foreign Affairs – UAE
Kamalelgazar@Hotmail.com
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