2. THE FUNDAMENTALS AND
FUTURE OF ECOCRITICISM
• As a field of literary study that
addresses how human study to
nonhuman nature or the environment
in literature.
• Prefixed “eco” are listed, among them
“Ecofeminism” and “economics.”
• “Eco,”from the Greek root oikos,
means “house.”
3. Ecocriticism
• “economy” - law of the house
• “ecology” - relationships between living
organisms and their environment.
• Ecocriticism- the criticism of the
“house,” i.e., the environment, as
represented in literature.
4. VANDANA SHIVA
“I think the combination of
feminism and ecology creates
two potentials. First, I have seen
feminism that is not ecological
become a new oppressor. I
have seen environmentalism
that is not feminist enough also
become a new elitism.
Ecofeminism prevents those
two new forms of elitism by
saying, No, it’s about society
and nature. It’s about other
ways of thinking”
5. What is Ecofeminism ?
• Ecofeminism, or ecological feminism,
is a term coined in 1974
by Françoise d'Eaubonne.
• Its advocates often
emphasize a deep
reverence for all life,
and the importance of
interrelationships
between humans,
non-human others
6. ECOFEMINISM
• Ecofeminism is a social
and political movement
claiming a considerable
common ground
between environmentalism
and feminism with some
currents linking deep
ecology and feminism.
7. FEATURES
Male domination in the society
To search for women
rights
On sisterhood
women as nature and
Men as culture
8. EXAMPLES
• The novel
Fire on the Mountain by
Anita Desai.
• Outstanding examples
of Ecofeminism.
• Characters
Nanda Kaul, Iladas, Raka.
10. HUMAN CHAIN
• Women formed
human chains across
roads to prevent
contractors from
reaching the forest
area.
11. Result
• Chipko inspired environmentalists
both nationally and globally and
contributed substantially to the
emerging philosophies of eco-
feminism and deep ecology and
fields of community-based
conservation and sustainable
mountain development.
12. CONCLUSION
• Another form of transcendentalism
• Man is part of nature
• Ethical responsibility of human beings
