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NETWORK DESIGN
       TIJ3053
Chapter 1 – Overview of Computer
             Network
Data Communications, Data
  Networks, and the Internet
 Thefundamental problem of
 communication is that of reproducing at
 one point either exactly or approximately a
 message selected at another point - The
 Mathematical Theory of Communication,
 Claude Shannon
Contemporary Data Comms
 trends
     traffic growth at a high & steady rate
     development of new services
     advances in technology
 significant   change in requirements
     emergence of high-speed LANs
     corporate WAN needs
     digital electronics
A Communications Model
Communications Tasks
Transmission system utilization Addressing

Interfacing                      Routing

Signal generation                Recovery

Synchronization                  Message formatting

Exchange management              Security

Error detection and correction   Network management

Flow control
Data Communications Model
Transmission Medium
 selection    is a basic choice
     internal use entirely up to business
     long-distance links made by carrier
 rapid   technology advances change mix
     fiber optic
     wireless
 transmission costs still high
 hence interest in efficiency improvements
Networking
 growth  of number & power of computers is
  driving need for interconnection
 also seeing rapid integration of voice,
  data, image & video technologies
 two broad categories of communications
  networks:
     Local Area Network (LAN)
     Wide Area Network (WAN)
Wide Area Networks
 span   a large geographical area
 cross public rights of way
 rely in part on common carrier circuits
 alternative technologies used include:
     circuit switching
     packet switching
     frame relay
     Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
Circuit Switching
 uses  a dedicated communications path
  established for duration of conversation
 comprising a sequence of physical links
 with a dedicated logical channel
 eg. telephone network
Packet Switching
 datasent out of sequence
 small chunks (packets) of data at a time
 packets passed from node to node
  between source and destination
 used for terminal to computer and
  computer to computer communications
Frame Relay
 packet  switching systems have large
  overheads to compensate for errors
 modern systems are more reliable
 errors can be caught in end system
 Frame Relay provides higher speeds
 with most error control overhead removed
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
 ATM
 evolution   of frame relay
 fixed packet (called cell) length
 with little overhead for error control
 anything from 10Mbps to Gbps
 constant data rate using packet switching
  technique with multiple virtual circuits
Local Area Networks
 smaller   scope
     Building or small campus
 usually owned by same organization as
  attached devices
 data rates much higher
 switched LANs, eg Ethernet
 wireless LANs
Metropolitan Area Networks
 MAN
 middle  ground between LAN and WAN
 private or public network
 high speed
 large area
The Internet
 Internet   evolved from ARPANET
     first operational packet network
     applied to tactical radio & satellite nets also
     had a need for interoperability
     led to standardized TCP/IP protocols
Internet Elements
Internet Architecture
Example Configuration
OSI Reference Model &
     TCP/IP (Comparison)
 How many layers that OSI & TCP/IP
  Model?
 What are differences between OSI &
  TCP/IP Model?
 What are similarities among OSI & TCP/IP
  Model?
Applications – The Interface Between
         Human and Data Networks
 Most applications such as web browsers or e-mail clients, incorporate
  functionality of the OSI layer 5, 6, and 7.
 Most TCP/IP applications layer protocols were developed before the
  emergence of personal computer, GUIs and multimedia objects.
                A comparison of the OSI and TCP/IP model
Applications – The Interface Between Human
                                  and Data Networks
          There are six steps OSI encapsulation process.
                  3. Software and hardware convert
                  comm to a digital format
2. The app layer prepares
human comm for
                                          4. App layer services initiate the data
transmission over the data
                                          transfer                                    6. The app layer
network
                                                                                      receives data from the
1. People create the                                                                  network and prepares it
communication                                                                         for human use.



                                                                            5. Each layer
                                                                            plays its role
Roles of Transport Layer
   Provide services to the adjacent layers
   Prepare application data for transport over network
   Process network data for use by applications
Transport Layer Functions
        Primary Functions:
    1.    Tracking individual
          communication between
          applications on sender and
          receiver
    2.    Segmenting data and
          managing each piece
    3.    Reassembling segments into
          streams of application data
    4.    Identifying the different
          applications
    5.    Performing flow control
          between end users
    6.    Enabling error recovery
    7.    Initiating a session
OSI network layer
 OSImodel layer 3
 TCP/IP model Internet layer

  Application                HTTP, FTP,
                 Data stream TFTP, SMTP
  Presentation               etc
                                           Application
  Session
  Transport      Segment    TCP, UDP       Transport
  Network        Packet     IP             Internet
  Data link      Frame      Ethernet,
                                           Network Access
                            WAN
  Physical       Bits
                            technologies
Layer 3 protocol
A layer 3 protocol such as IP version 4 must:
 Provide an addressing scheme to identify
  networks and individual hosts
 Encapsulate a segment from layer 4 into a
  packet and include addresses
 Direct the packet across one or many
  networks to the destination host
 Decapsulate (remove the packet header)
  and give the segment to layer 4.
Data Link Layer – Accessing
             the Media
 It provides a means for exchanging data over a common local media.
 Also links many upper layer services responsible for packaging the data
  for communication between hosts.
 Data Link layer to prepare Network layer packets for transmission and to
  control access to the physical media.
Physical Layer Protocols &

                            Servicesthe binary digits that
    The role of the OSI Physical layer is to encode
    represent Data Link layer frames into signals and to transmit and receive
    these signals across the physical media - copper wires, optical fiber, and
    wireless - that connect network devices.
Physical Layer Protocols &

             Services
    The delivery of frames across the local media requires the following Physical layer
    elements:
        a. The physical media and associated connectors
        b. A representation of bits on the media
        c. Encoding of data and control information
        d. Transmitter and receiver circuitry on the network devices
Physical Layer Protocols &
    
                 Services
        There are three basic forms of network media on which data is represented:
            - Copper cable
            - Fiber
            - Wireless


The representation of the bits - that is,
the type of signal - depends on the type
of media.
 Copper cable media, the signals are
patterns of electrical pulses.
 Fiber, the signals are patterns of
light.
 Wireless media, the signals are
patterns of radio transmissions..
The TCP/IP Concept
 Use  existing network hardware
 Interconnect networks
 Add abstractions to hide heterogeneity
TCP/IP
TCP/IP is designed to use all types of
  networks
 Connection-oriented
 Connectionless
 Local Area Network (LAN)
 Wide Area Network (WAN)
 Point-to-point link
 Set of bridged networks
Examples Of Packet
          Switched Networks
 Wide    Area Nets
     ARPANET, NSFNET, ANSNET
     Common carrier services
 Leased    line services
     Point-to-point connections
 Local   Area Nets
     Ethernet
     Wi-Fi
Summary
 introduced data communications needs
 communications model
 defined data communications
 overview of networks
 introduce Internet
 OSI Reference Model & TCP/IP

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Chapter 1 overview-stij3053 - Network Design

  • 1. NETWORK DESIGN TIJ3053 Chapter 1 – Overview of Computer Network
  • 2. Data Communications, Data Networks, and the Internet  Thefundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing at one point either exactly or approximately a message selected at another point - The Mathematical Theory of Communication, Claude Shannon
  • 3. Contemporary Data Comms  trends  traffic growth at a high & steady rate  development of new services  advances in technology  significant change in requirements  emergence of high-speed LANs  corporate WAN needs  digital electronics
  • 5. Communications Tasks Transmission system utilization Addressing Interfacing Routing Signal generation Recovery Synchronization Message formatting Exchange management Security Error detection and correction Network management Flow control
  • 7. Transmission Medium  selection is a basic choice  internal use entirely up to business  long-distance links made by carrier  rapid technology advances change mix  fiber optic  wireless  transmission costs still high  hence interest in efficiency improvements
  • 8. Networking  growth of number & power of computers is driving need for interconnection  also seeing rapid integration of voice, data, image & video technologies  two broad categories of communications networks:  Local Area Network (LAN)  Wide Area Network (WAN)
  • 9. Wide Area Networks  span a large geographical area  cross public rights of way  rely in part on common carrier circuits  alternative technologies used include:  circuit switching  packet switching  frame relay  Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
  • 10. Circuit Switching  uses a dedicated communications path established for duration of conversation  comprising a sequence of physical links  with a dedicated logical channel  eg. telephone network
  • 11. Packet Switching  datasent out of sequence  small chunks (packets) of data at a time  packets passed from node to node between source and destination  used for terminal to computer and computer to computer communications
  • 12. Frame Relay  packet switching systems have large overheads to compensate for errors  modern systems are more reliable  errors can be caught in end system  Frame Relay provides higher speeds  with most error control overhead removed
  • 13. Asynchronous Transfer Mode  ATM  evolution of frame relay  fixed packet (called cell) length  with little overhead for error control  anything from 10Mbps to Gbps  constant data rate using packet switching technique with multiple virtual circuits
  • 14. Local Area Networks  smaller scope  Building or small campus  usually owned by same organization as attached devices  data rates much higher  switched LANs, eg Ethernet  wireless LANs
  • 15. Metropolitan Area Networks  MAN  middle ground between LAN and WAN  private or public network  high speed  large area
  • 16. The Internet  Internet evolved from ARPANET  first operational packet network  applied to tactical radio & satellite nets also  had a need for interoperability  led to standardized TCP/IP protocols
  • 20. OSI Reference Model & TCP/IP (Comparison)  How many layers that OSI & TCP/IP Model?  What are differences between OSI & TCP/IP Model?  What are similarities among OSI & TCP/IP Model?
  • 21. Applications – The Interface Between Human and Data Networks  Most applications such as web browsers or e-mail clients, incorporate functionality of the OSI layer 5, 6, and 7.  Most TCP/IP applications layer protocols were developed before the emergence of personal computer, GUIs and multimedia objects.  A comparison of the OSI and TCP/IP model
  • 22. Applications – The Interface Between Human and Data Networks  There are six steps OSI encapsulation process. 3. Software and hardware convert comm to a digital format 2. The app layer prepares human comm for 4. App layer services initiate the data transmission over the data transfer 6. The app layer network receives data from the 1. People create the network and prepares it communication for human use. 5. Each layer plays its role
  • 23. Roles of Transport Layer  Provide services to the adjacent layers  Prepare application data for transport over network  Process network data for use by applications
  • 24. Transport Layer Functions  Primary Functions: 1. Tracking individual communication between applications on sender and receiver 2. Segmenting data and managing each piece 3. Reassembling segments into streams of application data 4. Identifying the different applications 5. Performing flow control between end users 6. Enabling error recovery 7. Initiating a session
  • 25. OSI network layer  OSImodel layer 3  TCP/IP model Internet layer Application HTTP, FTP, Data stream TFTP, SMTP Presentation etc Application Session Transport Segment TCP, UDP Transport Network Packet IP Internet Data link Frame Ethernet, Network Access WAN Physical Bits technologies
  • 26. Layer 3 protocol A layer 3 protocol such as IP version 4 must:  Provide an addressing scheme to identify networks and individual hosts  Encapsulate a segment from layer 4 into a packet and include addresses  Direct the packet across one or many networks to the destination host  Decapsulate (remove the packet header) and give the segment to layer 4.
  • 27. Data Link Layer – Accessing the Media  It provides a means for exchanging data over a common local media.  Also links many upper layer services responsible for packaging the data for communication between hosts.  Data Link layer to prepare Network layer packets for transmission and to control access to the physical media.
  • 28. Physical Layer Protocols &  Servicesthe binary digits that The role of the OSI Physical layer is to encode represent Data Link layer frames into signals and to transmit and receive these signals across the physical media - copper wires, optical fiber, and wireless - that connect network devices.
  • 29. Physical Layer Protocols &  Services The delivery of frames across the local media requires the following Physical layer elements:  a. The physical media and associated connectors  b. A representation of bits on the media  c. Encoding of data and control information  d. Transmitter and receiver circuitry on the network devices
  • 30. Physical Layer Protocols &  Services There are three basic forms of network media on which data is represented:  - Copper cable  - Fiber  - Wireless The representation of the bits - that is, the type of signal - depends on the type of media.  Copper cable media, the signals are patterns of electrical pulses.  Fiber, the signals are patterns of light.  Wireless media, the signals are patterns of radio transmissions..
  • 31. The TCP/IP Concept  Use existing network hardware  Interconnect networks  Add abstractions to hide heterogeneity
  • 32. TCP/IP TCP/IP is designed to use all types of networks  Connection-oriented  Connectionless  Local Area Network (LAN)  Wide Area Network (WAN)  Point-to-point link  Set of bridged networks
  • 33. Examples Of Packet Switched Networks  Wide Area Nets  ARPANET, NSFNET, ANSNET  Common carrier services  Leased line services  Point-to-point connections  Local Area Nets  Ethernet  Wi-Fi
  • 34. Summary  introduced data communications needs  communications model  defined data communications  overview of networks  introduce Internet  OSI Reference Model & TCP/IP