2. Section 1.1 Earth Has Several Layers

4. See Page 10

5. See Page 11

6. Earth’s layers have different properties. 6-70 km thick 0-700 °C Cooler rock Crust 2900 km thick 870-4400 °C heated rock Mantle 2300 km thick 4400-6100 °C liquid metals Outer Core 2400 km diameter 7000-8000°C solid metals Inner Core Thickness Temperature Composition Layer Earth’s Layers

8. The lithosphere is made up of many plates.

10. See Page 13

11. Section 1.2 Continents Change Position Over Time.

13. Wegner’s theorized that all the continents were once a single landmass. See Page 16

14. Wegner used fossil evidence to support his continental drift theory. See Page 15

16. Continued: Mid Ocean Ridge at Spreading Center

18. See Page 18

19. See Page 19

20. Section 1.3 Plates Move Apart

22. Divergent Boundary Convergent Boundary Transform Boundary

24. See Page 23

26. These magnetic reversals are caused by changes in Earth’s magnetic fields. Bands of rock record periods of magnetic reversals. As molten material cools, magnetic minerals line up with the magnetic field. When it hardens, the minerals act like tiny compass needles. See Page 24

28. See Page 26

30. The Hawaiian islands are located in the middle of the Pacific Plate. The largest island, Hawaii, is still over the hot spot.

31. When the plate moves on, it carries the first volcano away from the hot spot. Heat from the mantle plume will then melt the rock at a new site, forming a new volcano. See Page 28

32. Section 1.4 Plates Converge or Scrape Past Each Other.

33. Tectonic plates push together and form three types of convergent boundaries. Continental-continental collision: Two continental plates collide, crumpling and folding the rock between them. Mountains could form.

34. Continued Oceanic-oceanic subductions: two oceanic plates collide and the older, denser plate sinks beneath the top plate, forming deep-ocean trenches and island arcs.

35. Continued Oceanic-continental subductions: an oceanic plate sinks beneath a continental plate, forming a deep-ocean trench and volcanic coastal mountains.

36. See Page 32

38. The San Andreas Fault is a transform boundary and moves about 1 inch per year.

39. Boundaries are formed when tectonic plates move. The direction of the movement determines the type of boundary. See Page 35

40. *oceanic plate sinks under continental plate * forms deep-ocean trench, volcanic coastal mountains Convergent O-C Subduction *older, denser plate sinks *produce deep-ocean trenches, island arcs Convergent O-O Subduction *crumples and folds crust * produces mountains, earthquakes Convergent C-C Collision *plates move past each other in opposite directions *in ocean and on land Transform *plates move apart *in ocean and on land *produce mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys, volcanoes, earthquakes Divergent Comparing Boundaries