1. INDEPENDENCE
{ Unit 2

2. Learning Goal: Explain the
Causes of the Revolution

3. Complete the Cause
& Effect Worksheet
with your table team
{ Warm Up

4. The French and Indian War
(1756-1763)
Causes of the Revolution:
The French & Indian War

5. 1763 1763 Treaty of Paris
Treaty of Paris
France
1763 Canadian possessions,
Treaty of Paris
France lost her Canadian possessions,
lost her
most of her empire inCanadian India, and claims
France lost her empire and claims
most of her India, in possessions,
to lands east of empireof the Mississippi River.
most of her the Mississippi River.
to lands east in India, and claims
to lands east of the Mississippi River.
Spain got all French lands west of the of the
Spain got all French lands west
Mississippi River, New Orleans. west of the
SpainMississippi River, New Orleans.
got all French lands
Mississippi River, New Orleans.
ngland England French lands in Canada, Canada,
got all got all French lands in
xclusiveexclusive all French lands in Canada,
England got Caribbean slave trade, and
rights to rights to Caribbean slave trade, an
exclusive rights todominance slave trade, and
Caribbean
ommercial dominance in India. in India.
commercial
commercial dominance in India.

6. 1.
onempire in
It increased her colonial
Britain?
the Americas.increased her colonial empire in
1. It
the Americas.
2. It greatly enlarged England’s debt.
3. Britain’sIt greatly enlarged England’s debt.
2. contempt for the colonials
3. Britain’s contempt for the colonials
created bitter feelings.
created bitter feelings.
Therefore, England felt that a
major reorganization of her that a
Therefore, England felt
American Empire was necessary! her
major reorganization of
American Empire was necessary!
Effects of the war on Britain

7. 1. Itunited them against aacommon
united them against common
1. It 1. It united them against a common
enemy for the the time.
enemy for first time.
enemy for the first first time.
Itcreated aasocializing experience for
created socializing experience for
2. It 2. It created a socializing experience for
2.
allthe colonials whowho participated.
all the the colonials participated.
all colonials who participated.
Itcreated bitter feelings towards the
created bitter feelings towards the
3. It 3. It created bitter feelings towards the
3.
Britishthat that would only intensify.
that would only intensify.
British would only intensify.
British
Effects of the War on
Colonists

9.  Proclamation of 1763: British
restrict movement of colonists
into interior [bar settlement w. of
Appalachians]
 Government wants less conflict
with Native Americans, but
colonists want expansion
{
 Government burdened w/
massive war debt
 George III takes throne [1760] –
immature stubborn, erratic,
wants to assert power of
monarchy
1763: A Turning Point

10.  Pass a series of tax laws and have the Colonists
help pay back the debt.
 Pass a law restricting Colonists from moving
westward and settling the N.W. Territory
 Keep British troops in N. America to stop
Indian attacks and protect the Colonies.
 Stop the smuggling of Colonials by enforcing
the Navigation Acts with a series of
unrestricted search warrants
England’s Solutions

12.  Because people in England faced high taxes,
Grenville [new prime minister] decides to tax
colonies to pay debts
 Colonists advocate ‚actural representation‛:
‚No taxation without representation!‛
 George Grenville’s Program: 1763-1765
 Sugar Act – 1764
 Currency Act – 1764
 Quartering Act- 1765
 Stamp Act 1765
New Taxes

13. The HATED Stamp Act

14.  Tax on legal documents,
playing cards,
newspapers, et.c
 A direct tax which went
to the British
government
 Colonists HATED it
 Stamp Act protests led
by the Sons of Liberty
The Stamp Act
•Tax on legal documents, playing cards, newspapers, etc.
•A direct tax which went to the British government.

15. Paul Revere •Sons of Liberty was a
secret society formed in
protest of British rule.
•They had a large role in
the repeal of the Stamp
Act and the Boston Tea
Samuel Adams
Party.
•9 original members
which included the
leaders Samuel Adams
and Paul Revere
“If our trade be taxed, why not
our lands, or produce, in short,
everything we possess? They
tax us without having legal
representation.”
Samuel Adams

16.  The act’s primary purpose was to raise
revenue to support British troops stationed
in America.
 The issues raised were these:
 Does Parliament have the right to tax
colonies?
 Can Parliament truly reflect colonial
interests?
 A debate was provoked over the issue, ‚no
taxation without representation.‛
Stamp Act- 1765

17.  The colonists demonstrated their willingness
to use violence rather than legal means to
frustrate British policy
 The British maintained that the colonies had
no right to independence from parliamentary
authority.
 Patriot leaders claimed that the act denied
them their British birthrights.
 Many colonists believed they were entitled to
all the rights and privileges of British subjects.
Act was repealed because of a colonial boycott of British exports
Importance of the Stamp Act

18.  While the Sons celebrated, they
hardly noticed a new law-
Declaratory Act
 Parliament asserts authority over
colonies
Declaratory Act

19.  1767- Charles Townshend, Britain’s finance
minister believed Stamp Act was opposed b/c it
was collected w/in the colonies- but if they were
collected at ports- the would be ok…
 Taxed imports: paper, paint, lead, glass, tea
 Shift from paying taxes for British War debts &
qrt-ing of British troops to paying col. Govt.
salaries
 Increase custom officials at American ports-
established a Board of Customs in Boston
The Townshend Acts

21.  Women active- especially w/ home
manufacturing & Daughters of Liberty
 Boycotts resume
 Still divisions, especially w/ merchants who
are hurt economically by noncosumption
 Artisans are again central; protests cut
imports, but often violent- scare colonial elite
 Duties repealed, except tea and salaries
postponed
RESISTANCE

22. •1768—1770, British
 1768-1770- British
soldiers arrived in
Boston, MA to in
soldiers arrived
maintain ordermaintain
Boston, MA to and
order and enforce the
enforce the taxes the
colonists colonists were
taxes the were asked to
pay afterpay after
asked to the French
_________
and Indian.
 The people of Boston
•The people British
resented the of Boston
resentedand considered
soldiers the British
soldiers and considered
them a foreign presence
them a foreign
presence.
Confrontations in Boston

23.  High tensions between British
and Bostonians over enforcing •
B
British policies
 March 1770, the British shed •
s
Colonial blood for first time
 The relationship between the
be
Colonies & England would
never improve •
 Used as propaganda to
convince people of the colonial
cause
FIRST BLOOD

24. Th
Bo s t
Massa
Mar c
177
Engrav
Paul R

25. •The 5 Colonists
• The 5 Colonists
Boston Mass.
killed at the
killed at the Boston
Boston Massacre
Massacre would
becomebecome
would martyrs
martyrs for the
for the Colonial
Colonial cause
cause.
• They would be
•They would be
buried in the same
buried in the
cemetaries as Paul
same cemeteries
Reverie and
as Paul Revere
Samuel Adams
and Samuel
Adams.
• British soldiers
•British soldiers
were tried in court
were tried in
& 2 were found
guilty and 2 were
court of
manslaughter of
found guilty
manslaughter.

26.  Tea Act, East India Company- the Tea Act
gave the East India Company a monopoly on
the trade in tea, made it illegal for the colonies
to buy non-British tea and forced the colonies
to pay the tea tax of 3 cents/pound.
 Tea is a key symbol of earlier resistance
 Tea Act [1773] saves East India Company from
bankruptcy
 Upset patriots, who see act as either a new tax
or 1st step in a monopoly on all trade
British Restrictive Policies

27. The Boston Tea Party

28.  Tea Party –[Dec. 16]: artisans are key, but a cross-
section of community participates
 Parliament responds w/ Coercive Acts [4]
1. Port Act closes Boston until tea reimbursed
2. Massachusetts Government Act weakens elected
bodies and strengthens appointed ones
3. Justice Act protects royal officials charged w/ crimes
by moving trial
4. Quartering Act allows seizure of private buildings
for housing troops
Tea & Turmoil

29.  Patriots agree to intercolonial mtg. to decide
response, but no not call for revolution
 1763-1774: key because many colonists
become politically active & begin to see clear
differences w/ England
 American identity emerges from interaction
between British action and colonial response
Colonial Response

30.  ‚Common Sense‛ was a political pamphlet written by
Thomas Paine.
 The pamphlet was a strongly worded call for independence
from Great Britain.
 Paine opposed monarchy (he called King George a Pharaoh!)
and strongly favored republican government.
 Paine offered a vigorous defense of republican principles.
 Paine’s words helped overcome the loyalty many still felt for
the monarchy and the mother country.
 Paine used biblical analogies and references to illustrate his
arguments.
Common Sense - 1776

31. Thomas Paine

32.  Enlightenment is an eighteenth-century philosophy
stressing that reason can be used to improve the
human condition.
 Enlightenment thinkers, such as Thomas Jefferson,
stressed the idea of natural rights – an idea that can
be seen clearly in the second paragraph of the
Declaration of Independence. ‚We hold these
truths to be self-evident that all men are created
equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with
certain inalienable rights; that among these are life,
liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.‛
 Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson were
representative examples of American
Enlightenment thinkers. Enlightenment

33. Jefferson & Franklin

34.  Deism is the belief that God created
a universe that is governed by
natural law.
 These natural laws can be
discovered by the use of human
reason.
Deism

35. Constructive
elements of deist
thought included:
• God exists,
created and
governs the
universe.
• God gave
humans the
ability to reason.
Critical elements of deist thought included:
• Rejection of all religions based on books that claim to contain
the revealed word of God.
• Rejection of all religious dogma and demagogy.
• Rejection of reports of miracles, prophecies and religious
"mysteries".

36. British vs. United States
Factors
Factors Great Britain
Great Britain U.S. United States
United States
Factors Great Britain
Population
Population
Approximately 12 million Approximately 3 million and
Approximately 12 million Approximately 3 million and
1/3 loyal to England.
1/3 loyal to England.
Manufacturing
Manufacturing Highly developed
Highly developed Practically none
Practically none
Money Richest country in the No $$$ to support the war
No $$$ to support the war
Money Richest country in the
world
world
Large, well trained army Volunteers, poorly
Volunteers, poorly
Army
Army Large, well trained army equipped
plus Hessians
plus Hessians equipped
Leaders Few officers capable of Dedicated (though not
Dedicated (though not
Leaders Few officers capable of experienced) officers
leading
leading experienced) officers
Geography Strange land---difficult to Familiar land, easy access
Geography re-supply land---difficult to to supplies
Strange troops
re-supply troops Familiar land, easy access
to supplies
Navy
Navy
Naval world power
Naval world power No navy
No navy
Will to Fight
Will to Fight Trained soldiers---but no Defending homeland---
Trained soldiers---but no Defending homeland---
heart in the fight
heart in the fight strong will to fight
strong will to fight

37. British Troop Deployment

38. •After the Boston
Tea Party the British
 After the Boston Tea
Party more troops to
send the British send
enforce the
more troops to
enforce the Acts.
Intolerable
Intolerable Acts
•Colonial militias
 Colonial for war.
prepare militias
prepare for war.
On the
Verge…

39. Sept 1774: First
Continental Congress
assembles in Philadelphia
 How to respond to crisis
in Boston
The First Continental Congress

40.  56 delegates met in Philadelphia;
all colonies represented except
Georgia
 Some delegates wanted to make
peace while others desired to fight
the British.
1st Continental Congress

41. First Continental Congress’

Response:
 Continue boycott
 Prepare militia incase violence breaks
out
 Meet again May 1775
The First Continental
Congress

42.  King George III [Nov. 1774]: ‚The
New England Governments are in
a State of Rebellion, blows must
decide whether they are to be
subject to this Country or
independent.‛
 Parliament ordered General
Thomas Gage to put down the
rebellion.
‚The last straw‛

43. List the causes of the

American Revolution:
Taxes
Philosophies
Summarizer

44. The Shot heard
‘round the World.
The Revolution Begins…
{

45.  Learning Goal: Explain how the 1st
and 2nd Continental Congress
influenced the early Revolution
 Warm Up: Review sheets on the Declaration of
Independence with a Partner
Warm Up

46. The “Shot Heard round the World”
Minutemen—members
of the Boston militia

47. The “Shot Heard round the World”
April 1775:
Gage decides to
seize minutemen
weapons at
Concord
Sons of Liberty
learn of plan General Thomas
Gage

48. SHOT HEARD ‘ROUND THE WORLD

•Britishsearching for
British searching for
stolen weapons;
stolen weapons–
‚search and seizure”
“search and seizure”
 Stopped at Lexington
•Stopped at
Lexington and 56
and encountered
Minutemen
encountered 56
•Minutemen stood up
Minutemen
for what theystood up
 Minutemen
believed
was their land
for what they
believed was their
land
Shot heard ‘round the world

49. The “Shot Heard round the World”
Paul Revere William Dawes
Paul Revere and William Dawes rode
through the countryside warning of the
British march on Concord

52. Morning, April 19: 70
minutemen gathered at
Lexington meet much
larger British force
“Do not fire unless
fired upon…”
The “Shot Heard round the
World”

55.  British march on Concord
Weapons already
removed
Set fire to buildings,
attacked by minutemen
The “Shot Heard round the
World”

57. Begin retreat back to

Boston
Redcoats—nickname for

British soldiers, whose
uniforms made them ideal
targets
The “Shot Heard round the
World”

58. British return to Boston, 5,000
Minutement attack British troops
 Americans
 90 dead, wounded, or capture
 British
 250 dead, wounded, or captured
Battles of LEXTINGTON
& CONCORD

59. The “Shot Heard round the World”
 Colonists
outraged
and
shocked
“The Bloody Butchery of the British Troops”

60.  May 1775:
delegates
•Came together
assemble at
again after the
Philadelphia
battles of
battles of
Lexington and
 Olive Branch
Concord, May 10,
Petition
1775.
 Organize and
funded an army
to defend the
colonies
•Organized first American army called the Continental Army and
appointed George Washington as our Commanding General.
•Willing to stay part of the empire but King must “redress our
The Second Continental Congress
grievances”

61.  Colonial leaders met in Philadelphia, PA
to discuss their options in response to the
Intolerable Acts
 The decision was to negotiate with King
George III and send him a declaration of
their willingness to remain British
 BUT, they have grievances which they
want the King and Parliament to address
 AND, they instructed the local militias in
each town to begin preparing for war
with the MINUTEMEN!
Olive Branch Petition

62. George Washington John Hancock
Who would be our first commanding general?
•2nd Continental Congress based their decision on the following
considerations:
•Political
•Economic George Washington was chosen
•Military based on his qualifications and
these considerations.
•Social

63. “But lest some unlucky event should
happen unfavourable to my reputation,
I beg it may be remembered by every
Gentleman in the room, that I this day
declare with the utmost sincerity, I do
not think myself equal to the
Command I am honored with.”
--George Washington

64.  1st U.S. Army made up of volunteers,
militias and Minutemen of
•First US Army made up
volunteers, militias and
 George Washington chosen as the 1st
Minutemen.
Commanding General
•George Washington chosen
 Not an army of professionals but mostly
as the first Commanding
farmers General.
 Lacked the discipline of a professional
•Not an army of
army
professionals but mostly
farmers.
 Lacked resources, men weren’t paid and
some quit after the 1st few battles
 2nd Continental Congress lacked
cipline of a professional army at first. supply army.
resources to
ces, men weren’t paid and some quit after the first
Continental Army
l Congress lacked resources to supply army.

65. •June 17, 1775
•June 17, 1775
•The British suffered
•The British suffered
over 40% casualties.
over 40% casualties.
•2,250 men
•2,250 men
•1,054 injured
•1,054 injured
•226 killed
•226 killed
•Americans: Moral
•Americans: Moral
victory
victory
•800 men
•800 men
•140 killed
•140 killed
•271 wounded
•271 wounded
•King George sends
10,000George sends
•King Hessian soldiers
10,000 Hessian soldiers
to help put down the
rebellion. down the
to help put
rebellion.

67. Battle of Bunker Hill raised the moral of the American Army though
the British won the battle and suffered severe casualties. The
Americans held there own against the greatest army in the world.
The British never broke out of Boston or gained access to the
countryside which the American army held.

68. Battle of Bunker Hill raised the moral of the American Army though
the British won the battle and suffered severe casualties. The
Americans held there own against the greatest army in the world.
The British never broke out of Boston or gained access to the
countryside which the American army held.

69. First Continental Second Continental
Congress Congress

70.  Learning Goal: Compare and
Contrast ‚Common Sense‛
with the Declaration of
Independence‛ [8.11.14, 1.11.14]
 Warm Up: List the philosophies
of the 17th century and rank their
importance on the Declaration of
Independence.
Independence Declared