1. Chapter 13: North and South Magister Ricard US History

2. The North’s Economy Chapter 13.1

3. Technology and Industry Industrialization Division of labor among workers Machines replace workers’ duties, now tended to machines Industrialization lead to mass production Elias Howe invents the sewing machine (1843) Production on a large scale of cotton textiles

4. Improved Transportation Steamboats and Steamships – invented by Robert Fulton Carried goods and passengers more quickly Clipper Ships – could sail an average of 300 miles per day Locomotives – Peter Cooper and the Tom Thumb By 1860 almost 31,000 miles of rail, mostly in North and Midwest

5. Faster Communication The telegraph and Morse Code 1844 Samuel Morse sends a message from Washington, DC to Baltimore, Maryland Spreading the news – newspapers explode 1846 Richard Hoe invents steam rotary press

6. Revolution in Agriculture 1837 John Deere’s steel-tipped plow allows for pioneers in Great Plains to farm 1834 Cyrus McCormick mechanizes the reaper, used to harvest wheat which would become a staple crop of Midwest

7. The North’s People Chapter 13.2

8. Northern Factories Between 1820s and 1860s, industrialization increased Work was dangerous, conditions brutal Workers were tending to machines with little protection Owners cared more about profits than people – no laws existed to protect workers Workers started forming trade unions, would strike for better conditions

9. The Rise of Cities Industrialization lead to Urbanization People were looking for work, flocked to the factories Urban living was dangerous Run-down structures without plumbing or heat Spread disease and danger of fire 1840s 14% lived in cities; 1860s 26%

10. Immigration Between 1846-1860 1.5 million Irish immigrated to US due to potato famine By 1850 1/3 of workers in Boston were Irish Between 1848-1860 1 million German immigrants came to US Immigrants brought their languages, customs, cultures which were melted into American culture Immigrants remind us of what we take for granted

11. Immigration Immigration leads to prejudice Know-Nothing Party – a political party formed by nativists who claimed to “know nothing” Called for stricter citizenship laws; prohibit foreigners from holding office By mid-1850s would split into Northern and Southern branches over question of slavery

12. Southern Cotton Kingdom Chapter 13.3

13. Rise of the Cotton Kingdom Slavery was disappearing in the North by 1820s; grew stronger in the South Tobacco and rice were former cash crops Sugarcane was too costly to produce Upper South produces tobacco; Deep South produces rice, sugarcane, and cotton 1793 Eli Whitney invents the Cotton Gin – removed seeds from cotton fibers Increase in slave labor and need for land

14. Industry’s Limited Role in the South North = industry North lacked good land, forced to innovate South = agriculture Lack of capital – money used to invest in business Lack of vision in future markets North used immigrant labor force, South slave labor force Lack of industry and railroads would plague South in Civil War

15. The South’s People Chapter 13.4

16. Small Farmers and Rural Poor

17. Small Farmers and Rural Poor Yeomen farmers made up largest group of Southern white farmers – no slaves Ranged from 50-200 acres Some rented land or were tenant farmers worked on landlord estates Rural poor sustenance farming, proud to be self-sufficient

18. Plantations Measured wealth by number of slaves and size of land Could be around several thousand acres

19. Plantations Plantation owners focused on making profits Assessed their fixed costs to determine their profit margins each year Profit was determined by the price of their products (cotton, etc.) Agents would buy the cotton, extend credit to planters Then sell when price rose to make their profit

20. Plantations Plantation wives watched over slaves who worked in the home, tended to them when sick, supervised construction, kept records Domestic slaves worked indoors Others were skilled laborers (blacksmiths, carpenters, etc.) Most slaves were field hands – supervised by an overseer

21. Life Under Slavery Worked hard, earned no money, little hope of freedom Feared being resold, separated from family Formed networks of extended families to cope and give stability Marriage was not honored by law, but did occur Held on to their customs, but turned to Christianity for hope Developed spirituals, or religious folk songs

22. Life Under Slavery Slave Codes – series of laws passed between 1830-1860 Slaves were not allowed to gather in large numbers Slaves were not allowed to leave property without authorization It was a crime to teach slaves how to read and write

23. Life Under Slavery Nat Turner lead a slave rebellion Killed 55 whites in Virginia Was literate Lead to stricter Slave Codes Inspired by the “Holy Spirit”

24. Life Under Slavery Many slaves attempted running away Frederick Douglass and Harriet Tubman successfully escaped to the North Used the Underground Railroad which had series of safe houses aiding escapees Most runaways were captured and returned Punishment was usually whipping