1. Stimulus Equivalence Workshow Revisions by: Kristen Gaisford Created by: Greg Partlo Conny Raaymakers Jason Otto Click the arrow to advance 26 Questions. Approximately 45 minutes to complete.

2. There’s one or two more things. you will mark your answer on the scantron for this homework. When you see a question and this picture, Mark your answer on the scantron with the #2 pencil in your course pack before you left click the answer here on the screen. Your form is anonymous. And you will not lose points for incorrect answers, but we do want your own answer. Click me if you already know how to control the workshow Form Question #

3. So when you see this picture, you mark your paper form first, then you click your answer on the screen second. A. True B. False Form Question # Left-click your answer

4. So when you see this picture, you mark your paper form first, then you click your answer on the screen second. (This time you won’t mark the scan-tron form.) A. True B. False Form Question #

5. So when you see this picture, you mark your paper form first, then you click your answer on the screen second. (This time you won’t mark the scan-tron form.) A. True B. False Right on. Now dive in by hitting the arrow at the bottom Form Question #

6. A few illegal beers, no seatbelt, a fast pickup truck, a missed curve and a sudden impact with an unyielding oak tree caused extensive, diffuse brain damage in 19-year old Al .

7. And now, after 11 years in a traditional brain-injury rehab program, Al still couldn’t identify the therapists he saw daily. Can I ask you a question? Who are you??

9. So, Dawn started a process called Symbolic Matching to Sample Dawn said the name “Mark” and then Al was shown three pictures (sample stimulus) “ MARK” SPOKEN SAMPLE Then Al pointed to a color photo of Mark (comparison stimulus) Dawn said, “That’s right!” “ That’s Right!”

10. Let’s look at the reinforcement contingency of this procedure Al has no praise Al points to “Mark’s” photo Al has praise S D : Dawn says, “Mark”

11. For the next month, Dawn and Al did matching to sample with Dawn speaking the different names of Al’s three therapists. Dawn started a new trial by saying the name “Bev.” But this time Al pointed to Mark’s photo instead of Bev’s photo. Dawn said, “Try again.” Then Al pointed to Bev’s photo and Dawn said, “ That’s right!” “ Bev” Spoken Sample

12. Here is the extinction contingency of when Al points to “Mark” when the S D is “Bev” Al has no praise Al points to “Mark’s” photo Al has no praise S D : Dawn says, “Bev”

14. Identity Matching… Here is an example of identity matching where matching occurs between the written name of Mark on one piece of paper and the written name of Mark on another piece of paper. Mark Sally Tom Mark Sally Tom Identity matching occurs when the sample and comparison stimuli are physically identical.

15. So now let’s test your knowledge to make sure you understand the difference. Mark Sally Tom So, what is the example above? A. Symbolic matching B. Identity matching “ MARK”

16. So now lets test your knowledge to make sure you understand the difference. Mark Sally Tom “ MARK” So, what is the example above? A. Symbolic matching B. Identity matching No, The auditory stimulus “Mark” and the written word Mark are not identical, so they are just symbols of each other.

17. So now lets test your knowledge to make sure you understand the difference. Mark Sally Tom “ MARK” Yes, You’ve got it! The auditory stimulus, “Mark” is symbolic of the visual, written Mark. So, what is the example above? A. Symbolic matching B. Identity matching

18. So now lets test your knowledge to make sure you understand the difference. So, what is the example above? A. Symbolic matching B. Identity matching

19. So now lets test your knowledge to make sure you understand the difference. So, What type of matching is this? A. Symbolic matching B. Identity matching No. The sample teddy bear is identical to the comparison teddy bear. They are not symbols of each other.

20. So now lets test your knowledge to make sure you understand the difference. So, What type of matching is this? A . Symbolic matching B. Identity matching Yes, You’ve got it! When the sample teddy bear is identical to the comparison teddy bear, they are not symbols of each other.

21. So now lets test your knowledge to make sure you understand the difference. Computer So, What type of matching is this? A. Symbolic matching B. Identity matching

22. So now lets test your knowledge to make sure you understand the difference. So, What type of matching is this? A. Symbolic matching B. Identity matching Computer No. The auditory stimulus, “Computer” is symbolic of the computer itself. They are not identical samples, so they can be symbolic of each other.

23. So now lets test your knowledge to make sure you understand the difference. So, What type of matching is this? A. Symbolic matching B. Identity matching Computer Yes, You’ve got it! The auditory stimulus, “computer” is symbolic of the computer itself! Great Job!

24. “ MARK” SPOKEN SAMPLE It is selecting a comparison stimulus Corresponding to a sample stimulus So now that you have that figured out, you need to remember the definition of Matching to sample.

36. “ MARK” As a result of that training, when Dawn pointed to the photo, Al could also say the name “Mark”.

37. The picture of Mark evoking the response “Mark” is Novel Stimulus Control “ MARK” “ MARK”

38. You may be tempted to say, “Of course if Al knows this is Mark’s photo, then he knows that “Mark” is the name of the guy in the photo. BUT THAT ISN”T NECESSARILY TRUE “ MARK” “ MARK”

39. So here is our theory… First, Dawn said “Mark” then Al touched Mark’s photo while he said “Mark” but perhaps covertly (Under his breath). “ MARK” “ Mark” (Covertly)

40. So here is our theory… Then Dawn said, “That’s right,” reinforcing both Al’s touching Mark’s photo and his covertly saying, “Mark”. “ MARK” “ Mark” (Covertly) Al has no praise Al points to Mark’s photo and covertly says “Mark ” Al has praise REINFORCEMENT

41. So here is our theory… So when Dawn pointed to Mark’s photo and asked “who is this.” it was easy for Al to increase the intensity to an out loud “Mark,” from covert “Mark,” a response that had been reinforced throughout the preceding trials. “ MARK” “ Mark” (Covertly) Al has no praise Al points to Mark’s photo and covertly says “Mark ” Al has praise REINFORCEMENT

52. Now, lets take it back to the Skinner box. You could train symbolic matching with a nonverbal organism like Polly. When we present the color green, we reinforce pecks on the word “green.” Following just the training above, we will not see Polly then touch the color green in the presence of the word “green.” Yellow Green S D Green S D

58. “ MARK” “ MARK” You’ll learn more about the importance of Al saying “Mark” covertly later. For now the easy way to identify a symmetrical relationship is to see if the S D and response are simply switched around.

59. A. Yes B. No Dawn has trained Al to touch the bear when he hears “bear.” Would the procedure on top be symmetrical to the training below it? “ Bear” “ Shirt”

62. A. Yes B. No Now is the matching on the bottom symmetrical to the matching on top? “ Bear” “ Bear” BEAR SHIRT CUP

63. A . Yes B. No No, symmetrical relationships involve the same responses and stimuli, while the written word, bear was not part of the training at all. Now is the matching on the bottom symmetrical to the matching on top? “ Bear” “ Bear” BEAR SHIRT CUP

64. Correct, the written word, bear is not relevant to the symmetrical relationship with the bear and “bear.” A. Yes B. No Now is the matching on the bottom symmetrical to the matching on top? “ Bear” “ Bear” BEAR SHIRT CUP

65. A. Yes B. No Now is the matching on the bottom symmetrical to the matching on top? “ Bear” “ Bear”

66. A. Yes B. No Now is the matching on the bottom symmetrical to the matching on top? No, symmetrical relationships involve the same responses and stimuli, as we have here. “ Bear” “ Bear”

67. Correct, Al can point to the bear after hearing “bear,” as well as say “bear” after Dawn points to the bear. A. Yes B. No Now is the matching on the bottom symmetrical to the matching on top? “ Bear” “ Bear”

68. Great. You’ve got it! This is symmetry! “ Bear” “ Bear”

69. Moving on to an important point that you should understand… Even before training with Dawn, Al could match the written names with the spoken name. Al had been trained previously but this response was not a result of Dawn’s training “ MARK” Mark Sally Tom

70. In other words, when Dawn touched Mark’s photo Al would touch Mark’s written name Now after many training trials of matching the photo to the spoken name, it turns out that Al could also match the written names to the photo. Mark Sally Tom

71. Mark Sally Tom Al could match the correct response of touching Mark’s written name to Dawn touching Mark’s photo, without the response ever being reinforced in the past!

72. Let’s recap for a moment. First, Al could touch the written word when she said “Mark”. Now after training, Al can also touch Mark’s picture after hearing “Mark.” “ MARK” “ MARK” Mark Sally Tom

73. As a result of the two previous trainings, Al can touch the written word when Dawn touches Mark’s photo. Keep in mind that touching the written word has never been reinforced in the presence of Dawn touching the photo. Mark Sally Tom

74. So what exactly is this transitive stimulus control that we call transitivity? Click on the right arrow key to find out

75. Well, first Al hears “Mark,” which is a stimulus. The auditory stimulus, “Mark” controlled Al’s pointing to the written word Mark, which was achieved through prior training. Mark Sally Tom “ MARK”

76. And, with much reinforcement from Dawn, the auditory stimulus, “Mark” also controlled pointing to the photo of Mark. And now, without ANY training for pointing to the written name in the presence of the photo, Al could do so. This novel stimulus control is called transitivity. “ MARK” Mark Sally Tom

77. Let’s see if you really understand stimulus control. What part of this symbolic matching is under stimulus control (the other part is the stimulus exerting control)? Please select either A or B Mark Sally Tom “ MARK” A. B.

80. Let’s see if you really understand stimulus control. No. Dawn saying “Mark” is a stimulus for Al touching the name “Mark.” It is not a response Mark Sally Tom “ MARK” A. B.

81. Let’s see if you really understand stimulus control. Mark Sally Tom “ MARK” A. B. Yes, you’ve got it! When Dawn says the name “Mark” this is a stimulus for Al touching the written name “Mark.”

82. So here is our theory again. When Al sees Mark’s photo, he says, “Mark,” either overtly or covertly, as he learned from training. And he was already able to match the written names to Dawn’s Spoken names So in the transitive relation, he just matches the written name “Mark” to his own speaking of the name “Mark”. “ MARK” “ Mark” “ MARK” Mark Sally Tom Mark Sally Tom “ Mark”

83. Now we have what is called a behavioral chain; a sequence of stimuli and responses. Each response produces a change in the environment that acts as a discriminative stimulus or operandum for the next response. S D Photo of “ Mark” Behavior Al speaks the name “Mark” S D Sound of Mark’s name “ MARK” “ MARK” Behavior Al touches Written name Mark Sally Tom

87. Mark Sally Tom “ MARK” “ MARK” Mark Sally Tom A. Transitivity B. Symmetry Now, what is the above diagram?

89. A. Transitivity B. Symmetry No, look closely at the diagrams Mark Sally Tom “ MARK” “ MARK” Mark Sally Tom Now, what is the above diagram?

90. Polly’s matching red with red. Similarly, even before Dawn’s training, Al could match written word with identical written words. Mark Sally Tom Mark Sally Tom Reflexivity refers to the results of simple, non-symbolic or identity matching. So whenever there is matching between identical samples, called identity matching, you have reflexivity (they’re the same thing)! We need to talk about one more term that goes with symmetry and transitivity and that is…REFLEXIVITY

94. A. B. So, what is example “B”? A . Symbolic Matching B. Identity Matching C. Reflexivity D. B & C “ MARK” Mark Sally Tom Mark Sally Tom

96. A. B. You are close. Yes, “B” is identity but could it also be something else? Try again! So, what is example “B”? A. Symbolic Matching B. Identity Matching C. Reflexivity D. B & C “ MARK” Mark Sally Tom Mark Sally Tom

97. A. B. You are close. Yes, “B” is reflexive but could it also be something else? Try again! So, what is example “B”? A. Symbolic Matching B. Identity Matching C. Reflexivity D. B & C “ MARK” Mark Sally Tom Mark Sally Tom

98. A. B. Yes, You’ve got it! Dawn pointing to Mark’s written name is not symbolic with Al pointing to Mark’s written name because they are both identical samples. So that is identity matching. And since they are identical samples, this is called Reflexivity! A. Symbolic Matching B. Identity Matching C. Reflexivity D. B & C “ MARK” Mark Sally Tom Mark Sally Tom

99. REFLEXIVE SYMMETRICAL So, what exactly is Stimulus Equivalence? Most behavior analysts says it is a set of stimuli such as a set of: And….. Mark Sally Tom Mark Sally Tom “ MARK” “ MARK”

100. And TRANSITIVE stimulus relations + Equivalence classes result from stimulus-equivalence training the sort of symbolic matching to sample Al did. Some of the reflexive, symmetrical, and transitive stimulus-control relations emerge when just a few of the combinations are explicitly trained, as was the case with Al. Mark Sally Tom “ MARK” “ MARK” Mark Sally Tom

101. Those stimulus-control relations that emerge without being explicitly trained are called Emergent Relations REFLEXIVE SYMMETRICAL TRANSITIVE + First when symmetrical matching occurred, when Dawn touched Mark’s picture and Al said Marks name this was emergent because it had not been previously trained Also, when transitive matching occurred, When Dawn touched Mark’s photo and Al could touch Mark’s written name this was emergent because it also had not been previously trained Mark Sally Tom Mark Sally Tom “ MARK” “ MARK” Mark Sally Tom “ MARK” “ MARK” Mark Sally Tom

102. Let’s Review on what has been trained and what hasn’t… First Dawn trained Al to touch mark’s photo when she said “Mark” As a result of this training Al could say “Mark” when Dawn pointed to Mark’s photo without previous training. Also as a result of training (but not trained itself) Al could point to Mark’s written name when Dawn pointed to Mark’s photo. Mark Sally Tom “ MARK” “ MARK” Mark Sally Tom

115. Learned Earlier: Symmetrical Emergent Relation: Symmetrical Trained by Dawn Let’s Review… Mark Sally Tom Emergent Relation: Both symmetrical and transitive “ MARK”

139. Original Creators: Becky Kehe Jason Otto Revised (Spring 2005): Greg Partlo Conny Raaymakers Revised Fall 2005/ Spring 2006 Kristen Gaisford