1. The document discusses internal bleeding, circulatory problems, and first aid procedures for various related medical conditions. It covers signs of internal bleeding, types of shock, and first aid for fainting, angina, heart attacks, and cardiac arrest. 2. Specific first aid procedures are described for internal bleeding, including positioning, dressings, and monitoring vital signs. Bandaging techniques are demonstrated for securing dressings on hands and feet. 3. Learning objectives cover identifying symptoms of internal bleeding, shock, and circulatory conditions and treating them properly with first aid.

1. Public First Aid Certificate Course (English) Lecture 3 Internal Bleeding & Circulatory Problems Mr. N. Tang

8. Common Sites of Internal Bleeding Others: bleeding from the nose and the vagina – refer to the notes of lecture II Source Cause Appearance of Blood Lung Lung diseases or injury Coughed-up : bright red & frothy blood Oesophagus, Stomach Perforation of varicosed vein or gastric diseases Vomit : bright-red (from oesophagus) or dark-reddish brown blood as coffee-ground (from the stomach) Ear Perforated ear drum Fresh, bright red blood

9. Common Sites of Internal Bleeding Sources Cause Appearance of Blood Large intestine Disease or injury with bleeding Black, tarry, offensive-smell stool (malaena) Urethra Injury / diseases of the urinary system - kidney, bladder, urethra Urine with red or smoky appearance +/- blood clots Anus Piles, injury to the anus or the lower intestine Fresh, bright red blood

18. The Internal Structure of the He art Pulmonary arteries Pulmonary veins Left atrium Left ventricle Valve Descending aorta Rt. ventricle Inferior vena cava Rt. atrium Superior vena cava Ascending aorta

25. Shock Type Cause Hypo-volaemic shock - Severe loss of body fluids or blood (>1.2 litres) e.g. internal/external bleeding, severe diarrhoea, vomiting, intestinal obstruction, severe burns, fracture Cardio-genic shock The heart : unable to pump the blood e.g. heart diseases Anaphylactic shock Allergy Neuro-genic shock Pain or fear Septic shock overwhelming infection Spinal shock spinal cord injury e.g. fracture

34. Coronary Arteries * * Aorta Pulmonary trunk Left coronary artery Right coronary artery Superior vena cava Circumflex artery Anterior inter-ventricular artery Marginal branch Posterior interventricular artery

35. Thrombosis: A condition in which a blood vessel is partially blocked Thrombus - platelets, cholesterol, fat Embolism - total blockage Embolus (detached thrombus)

42. The Patent Airway A : Basic Life Support of CPR (A,B,C)

43. Basic Life Support of CPR B. Rescue breaths / Artificial breathing C. External cardiac compressions

44. Defibrillation Stay Clear Before Defibrillation

50. Figure-of-Eight to Hand 6. Build a triangle 7. At least 3 layers – equal distance between 2 layers Cover 2/3 width of the previous turn, expose 1/3 width

51. Figure-of-Eight to Hand 9. Supported by an elevation sling after bandaging 8. Anchor the end of the bandage on the lateral aspect of the wrist (a) Palm mild bleeding (b) Dorsum of hand mild bleeding

52. 3. Figure-of-Eight to Foot & Sprained Ankle 1.Support the leg 2.Dressing & apply pressure 3. Use 3” bandage 6. Build 3 layers 5. Build a triangle 7. Elevate the foot after bandaging 4. Start at the ankle For sprained ankle, encircle the ankle with a soft pad before bandaging