Articles containing therein.

1. Actual or
Compensatory
Damages
Art. 2199 – Art. 2208 NCC
TORTS AND DAMAGES
Joebell G. Paraggua
Reporter

2. ARTICLE 2199
Except as provided by law or by stipulation, one is entitled to
an adequate compensation only for such pecuniary loss
suffered by him as he duly proved. Such compensation is
referred to as actual or compensatory damages.

3. ARTICLE 2200
Indemnification for damages shall comprehend not only the
value of the loss suffered, but also that of the profits which
the obligee failed to obtain.

4. ARTICLE 2201
In contracts and quasi-contracts, the damages for which the
obligor who acted in good faith is liable shall be those that are
the natural and probable consequences of the breach of the
obligation, and which the parties have foreseen or could have
reasonably foreseen at the time the obligation was constituted.
In case of fraud, bad faith, malice or wanton attitude, the
obligor shall be responsible for all damages which may be
reasonably attributed to the non-performance of the obligation.

5. ARTICLE 2202
In crimes and quasi-delicts, the defendant shall be liable for all
damages which are the natural and probable consequences of
the act or omission complained of. It is not necessary that such
damages have been foreseen or could have reasonably been
foreseen by the defendant.

6. ARTICLE 2203
The party suffering loss or injury must exercise the diligence of a
good father of a family to minimize the damages resulting from
the act or omission in question.

7. ARTICLE 2204
In crimes, the damages to be adjudicated may be respectively
increased or lessened according to the aggravating or mitigating
circumstances.

8. ARTICLE 2205
Damages may be recovered:
(1) For loss or impairment of earning capacity in cases of
temporary or permanent personal injury;
(2) For injury to the plaintiff's business standing or
commercial credit.

9. ARTICLE 2206
The amount of damages for death caused by a crime or quasi-delict
shall be at least three thousand pesos, even though there may have
been mitigating circumstances. In addition:
(1) The defendant shall be liable for the loss of the earning capacity of
the deceased, and the indemnity shall be paid to the heirs of the latter;
such indemnity shall in every case be assessed and awarded by the
court, unless the deceased on account of permanent physical disability
not caused by the defendant, had no earning capacity at the time of his
death;
(2) If the deceased was obliged to give support according to the
provisions of article 291, the recipient who is not an heir called to the
decedent's inheritance by the law of testate or intestate
succession, may demand support from the person causing the
death, for a period not exceeding five years, the exact duration to be
fixed by the court;
(3) The spouse, legitimate and illegitimate descendants and ascendants
of the deceased may demand moral damages for mental anguish by
reason of the death of the deceased.

10. ARTICLE 2207
If the plaintiff's property has been insured, and he has received
indemnity from the insurance company for the injury or loss
arising out of the wrong or breach of contract complained of, the
insurance company shall be subrogated to the rights of the
insured against the wrongdoer or the person who has violated
the contract. If the amount paid by the insurance company does
not fully cover the injury or loss, the aggrieved party shall be
entitled to recover the deficiency from the person causing the
loss or injury.

11. ARTICLE 2208
In the absence of stipulation, attorney's fees and expenses of
litigation, other than judicial costs, cannot be recovered, except:
(1) When exemplary damages are awarded;
(2) When the defendant's act or omission has compelled the plaintiff to
litigate with third persons or to incur expenses to protect his
interest;
(3) In criminal cases of malicious prosecution against the plaintiff;
(4) In case of a clearly unfounded civil action or proceeding against
the plaintiff;
(5) Where the defendant acted in gross and evident bad faith in
refusing to satisfy the plaintiff's plainly valid, just and demandable
claim;

12. ARTICLE 2208 ...continued
(6) In actions for legal support;
(7) In actions for the recovery of wages of household helpers, laborers
and skilled workers;
(8) In actions for indemnity under workmen's compensation and
employer's liability laws;
(9) In a separate civil action to recover civil liability arising from a crime;
(10) When at least double judicial costs are awarded;
(11) In any other case where the court deems it just and equitable that
attorney's fees and expenses of litigation should be recovered.
In all cases, the attorney's fees and expenses of litigation must be
reasonable.