1. The Web and Websites Along came a Spider!

2. First: What is the Internet? 2 For one thing, it’s not really “the net”, it’s the “nets”: “the Internet: a cooperatively-run collection of computer networks that span the globe.”

3. Is it the same as the Web? 3 Internet ≠ World Wide Web The Internet is a massive network of networks, a networking infrastructure. The World Wide Web, or simply Web, is a way of accessing information over the medium of the Internet. It is an information-sharing model that is built on top of the Internet. The Internet, not the Web, is also used for e-mail, which relies on SMTP, Usenet news groups, instant messaging and FTP. The Difference Between the Internet and the World Wide Web

4. Cold War Technology? Originally designed by the U.S. Department of Defense so that a communication signal could withstand nuclear war and serve military institutions worldwide, the Internet was first known as the ARPANet, the most robust communication technology. It is a system of linked computer networks, international in scope, that facilitates data transfer and communication services, such as remote login, file transfer(FTP), electronic mail (e-mail), newsgroups, and the World Wide Web. The Internet greatly extends the reach of each connected computer network (see: network effect, IP). Internet

5. Before ARPANet Before ARPANET, most computer systems consisted of a massive computer -- sometimes the size of an entire room -- with user terminals hardwired to it. A terminal was some form of user interface, often consisting of a keyboard or punch card reader. Multiple users could access the computer simultaneously, in a technique called timesharing. Other early networks required a direct connection between host computers, meaning that there was only one path for information to flow through. The direct connections limited the size of these computer networks, which became known as local area networks (LANs). How ARPANET Works

6. Phone-linked networks “In the 1960s, as many as a few hundred users could have accounts on a single large computer using terminals, and exchange messages and files between them. But each of those little communities was an island, isolated from others. By reliably connecting different kinds of computers to each other, the ARPANET took a crucial step toward the online world that links nearly a third of the world's population today.” Marc Weber, founding curator of the Computer History Museum’s Internet History Program On October 29, 2009, SRI celebrated the 40th anniversary of the first ARPANET connection.

7. From mainframes to minicomputers Before ARPANET, most computer systems consisted of a massive computer -- sometimes the size of an entire room -- with user terminals hardwired to it. What is a “Mainframe”?

8. Minicomputers? Minicomputers are a largely obsolete class of multi-user computers which made up the middle range of the computing spectrum, in between the largest multi-user systems (mainframe computers) and the smallest single-user systems (microcomputers or personal computers)

9. When did ARPAnet become the Internet? “. . . Ray Tomlinson is credited with inventing email in 1972. . . . He picked the @ symbol from the computer keyboard to denote sending messages from one computer to another. So then, for anyone using Internet standards, it was simply a matter of nominating name-of-the-user@name-of-the-computer. “. . . 1975 seems to be the definitive year in which, for the first time, networks connected to each other.” Ian Peter's History of the Internet

10. 1975, the net goes commercial Telenet One of the first value-added, packet switching networks that enabled terminals and computers to exchange data. Established in 1975 by Dr. Lawrence Roberts, who helped to develop ARPANET, Telenet was acquired by GTE in 1979. After it was acquired by Sprint in 1986, it was renamed SprintNet

11. Telenet is not to be confused with Telnet What is telnet? Telnet and its close cousins rlogin and tn3270 are methods of connecting to a remote [mainframe] computer over the Internet that let you use programs and data just as if you were using the computer locally. Do not confuse telnet with Telenet, the old name for Sprintnet. Telnet is a text-only protocol. At one time it was one of the most common ways to connect to other sites.

12. Significance of Telenet? Published 1991

13. 1980s Main uses scholarly or military Libraries use networks like Telenet and Tymnet for remote searching of databases Scientists and scholars communicate by email The Silent 700 was a line of portable computer terminals manufactured by Texas Instruments in the 1970s and 1980s. Silent 700s printed with a dot-matrix heating element onto a roll of heat-sensitive paper. They were equipped with an integrated acoustic coupler and modem that could receive data at 30 characters per second.

14. What, no fun things? Enter the BBS! Bulletin Board System A Bulletin Board System, or BBS, is a computersystem running software that allows users to connect and log in to the system using a terminal program. Once logged in, a user can perform functions such as uploading and downloading software and data, reading news and bulletins, and exchanging messages with other users, either through electronic mail or in public message boards. Many BBSes also offer on-line games, in which users can compete with each other, and BBSes with multiple phone lines often provide chat rooms, allowing users to interact with each other.

15. BBS all text, very little graphics Monochrome BBS, known to users as “Mono”, was originally a student bulletin board system at [London’s] City University in the early 1990s. The BBS is still in existence with a web presence at http://www.mono.org/ from where you can connect to the real thing by telnet. See also Monochrome BBS – Definition.

16. Related to BBS Gopher The Gopher Protocol is a distributed document search and retrieval protocol that was developed at the University of Minnesota in the late 1980s. Resources are stored on Gopher servers, which organize information using a hierarchical directory structure. Gopher clients access servers to retrieve directory listings of available resources, which are presented to the user as a menu from which an item may be selected for retrieval. Gopher Protocol (Gopher) (Page 4 of 4)

17. A Gopher menu From a Finnish History of the Internet(click on 1991 to get the page where this is reproduced) To navigate the menus, you used the arrow keys (no mouse, of course!) to move the arrow up or down the menu and then hit Enter to select the item you want. Current browsers no longer support Gopher.

18. Veronica, Jughead and Archie (but not Betty)! Rodent companions! Veronica: “Very Easy Rodent-Oriented Net-wide Index to Computerized Archives” Jughead: “Jonzy's Universal Gopher Hierarchy Excavation and Display” Archie: a popular FTP [“File Transfer Protocol”] search program of the time. Though the legend of Archie being named for the cartoon, the name in fact is shorthand for “Archives.” A Pre-Web Search Engine, Gopher Turns Ten By Chris Sherman, Search Engine Watch, Feb 6, 2002

19. Finally, The Web is added: 1991 Tim Berners-Lee: “. . . in 1989, while working at the European Particle Physics Laboratory, I proposed that a global hypertext space be created in which any network-accessible information could be refered to by a single "Universal Document Identifier". Given the go-ahead to experiment by my boss, Mike Sendall, I wrote in 1990 a program called "WorldWideWeb", a point and click hypertext editor which ran on the "NeXT" machine. This, together with the first Web server, I released to the High Energy Physics community at first, and to the hypertext and NeXT communities in the summer of 1991. The World Wide Web: A very short personal history He almost called it the “Mesh”!Sir Tim Berners-Lee on the Web (past, present and future)

20. The first “real” browser NCSA Mosaic In 1991, the NCSA introduced NCSA Mosaic, the first readily-available graphical Web Browser that virtually kickstarted the dot.com revolution. It may not look like much now – but it is interesting to consider how similar modern browsers look to the original. PawPrint.net Glossary of Terms

21. Today’s browsers

22. Alphabet soup of the Web URL Uniform Resource Locator HTTP HyperTextTransfer Protocol HTML Hypertext Markup Language Now being complemented by XML EXtensibleMarkup Language See What is XML?

23. What does HTML or XML look like?

24. A free site to create your own What is Weebly? Weebly is a San Francisco, California based company that was founded in 2006 with the mission to help people put their information online quickly and easily. We now enable 3 million people to easily create personal sites and blogs or establish web presences for businesses, weddings, classrooms, churches, artistic portfolios, and more.

25. Basic URL Structure Parts A URL has three basic parts: the protocol (how to get the resource); the server id (who to get the resource from); and the resource id (the name of the resource and how to find it on the target machine). In its most basic form, this looks like the following: The "http" indicates that this is a Web document. The "www.fake.com" is the domain name of the (in this case, fictional) machine on which the web server is running (we know it's a web server because of the protocol). And, of course, "doc.html" is the filename of the HTML document (notice the file extension ".html") on that machine.

26. Domain name? What is a ‘Domain Name’? Domain Name System, or DNS, is the most recognized system for assigning addresses to Internet web servers (aka “Internet hosts”). Somewhat like international phone numbers, the domain name system helps to give every Internet server a memorable and easy-to-spell address. Simultaneously, the domain names keep the really technical IP address invisible for most viewers. By Paul Gil, About.com Guide

27. Structure of a Domain Name 1 What is a Top Level Domain (TLD)? A Top Level Domain (TLD) is the “suffix” or the end of each domain name. (e.g., the “.com” in yahoo.com is the TLD.) There are two types of TLDs - global and country code. Generic Top Level Domain (gTLDs) extensions include: .com, .net, .org, .biz, .coop, .edu, .gov, .info, .int, .mil, and .museum.

29. Structure of a Domain Name 3 SubDomain - The Third Level Domain If you need to further distinguish your second-level domain name, you can use a third-level domain name, such as “resources.hostway.com.” Typically a third-level domain name is used to refer to different servers within different departments of a company. Creating third-level domains

30. Success of the web? Tim Berners-Lee: The success of the World Wide Web, itself built on the open Internet, has depended on three critical factors: 1) unlimited links from any part of the Web to any other; 2) open technical standards as the basis for continued growth of innovation applications; and 3) separation of network layers, enabling independent innovation for network transport, routing and information applications. Today these characteristics of the Web are easily overlooked as obvious, self-maintaining, or just unimportant. All who use the Web to publish or access information take it for granted that any Web page on the planet will be accessible to anyone who has an Internet connection, regardless whether it is over a dialup modem or a high speed multi-megabit per second digital access line. The last decade has seen so many new ecommerce startups, some of which have formed the foundations of the new economy, that we now expect that the next blockbuster Web site or the new homepage for your kid's local soccer team will just appear on the Web without any difficulty. Testimony of Sir Timothy Berners-Lee, Hearing on the “Digital Future of the United States: Part I -- The Future of the World Wide Web”