Discusses the concept of information seeking and 3 approaches to understanding it: Belkin's ASK hypothesis, Kuhlthau's Information Search Process and Dervin's Sense-Making.
2. ďżWhat Is Information Seeking?
⢠In the simplest terms, information seeking
involves the search, retrieval, recognition,
and application of meaningful content. This
search may be explicit or implicit, the
retrieval may be the result of specific
strategies or serendipity, the resulting
information may be embraced or rejected,
the entire experience may be carried through
to a logical conclusion or aborted in
midstream, and there may be a million other
potential results.
⢠Kingrey, K. P. (2002, Spring). Concepts of information seeking
and their presence in the practical library literature.
Library Philosophy and Practice, 4, 2
2
What is information seeking?
3. Question 1: Why seek for information?
ďżWhat is the motivation?
3
4. 4
Why Seek? Theory 1
ďżASK Hypothesis developed by
Nicholas Belkin (Rutgers)
â˘â. . . Anomalous States-of-Knowledge
(abbreviated to ASK). . . . Situations
in which the patronsâ knowledge [is]
incomplete or limited in some way, and
they need further information to get on,
the patrons are seen to be in an anomalous state of
knowledge.â
⢠Ammentorp, S. and Hummelshøj, M. (2001). Ask a librarian: Web-
based reference question services: a model for development. Paper
presented at 11th NI&D Conference. Spring for information.
Reykjavik, 30 Mayâ1 June 2001. Retrieved 22. September, 2004.
http://www.murraylib640.org/Ammentorp.doc
Nicholas Belkin
5. 5
Why Seek? Theory 2
ďżThe Uncertainty Principle
developed by Carol
Kulthau, Rutgers)
⢠Uncertainty initiates the
process of information
seeking
⢠Kuhlthau, C. C. (2004, May).
ISP Presentation
Retrieved June 14, 2007.
http://www.scils.rutgers.edu/~kuhlthau/recent_presentations/loex
/loex_presentation.ppt
Carol Kuhlthau
6. 6
Why Seek? Theory 3
ďżThe Gap that does not make sense (âSense-
makingâ hypothesis)
⢠â. . . Dervin presents to us a picture
of a man walking along a road,
when he comes upon an impassable
hole in the ground. In this situation,
he is obviously facing a gap. What
is he to do now?â
⢠Kari, J. (1998, November). Making sense of sense-making: From
metatheory to substantive theory in the context of paranormal
information seeking. Paper presented at Nordis-Net workshop
(Meta)theoretical stands in studying library and information
institutions: individual, organizational and societal aspects, November
12â15 1998, Oslo, Norway. Retrieved September 22, 2004.
See also: Savolainen, R. (2006, April 25) Information use as gap-bridging: The
viewpoint of sense-making methodology. Journal of the Association for
Information Science and Technology. Retrieved June 8, 2014.
Brenda Dervin
7. An illustration of Dervinâs âGapâ
7
http://apescience.com/id/fulltext/user-based-design-fulltext
9. 9
Who Seeks? Theory 1
ďżAnomalous State of Knowledge
(ASK) hypothesis (Belkin):
⢠â. . . patrons in problematic situations.â
⢠Ammentorp, S. and Hummelshøj, M. Ask a
Librarian: Web-Based Reference Question
Services: A Model for Development.â
Marianne Hummelshøj
Steen Ammentorp
10. 10
Who Seeks? Theory 2
ďżKulthauâs Information Search Process:
⢠People experience the ISP [Information Search
Process] holistically with an interplay of
thoughts, feelings, and actions.
⢠Kuhlthau, Carol C. âAn Overview of the Information
Search Process.â Retrieved June 14, 2007.
http://www.scils.rutgers.edu/~kuhlthau/information_search_process.htm
Carol Kuhlthau
11. 11
Who Seeks? Theory 3
ďżSense-Making Hypothesis:
⢠â. . . [a] patron [who] is seen as being locked
in a situation unable to move further because
of some kind of gap in his knowledge.â
⢠Ammentorp and Hummelshøj, Ask a librarian:
web-based reference question services: A model
for development.
Brenda Dervin
13. 13
How Do They Seek? Theory 1
ďżBelkinâs ASK:
⢠â. . . users performing some activity feel that
they have a knowledge gap that cannot be
filled directly, and consequently they engage
into an information seeking process. . .â
⢠Brajnik, G. (1999, June). Information seeking as
explorative learning. Retrieved Sept. 7th, 2003.
http://www.bcs.org/upload/pdf/ewic_mi99_paper2.pdf
Giorgio Brajnik
Assistant Professor in
Computer Science, University
of Udine, Italy
14. 14
How Do They Seek? Theory 2
ďżKuhlthauâs ISP:
⢠âThe critical component of the
ISP is the personâs own
formulation of a focus that
involves gaining a personal
perspective of the topic or subject
while using a variety of sources of information.
In other words, users are constructing their
own understandings through inquiry.â
⢠Kuhlthau, C. âResearch Interests.â Last Updated January
2012. Retrieved June 10, 2012.
⢠http://www.scils.rutgers.edu/~kuhlthau/research_interests.htm
15. 15
How Do They Seek? Theory 3
ďżDervinâs Sense-Making:
⢠â . . . the patron is seen as being locked in a
situation unable to move further because
of some kind of gap in his knowledge.
However the patron tries to bridge this gap
by asking questions and using the answers
to closing the gap, making new sense. As
Belkin, Dervin sees the nature of the
information need as something situational
changing as the patron tries to bridge the
gap.â
⢠Ammentorp and Hummelshøj, âAsk a Librarian: Web-
Based Reference Question Services: A Model for
Development.â
16. 16
Who, How, Why?
ďżâperson-in-contextâ
ďżâactive search for informationâ
ďżâstress/coping modelâ
⢠Wilson, Tom and Christina Walsh. âA
revised general model of information
behaviourâ ch. 7 of âInformation
Behaviour: An Inter-Disciplinary
Perspective.â British Library Research
and Innovation Report 10. A report to the
British Library Research & Innovation
Centre on a review of the literature.
Retrieved Sept. 8th, 2003.
http://informationr.net/tdw/publ/infbehav/
Professor Tom
Wilson
Biography
Research
Cats
17. 17
Another Motivation to Consider
ďżSelf-Generated or Imposed?
⢠internally motivated by personal context
OR
⢠thought up by one person then given to
someone else to resolve
⢠Gross, M. (2001, January). Imposed
information seeking in public libraries and
school library media centers: a common
behaviour? Information Research, 6, 2.
Retrieved Sept. 8th, 2003.
http://informationr.net/ir/6-2/paper100.html
18. 18
Process of Searching
ďżKulthauâs ISP:
⢠Carol C. Kuhlthau, Jannica HeinstrÜm and Ross J. Todd,
âThe âinformation search processâ revisited: is the model
still useful?â Information Research VOL. 13 NO. 4,
DECEMBER, 2008.