2. A. Physical Property
1. Physical property is anything that can be seen or
measured without changing the make up of a
substance.
a. Examples: Boiling point, freezing point, weight, color,
odor, hardness, density, magnetic, etc.
2. Physical properties are observed by using the
senses.
a. See, hear, touch, taste, smell
3. No two substances have exactly the same
properties.
3. 4. Physical Properties are used to separate
mixtures.
a. Sand and marbles: pick out the marbles
b. Sand and Iron fillings: use a magnet.
5. Density is a physical property.
a. Density is a measure of the physical mass of an object
divided by its volume.
b. Measured in grams/cubic cm. (g/cm3)
c. Avg. density of liquid water is about 1 g/cm3.
d. Oil will float on water!!! Chlorine Gas
Elemental Sulfur
4.
5. B. Physical Change
1. Physical change: a process that does not change
the chemical composition of a substance; but
does change the size, shape, etc.
a. Breaking Glass
b. Cutting Wood
c. Changing States
2. Mixtures and Solutions can be separated by
physical means.
a. Salt Water: Boil water and salt will be left.
6. C. Chemical Properties
1. Chemical properties are
characteristics that show HOW a
substance reacts to from another
substance.
a. Ability to burn is a chemical property!!
b. Corrosion (rusting, oxidizing, etc.) is a
chemical property.
2. Why do you think rusting is a
chemical property?
a. Is the metal changed into a different
substance? (is it as strong????)
b. Does it have different chemical and
physical properties because of the
rust?
7. D. Chemical Change
1. Causes a substance to change into a new
substance.
2. The new substances has totally different
properties.
a. Wood burning: changes wood to ash, gives off heat
and light.
b. Steel rusting: iron joins with oxygen causing Iron
Oxide to form.
c. Aluminum forming aluminum oxide (similar to rusting)
d. Chemical Changes ALWAYS cause physical changes!!!!
8. E. Three Specific Chemical Changes
1. Electrolysis: Electricity producing chemical
changes.
a. Water separated into hydrogen and oxygen gas.
2. Corrosion: metals chemically changed by
combining with other materials. (usually oxygen)
a. Silver tarnishing: silver reacts with water and oxygen.
9. 3. Combustion: materials burning
a. Organic matter contains carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen.
b. C6H12O6 Energy, CO2 & H2O
1. Heat and Light are produced by the atoms
rearranging, and forming new compounds
2. C6H12O6 Glucose
3. CO2 Carbon Dioxide
4. H2O Water
10. F. States of Matter
1. Four physical states of matter
a. Solids, Liquids, Gases, Plasma
2. Each state is determined by amount of
energy it contains.
a. Solid: Minimal thermal energy
b. Plasma: highest energy, electrically charged
particles.
1. Plasma naturally occurs on the sun and as lightning
on Earth.
2. We create plasma in fluorescent lights.
11. G. Energy levels in States of Matter.
1. Solids: definite shape, definite volume, definite
mass.
2. Liquids: definite volume, definite mass.
a. No definite shape (takes the shape of its container)
3. Gases: No definite shape, no definite volume.
a. Fills entire space it is placed in.
b. Only has definite mass
4. Plasma: like gas has no definite shape or volume.
a. Contains the most energy.
12. Do not copy…but pay attention!!
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma
**As energy increases…density decreases
**As density increases…energy decreases
13. H. Kinetic Theory of Matter
1. All matter is made up of tiny particles.
2. The particles are in constant motion.
3. Motion and spacing determine state.
4. Higher temperature; more Kinetic Energy causes
faster motion.
5. Kinetic energy: energy of movement.
6. Potential Energy: Energy of rest
a. Remember the demonstration with the tennis ball!!
14. I. Properties of a Solid
1. Particles are packed very close together.
2. Particles vibrate back and forth but do not
change position.
3. Most solids form crystals
a. Particles form a repeating pattern.
b. Ex: Snow, sugar, diamonds
c. Crystals break forming flat sides.
4. Amorphus Solid
a. Particles do NOT form repeating patterns.
b. EX: Glass, butter, wax
15. J. Properties of a Liquid
1. Particles close together, but free to move
around.
a. This allows liquids to flow.
2. VISCOSITY: Describes how fast a liquid can flow.
a. HIGH VISCOSITY= very thick, flows slowly
1. Tar, honey, cold syrup= High viscosity.
b. LOW VISCOSITY= runny, flows quickly
1. Water, gasoline, milk = low viscosity
16. K. Gases
1. Gases have a lot of energy
2. Particles move freely in a straight line.
3. Mostly empty space between particles.
4. Particles change directions when they enounter
obstructions. (they bounce)
17. L. Plasma
1. Highest energy state of matter.
2. Formed from intense heat or electricity ionizing
gas.
3. Ironically it is the most common state in the
universe. (because of stars)
4. On Earth, Lightning is the only natural form of
plasma
18. M. Change of State
1. All Changes in state are physical changes
Solid
Solid to Liquid melting point SAME
Liquid to Solid freezing point Temp
Liquid
Liquid to Gas evaporation point
SAME
Gas to Liquid condensation point
Temp
Gas
Temp at which a liquid boils: boiling point
19. N. Change of State Special Case:
1. Sublimation: when a solid goes directly to a gas without
becoming a liquid
Or
2. A gas becoming a solid without being a liquid
a. Examples: Frost, snow, dry ice
