1. Research design
John W. Creswell, 2nd Ed
SAGE Publications, 2003
Josefina B. Bitonio
FDM 204 and ME 204
PSU Urdaneta City

2. Topic Development
My study is about . . . Cooperative Study of
Governance and Poverty Alleviation : The
Pangasinan Experience
Pose the topic as a brief Question. Focus on the
key topic as the major sign post for the study
Profile of cooperatives, model of governance
along accountability, transparency,
predictability and participation, services
provided in alleviating poverty among its
members as well as the problems of
cooperative governance

3. Consider how these questions might
be expanded later on for research
hypothesis
• Is there a relationship in the level of
governance practiced and the level of
Governance Model predominantly applied
by cooperatives?
• Is there a significant relationship in the
level of governance across their
organizational profile variables?

4. Working title
Major road sign
in research

5. Begin with
Selecting a
topic
Writing the
topic down so
that the
researcher can
continually
reflect on it
Moves into the
actual process
of reviewing
the literature

6. • Begin reviewing scholarly literature
and literature reviews
• Help researchers limit the scope of
their inquiry
• Help convey the importance of
studying a topic to readers

7. Step 1
• Begin in identifying key words in locating
materials in an academic library. Key words
emerge in identifying a topic
Cooperative Study of Governance
(1) (2)
and Poverty Alleviation : The
(3)
Pangasinan Experience (4)

8. Profile of cooperatives, model of governance
(4)
along accountability, transparency,
(5) (6)
predictability and participation, services
(7) (8)
provided in alleviating poverty among its
(9)
members as well as the problems of
(10)
cooperative governance
(11)

9. Step 2
With those key words in mind, begin searching
the library catalog for journals and books.
Most major libraries have computerized
databases of their holdings. Focus on
journals and books related to the topic

10. Step 3
• Initially locate about 50 reports of research
in articles and books related to your topic
from the university library or in other
universities

11. Step 4
Look at the articles and
photocopy those that are
central to your topic. In the
selection process, look over
the abstract and skim the
articles or chapter.
Throughout the process,
simply obtain a sense of
whether the article will
make a useful contribution
to your understanding of the
literature.

12. Step 5 After identifying useful
literature, begin designing
your literature map, a visual
picture of the research
literature on the topic. The
pictures will provide a useful
organizing device for
positioning your study
within the larger body of the
literature on the topic.

13. Step 6
Begin to draft summaries of the most relevant
articles. These summaries are combined into
the final literature review of your research
study. Include precise references in the
literature using appropriate style used by the
university so that you can complete to use at
the end of your proposal.
Miclat Jr., Eusebio F. How to Develop a Research Project.
Monograph No. 1, Uniwide Printing Press, 2007

14. Step 7
After assembling the literature
review, structure the
literature thematically or
organize it by the important
concepts addressed. End
with a summary of the major
themes found in the
literature.

15. Thematic: In a thematic review, you will group
and discuss your sources in terms of the
themes or topics they cover. This method is
often a stronger one organizationally, and it
can help you resist the urge to summarize
your sources. By grouping themes or topics of
research together, you will be able to
demonstrate the types of topics that are
important to your research.

16. A good literature summary
 Mention the problem being addressed
 State the central purpose or focus of the study
 Briefly state information about the sample,
population or participants
 Review key results of the study
 It is a methodological review, point out the
technical and methodological flaws in the
study

17. Abstracting
Studies

18. Review of a Quantitative Study
Creswell Seagren, and Henry (1979) tested the Biglan
model, a three-dimensional model clustering 36
academic areas into hard or soft, pure and applied , life
or non life areas, as a predictor or chairpersons’
professional development needs. 80 department
chairpersons ;located at four state colleges and one
university participated in the study. Results showed
that a chairpersons in difference academic areas
differed in terms of their professional development
needs. Based on the findings, the authors
recommended that those who develop in-service
programs need to consider differences among
disciplines when they plan for programs

19. Review of a Study Advancing a Typology
Ginter, Duncan, Richardson and Swayne (1991) recognize the
impact of the external environment on a hospital’s ability to
adapt to change. They advocate a process that they call
environmental analysis which allows the organization to
strategically determine the best response to change occurring
in the environment. However, after examining the multiple
techniques used to environmental analysis, it appears that no
comprehensive conceptual scheme or computer model has
been developed to provide a complete analysis of
environmental issues. (Ginter et al., 1991). The result is an
essential part of strategic change that relies heavily on a
quantifiable and judgmental process of evaluation . To assist
the hospital manager to carefully assess the external
environment, Ginter et al., (1991) have developed the
typology given in Figure 2.1. (p 44).

20. For a qualitative or mixed methods
review
1. Introduce the section by telling the reader
about the sections included in the literature
review
There is an extensive literature on the economic justification of
cooperatives, legal foundations, and role of cooperatives around the world,
as well as the structure and scope of cooperatives. The present study
reviews literature and studies of authorities, scholars and researchers along
the key variables with a view to obtain qualitative insights on collective
action, governance for successful management performance of cooperative
businesses. The reviewed materials will provide a broader understanding of
the research problems being pursued as well as guide in the
conceptualization of the research design. The review will likewise provide
some authority in the discussion and presentation of findings.

21. 2. Review topic 1 which addresses the scholarly
literature about the independent variable/s.
Consider the subsections of the variable.

22. 3. Review topic no. 2 which incorporates the
scholarly literature about the dependent
variable/s. Write subsections about each
variables.
Contribute to
Cooperative Services Poverty
Alleviation

23. 4. Includes the scholarly literature that relates
the independent variables to the dependent
variables

24. • This section should be relatively short and
contain studies that are extremely close in
topics to the proposed study
Review of Studies

25. • Divide the review into sections
according to major variables (A
qualitative approach) or major
subthemes of the central
phenomenon (a qualitative
approach) that you are
studying.
Review of Studies

26. Synthesis of the Literature and
Studies Reviewed to the Present
Study
It is a narrative that it should flow from
the beginning to the end with a single
coordinated theme. It should not contain a
series of disjointed summaries of research
articles. Such unrelated and disconnected
summaries generate confusion rather than
understanding

27. Analyze research reports by key words. There
maybe a plenty of articles that provide
information for a key word. As you write your
findings for each of your key words, you will
draw from all of the articles addressing the
key words simultaneously.
Synthesis

28. Synthesis
The synthesis of related literature focuses on recent research.
The rule of thumb is defining recent is ten years. Select
articles and include research articles which are less than ten
years old. Major emphasis should be placed on research
conducted in the past five years.

29. Synthesis: Research title
Tourism Development Plan of Urdaneta City
The reviewed literatures have shed light that enabled the
researcher to have adequate background and substantiate the
concept of the foregoing study. They are in certain level
provides direction and idea in developing tourism program
which is the main purpose of the present study. The reviewed
literature provided the researcher the necessary insights
pertaining to tourism, its legal basis as well as its social impact
and benefits. Worthy to mention are the literature and laws
such as the UN millennium Development Goals, the World
Tourism Organization Report, Tourism Act of 2009 and the
Philippine Medium Term Development Plan of NEDA that
discusses legal issues and the concurrent initiatives in tourism
and tourism industry.

30. Similarly, this research will be guided by the reviewed studies
since the reviewed studies are either parallel or distinct with
the present research work in terms of respondents, locale of
the study, subject areas/discipline, instruments, objectives
and statistical measures and methodology employed.
Mentions can be made of the study of Muhammad Rudy
Khairudin Mohdnor (2009), which examines the perceptions
of tourism as a graduate career from the view of key
stakeholders of tourism – the government, industry, educators
and students. This study is somewhat related to the foregoing
study in the sense that the present study determined the level
of involvement of the government, NGOs and private business
establishment owners.

31. Though Abyareh (2007) looked into the influence of tourism
attractions to handicraft employment the present study
looked into the involvement of the respondents towards
tourism. Moreover, study of Sik Jin (2000) focused on Tourism
Industry Development in Seoul, South Korea. Likewise both
the local studies of Umaning (2005) and Mayos (2009) are
parallel with the present study since it employed descriptive
and developmental method of research. The study of
Umaning also employed environmental scanning and
presented physical condition of the Sagada Cave. Output of
which is the framework for protection and preservation of the
cave which is somewhat similar to the foregoing study whose
aim is to develop tourism development plan. Although,
aforesaid study differs with the present study in terms of local
and respondents.