2. Word meaning
Inventory = stock at a particular
location
classification of inventory
• raw materials,
• work-in-progress,
• finished goods and
• MRO (Maintenance, Repairs and
Operating supplies)
3. Overview of development
CARDEX (bin card)
system
MM (material
management)
module in ERP
WMS (warehouses
management
system) in ERP
RF tags IDs
8. INVENTORY CLASSIFICATIONS
ABC Classifications
High, Medium and Low (HML)
Classifications
Vital, essential and Desirable (VED)
Classifications
Scare, Difficult and Easy to obtain (SDE)
Classifications
Fast moving. Slow moving and Non-
moving (FSN) Classification
Multi-criteria classification
9. ABC Classification
100
C
80 B
Total Value ($)
N $
A 10% 70%
60
B 20% 20%
C 70% 10%
40 A
20
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0
700
800
900
1000
Number of items (N)
Classification based on relative importance
11. Controlling based on ABC inventory
classification
Control A B C
Ordering Very careful Normal Simple
control and accurate
Type of Very Good None or
inventory accurate simple
control
Cycle 6-12 times 3-4 times 1-2 times
counting per year per year per year
frequency
Priority High priority Normal Low priority
control priority
12.
13. High, Medium and Low (HML)
classification
The items of the inventory are to be
listed in the descending order of the
unit value.
The HML analysis is useful for
keeping control over consumption at
departmental levels, for deciding the
frequency of physical verification,
and for controlling purchases
14. Vital, Essential and Desirable
(VED) Classifications.
based on criticality of the items and
its effect on other production
For V items, a large stock of
inventory is generally maintained,
while for D items, minimum stock is
enough
15. Scarce, Difficult and Easy to obtain
(SDE)
availability of items
vital to lead time analysis of
procurement
16. Fast-moving. Slow moving and
Non-moving (FSN) Classification
classification is based on the pattern
of issues from stores
In and out date of items are
evaluated.
The items are usually grouped in
periods of 12 months
17. Multi-criteria Classification
Item Value Lead Criticality Substitut Total
(w1=0.2) time (w3=0.4) able (w=1.0)
(w2=0.2) (w4=0.2)
101 A B C C B
(100) (50) (10) (10) (36)
102 B A B B A
(50) (100) (50) (50) (60)
103 B B A C A
(50) (50) (100) (10) (62)
104 C C B A B
(10) (10) (50) (100) (44)
105 C A C C C
(10) (100) (10) (10) (28)
18. INVENTORY MODELS
Deterministic models
• Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) model
• Sensitivity analysis
• A price-break Model
Probabilistic Inventory models
• Single-period inventory models
• A fixed order quantity model
• A fixed time period model
22. Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)
model
Economic order quantity
= (2 x setup cost x demand rate/
carrying cost)^0.5
Limitation of the economic order
quantity model is that the demands
remain constant throughout the year.
It is also necessary that the
inventory be delivered in full when
the inventory levels reach zero
29. EOQ Model with Price Breaks
Incremental units: discount is
applied to the additional units
beyond the breakpoint
All units: discount is applied to all
units beyond the certain level of
order
30. EOQ Model with Price Breaks
Total annual
cost
$3.2 /unit
$2.9 /unit
$2.8 /unit
Feasible cost
Order quantity
32. Fixed order quantity model
Item must have a reasonable stable usage
Lead time should not have radical variation
Supplier should be able to accept
irregularly timed and unscheduled orders
34. VENDOR MANAGED INVENTORY
(VMI)
the vendor (the Manufacturer) manages
the inventory of the distributor.
manufacturer has access to the
distributor’s inventory data used for
generating purchase orders
The manufacturer reviews this information
and decides when it is appropriate to
generate a Purchase Order
symbiotic relationship
35. INVENTORY ON WHEELS
freight on board (FOB)
Rule of ownership
• FOB shipping point. If the shipment is
designated as freight on board (FOB)
shipping point, ownership transfers to
the buyer as soon as the shipment
departs the seller.
• FOB destination. If the shipment is
designated as freight on board (FOB)
destination, ownership transfers to the
buyer as soon as the shipment arrives at
the buyer.