1. Comparing health status of
developing countries to Australia
Unit 4 Outcome 1
Dt Pt 3 Ch 8.2
p. 272 - 277

2. Unit 4 Global Health
Key Knowledge 4.1.3
Similarities and differences in health
status and human development between
developing countries and Australia in
relation to morbidity, mortality, life
expectancy, burden of disease & Human
Development Index

3. Life expectancy: an indication of how long a person can
expect to live; it is the average number of years of life
remaining to a person at a particular age if death rates do
not change. (p272)
Australia Developing Countries
 Higher Life Expectancy
 M = 79 F= 84 (2006)
 HALE – M = 71 F = 74
(2002)
Due to:
 Decent std of living
 Adequate Education
 Advances in Medical
technologies
 Access to health care
 Assessing causes of death
 Higher Mortality Strata of the
country the lower Life
Expectancy
 African Region M = 50 F = 52
(‘06)
 HALE M = 40 F = 42
(2002)
Due to:
 Lack of sanitation
 Lack of nutritious and safe
foods
 Lack of clean and safe water
supply

4. A Tale of Two Girls
 This feature contrasts the lives of two baby
girls, one born in Japan and one born in Sierra
Leone where the average life expectancy for
women differs by 50 years.

5. Under 5 Mortality Rate: is the number of deaths of
children under 5 years of age per 1,000 live births
(p273)
Australia Developing Countries
 Low U5MR
 6 per 1,000 live births
Due to:
 Advances in medical
technologies
 Access to appropriate maternal
and child healthcare
 Sanitation, clean safe water and
hygienic conditions
 Immunisation
 Health Knowledge of mothers
 Nutritional health of mothers
 Income and food availability
 Safety of child’s environment
 Development and health of child
– immune systems more
developed
 High U5MR
 Sierra Leone – 262 per 1,000 live
births
Due to:
 Communicable & preventable
diseases (↓availability of
immunisation, antibiotics)
 Malnutrition – mother / child
 Complications during birth,
premature or low birth weight
 Under developed immune
systems
 Lack of education
 Lack of basic resources – safe
water, hygienic living conditions,
adequate shelter, poverty,
insecticide treated mosquito nets
to prevent malaria

7. Infant Mortality Rate: refers to the number of
deaths that occur in the first year of life. It is
reported by the actual number of deaths per
1,000 live births
Australia Developing Countries
 Low Infant Mortality
 5 per 1,000 live births (‘07)
Due to same reasons as U5MR -
ie
 Advances in medical
technologies
 Access to appropriate maternal
and child healthcare
 Sanitation, clean safe water
and hygienic conditions
 Immunisation
 Health Knowledge of mothers
 High Infant Mortality
 Sierra Leone – 1 in 155 per
1,000 live births (‘07)
Due to same reasons as U5MR -
ie
 Communicable & preventable
diseases (↓availability of
immunisation, antibiotics)
 Malnutrition – mother / child
 Under developed immune
systems
 Lack of education
 Lack of basic resources – safe
water, hygienic living
conditions, adequate

8. Leading Cause of Under 5
Mortality
Australia Developing Countries
 Injury & poisoning
 Neoplasm's - cancers
 Diseases of the
nervous system
 Congenital
malformations
Are associated with
malnutrition and preventable
causes
 Acute respiratory infections
– pneumonia
 Diarrhoeal diseases
 Prematurity & low birth
weight
 Neonatal infections
 Birth asphyxia and trauma
 Malaria
 African Region – HIV/AIDS
 Measles also significant

9. Maternal Mortality: refers to the number of deaths of
women due to pregnancy or childbirth-related
complications
Australia Developing Countries
Low Maternal Mortality
- 1 per 13,000 live births
Due to:
 Women receiving highly
skilled attendance at the
birth of their child
 Excellent antenatal care
 Access to immunizations
 Good nutrition, hygiene and
adequate rest
 Potential complications are
diagnosed and treated
 Paid maternal leave
High Maternal Mortality.
- Sierra Leone – 1 in 8 at risk of
Maternal Mortality
Due to:
 Complications
 Lack of trained medical staff at birth
 Lack of antenatal care
 Poor nutrition
 Lack of clean and safe water supply.
 Working long hours before and after
birth
 Lack of and access to, healthcare
services (i.e.
hospitals, abortions, family planning)
 Pregnancy at a young age
 Gender inequality – lack of education
 Poverty – lack of money for care and
treatmentView: YouTube clip ‘No Woman Should Die Giving Birth: Maternal
Mortality in Sierra Leone’

10. Mortality: number of deaths caused by a
particular disease, illness or other
environmental factors (p274)
Australia Developing Countries
 Ischemic Heart diseases
 Cerebrovascular disease
 Lung Cancer
 Lower respiratory
infections
 Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease
 Alzheimer and other
dementias
 Colon and rectum cancers
 Diabetes Mellitus
 Prostrate Cancer
 Breast Cancer
 Lower Respiratory
Infections
 Coronary Heart Disease
 Diarrheal diseases
 HIV / AIDS
 Cerebrovascular disease
 Infections and parasitic
diseases – lung
infections, TB, Malaria

13. Can you?
 Identify the leading causes of death for each
country – are they communicable or non-
communicable?
 Describe the mortality profile of Australia
 Describe the mortality profile of Zimbabwe
 Describe key differences in mortality profiles
 Explain why there are significant differences
between the two countries
 Identify some similarities between the two
countries mortality profile.

14. Morbidity:
Ill health in an individual
and the levels of ill health in
a population or group.
Much of the data on
morbidity is reflected by the
burden of disease, however
this also includes mortality
rates
Burden of disease:
a measure of the impact of
diseases and injuries;
specifically it measures the
gap between the current
health status and an ideal
situation where everyone
lives to an old age free of
disease and disability. It is
measured in a unit called
DALY.
YLL + YLD = DALY
1 DALY is one lost year of
healthy life

15. Burden of Disease (P275)
Australia Developing Countries
Leading causes of
disease, injury and disability
include:
 Ischemic Heart Disease
 Stroke
 Depression
 Lung Cancer
 Dementia
 Diabetes Mellitus
 Asthma
 Osteoarthritis
 Road Trauma
Leading causes of injury,
disease and disability is:
 HIV / AIDS (Africa)
 Lower Respiratory
Infections (Africa)
 Diarrhoeal diseases (Africa)
 Malnutrition
 Infectious diseases
 Reproductive ill health
(women only)
 Landmines
 Mental Illness
Refer to your fact sheets

16. HIV/AIDS
 Serious social, economic & medical issue
in many developing countries
 Significant cause of mortality & morbidity
 HIV - Human immuno-deficiency virus
 Causes damage to the body’s immune
system, and usually results in AIDS -
acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome
Once infected, a person can pass virus
onto others
 View: Youtube clip - The Gift

17. Effects of HIV/AIDS
More susceptible to
illnesses such as:
 Respiratory
infections - TB
 Diarrhoea
 Fever
 Weight loss
 Cancer
Other effects?
 Loss of income
 Cant afford
medical attention
 Shame/guilt
 Can’t provide basic
needs to family
 Isolation from
community

18. Questions: HIV/AIDS
 Read page277 -- HIV/AIDS , answer the following
questions
 What is HIV/AIDS?
 Who is at greatest risk of contracting the disease
and why?
 Which classification of country has the highest
prevalence of HIV/AIDS?
 How is HIV/AIDS transmitted?
 How can it be treated?
 HIV/AIDS is one of the factors contributing to
ongoing poverty in developing countries – Explain
 What infections are individuals with HIV/AIDS

19. Future in Global
Health
Due to a small percentage of wealthy
people within populations, changes in
lifestyles behaviours (diet, smoking,
alcohol), improvements in education,
safe water, sanitation and
immunisation will bring about changes
in the burden of disease experienced.
Some countries will experience a
‘double burden of disease’.
Some causes that are already
prevalent in Developed countries will
become more prevalent in developing
countries.
Communicable disease to decrease
and non-communicable to increase
and LE to increase.
DALYS
2004 2030
Lower
Respiratory
Disease
Unipolar
Depression
Diarrhoeal
disease
Ischemic heart
Disease
Depression Road Traffic
Accidents
Mortality
2004 2030
Ischemic heart
Disease
Ischemic heart
Disease
Cerebrovascular
disease
Cerebrovascular
disease
Lower
Respiratory
Disease
Chronic
Pulmonary
Disease

20. Home work tasks
 Complete Test your knowledge 1 - 6
 Apply your knowledge 7 – 13
 Data Analysis Handout Tasks