2. Argument from Ignorance
Pragmatic Fallacy
Slippery Slope Fallacy
Apophenia & Superstition
Irrelevant Comparisons
False Analogies
Physical & Emotional Defined: Erroneous perception of
Hindrances
Confirmation Bias &
the connections between
Selective Thinking unrelated events
Testimonial Evidence
Personal Biases &
Prejudices
False Memories &
Confabulation
Doublespeak Jargon
Meaningless Comparisons
Irrationally believing
Assuring Expressions
that how one wears
False Implications their hat while watching
Emotive Content a sporting event can
Evading the Issue, Red
Herring
influence the score.
Poisoning the Well
Ad hominem Fallacy
Fallacy of False Dilemma,
Either/Or Fallacy
Ad populum, Bandwagon
Fallacy
Emotional Appeals
Ambiguity

3. Argument from Ignorance
Pragmatic Fallacy
Slippery Slope Fallacy
Irrelevant Comparisons
False Analogies
Physical & Emotional
Hindrances
Confirmation Bias &
Selective Thinking
Testimonial Evidence
Personal Biases &
Prejudices
Defined: A logical fallacy
False Memories &
claiming something is true
Confabulation because it has not been
Doublespeak Jargon proven false.
Meaningless Comparisons Believing that there
Assuring Expressions
False Implications
must be life on
Emotive Content
Mars because no
Evading the Issue, Red
Herring
Poisoning the Well
one has proven
Ad hominem Fallacy
Fallacy of False Dilemma,
that there is not life
Either/Or Fallacy
Ad populum, Bandwagon
on Mars.
Fallacy
Emotional Appeals
Ambiguity

4. Pragmatic Fallacy
Slippery Slope Fallacy
Irrelevant Comparisons
False Analogies
Physical & Emotional
Hindrances
Defined: Making a
Confirmation Bias & comparison that is
Selective Thinking
Testimonial Evidence
irrelevant or inappropriate.
Personal Biases &
Prejudices
False Memories &
Confabulation
Doublespeak Jargon Making a claim that
Meaningless Comparisons
Assuring Expressions
Printer A is better than
False Implications Printer B because printer
Emotive Content
Evading the Issue, Red
A makes better copies
Herring than Printer B, while
Poisoning the Well
Ad hominem Fallacy ignoring the important
Fallacy of False Dilemma,
Either/Or Fallacy fact that only Printer B
Ad populum, Bandwagon
Fallacy can also fax, copy, and
Emotional Appeals
scan.
Ambiguity

5. Pragmatic Fallacy
Slippery Slope Fallacy
False Analogies
Physical & Emotional Defined: An argument
Hindrances
Confirmation Bias &
that assumes an
Selective Thinking adverse chain of events
Testimonial Evidence
Personal Biases & will occur, but offers no
Prejudices proof.
False Memories &
Confabulation
Doublespeak Jargon
Meaningless Comparisons
Assuring Expressions
Because regulators
False Implications have controlled
Emotive Content
Evading the Issue, Red
smoking in public
Herring
places, their ultimate
Poisoning the Well
Ad hominem Fallacy goal is to control
Fallacy of False Dilemma,
Either/Or Fallacy everything else in our
Ad populum, Bandwagon
Fallacy lives.
Emotional Appeals
Ambiguity

6. Pragmatic Fallacy
False Analogies
Physical & Emotional Defined: Making
Hindrances
Confirmation Bias & illogical analogies
Selective Thinking
Testimonial Evidence
to support the
Personal Biases & validity of a
Prejudices
False Memories &
particular claim.
Confabulation
Doublespeak Jargon
Meaningless Comparisons
Assuring Expressions
False Implications Arguing that two children
Emotive Content
sharing the same
Evading the Issue, Red
Herring bedroom is wrong
Poisoning the Well
Ad hominem Fallacy
because double-celling
Fallacy of False Dilemma, of criminals in a
Either/Or Fallacy
Ad populum, Bandwagon penitentiary can lead to
Fallacy
Emotional Appeals
bad behavior.
Ambiguity

7. Pragmatic Fallacy
Physical & Emotional
Hindrances
Define: Arguing something is
Confirmation Bias &
Selective Thinking true because “it works,” even
Testimonial Evidence though the causality between
Personal Biases &
Prejudices this something and the
False Memories & outcome is not demonstrated.
Confabulation
Doublespeak Jargon
Meaningless Comparisons
Assuring Expressions
False Implications After using a magnetic
Emotive Content belt for awhile, a woman
Evading the Issue, Red
Herring notices her back pain is
Poisoning the Well
Ad hominem Fallacy
less, even though there
Fallacy of False Dilemma,
Either/Or Fallacy
may be a dozen other
Ad populum, Bandwagon
Fallacy
reasons for the reduced
Emotional Appeals back pain.
Ambiguity

8. Physical & Emotional Defined: The process
Hindrances
Confirmation Bias & whereby one tends to notice
Selective Thinking and look for what confirms
Testimonial Evidence
Personal Biases &
one’s beliefs, and to ignore,
Prejudices not look for, or undervalue the
False Memories & relevance of what contradicts
Confabulation
Doublespeak Jargon
one’s beliefs.
Meaningless Comparisons
Assuring Expressions
False Implications If one believes that more
Emotive Content murders occur during a full
Evading the Issue, Red
Herring
moon, then one will tend to
Poisoning the Well take notice of murders that
Ad hominem Fallacy occur during a full moon and
Fallacy of False Dilemma,
Either/Or Fallacy tend not to take notice of
Ad populum, Bandwagon
Fallacy
murders that occur at other
Emotional Appeals times.
Ambiguity

9. Physical & Emotional Defined: Being unaware that
Hindrances
our memories are often
“manufactured” to fill in the
Testimonial Evidence
gaps in our recollection, or
Personal Biases &
Prejudices that some memories of facts,
False Memories & over time, can be
Confabulation
unconsciously replaced with
Doublespeak Jargon
Meaningless Comparisons
Police officers should not
fantasy.
Assuring Expressions show a photo of a
False Implications
Emotive Content
possible assailant to a
Evading the Issue, Red
Herring
witness prior to a police
Poisoning the Well lineup, or the actual
Ad hominem Fallacy
Fallacy of False Dilemma,
Either/Or Fallacy
memory of the witness
Ad populum, Bandwagon
Fallacy
may be unconsciously
Emotional Appeals replaced.
Ambiguity

10. Physical & Emotional Defined: We each have
Hindrances
personal biases and
prejudices, resulting from
Testimonial Evidence
our own unique life
Personal Biases &
Prejudices experiences and worldview,
which make it difficult to
remain objective and think
Doublespeak Jargon
Meaningless Comparisons
critically.
Assuring Expressions
False Implications
Some people are
Emotive Content biased against claims
Evading the Issue, Red
Herring made by scientists
Poisoning the Well
because their
Ad hominem Fallacy
Fallacy of False Dilemma, worldview appears too
Either/Or Fallacy
Ad populum, Bandwagon cold and impersonal.
Fallacy
Emotional Appeals
Ambiguity

11. Physical & Emotional Defined: Stress, fatigue,
Hindrances
drugs, and related
hindrances can severely
Testimonial Evidence
affect our ability to think
clearly and critically.
Doublespeak Jargon
Meaningless Comparisons
Assuring Expressions
False Implications
Emotive Content
Evading the Issue, Red
Air traffic controllers
Herring
Poisoning the Well
often have difficulty
Ad hominem Fallacy making good judgments
Fallacy of False Dilemma,
Either/Or Fallacy after long hours on
Ad populum, Bandwagon
Fallacy duty.
Emotional Appeals
Ambiguity

12. Defined: Relying on the
testimonies and vivid anecdotes
of others to substantiate one’s
Testimonial Evidence
own beliefs, even though
testimonies are inherently
subjective, inaccurate, unreliable,
biased, and occasionally
Doublespeak Jargon
Meaningless Comparisons fraudulent.
Assuring Expressions
False Implications
Emotive Content
Dramatic stories of
Evading the Issue, Red
Herring
Bigfoot sightings do
Poisoning the Well not prove the
Ad hominem Fallacy
Fallacy of False Dilemma,
Either/Or Fallacy
existence of
Ad populum, Bandwagon
Fallacy
Bigfoot.
Emotional Appeals
Ambiguity

13. Defined: A word or
expression that can be
understood in more
than one way.
Doublespeak Jargon
Meaningless Comparisons
Assuring Expressions
False Implications From the statement
Emotive Content “Lying expert testified at
Evading the Issue, Red
Herring trial”, is the expert a liar
Poisoning the Well
Ad hominem Fallacy
or is the person an
Fallacy of False Dilemma,
Either/Or Fallacy
expert on telling when
Ad populum, Bandwagon
Fallacy
someone is lying?
Emotional Appeals
Ambiguity

14. Defined: Using
expressions that disarm
you from questioning
the validity of an
argument.
Doublespeak Jargon
Meaningless Comparisons
Assuring Expressions
False Implications
Expressions such as “As
Emotive Content everyone knows…”, and
Evading the Issue, Red
Herring “Common sense tells us
Poisoning the Well
that…”
Ad hominem Fallacy
Fallacy of False Dilemma,
Either/Or Fallacy
Ad populum, Bandwagon
Fallacy
Emotional Appeals

15. Defined: Intentionally
using words to arouse
feelings about a subject to
bias others positively or
negatively, in order to gain
influence or power.
Doublespeak Jargon
Meaningless Comparisons Naming detergents “Joy”
and “Cheer” (positive), not
False Implications
Emotive Content
“Dreary” and “Tedious”
Evading the Issue, Red (negative). The military
Herring using the phrase
Poisoning the Well
Ad hominem Fallacy
“neutralizing the opposition”
Fallacy of False Dilemma, (less negative) rather than
Either/Or Fallacy
Ad populum, Bandwagon “killing” (negative).
Fallacy
Emotional Appeals

16. Defined: Language that
implies that something
is superior but retreats
from that view.
Doublespeak Jargon
Meaningless Comparisons
An ad that claims a
False Implications
battery lasts “up to”
Evading the Issue, Red
Herring
30% longer, but does
Poisoning the Well not say it will last 30%
Ad hominem Fallacy
Fallacy of False Dilemma,
longer, and if it did,
Either/Or Fallacy
Ad populum, Bandwagon
longer than what?
Fallacy
Emotional Appeals

17. Defined: The use of technical
language to make the simple seem
complex, the trivial seem profound, or
the insignificant seem important, all
done intentionally to impress others.
Doublespeak Jargon
Referring to a family as
False Implications “a bounded plurality of
Evading the Issue, Red
role-playing individuals”
Herring
or a homeless person as
Poisoning the Well
Ad hominem Fallacy a “non-goal oriented
Fallacy of False Dilemma,
Either/Or Fallacy member of society.”
Ad populum, Bandwagon
Fallacy
Emotional Appeals

18. Defined: Language that is
clear and accurate but
misleading because it
suggests something false.
The dairy industry
cleverly expresses fat
content as a
percentage of weight,
False Implications
not of calories. Thus
Evading the Issue, Red
Herring
2% “low” fat milk really
Poisoning the Well has 31% fat when fat
Ad hominem Fallacy
Fallacy of False Dilemma, is measured as a
Either/Or Fallacy
Ad populum, Bandwagon percentage of calories.
Fallacy
Emotional Appeals

19. Defined: Criticizing the
person making an
argument, not the argument
itself.
“You should not
believe a word my
Evading the Issue, Red
opponent says. He
Herring
is just bitter
Poisoning the Well
Ad hominem Fallacy because I am
Fallacy of False Dilemma,
Either/Or Fallacy ahead in the
Ad populum, Bandwagon
Fallacy polls.”
Emotional Appeals

20. Defined: An appeal to
the popularity of the
claim as a reason for
accepting the claim.
Thousands of years
ago the average
Evading the Issue, Red
person believed that
Herring
Poisoning the Well
the world was flat
Fallacy of False Dilemma,
simply because
Either/Or Fallacy
Ad populum, Bandwagon most other people
Fallacy
Emotional Appeals believed so.

21. Defined: Making irrelevant
emotional appeals to accept a
claim, since emotion often
influences people more effectively
than logical reasoning.
Advertisements that
appeal to one’s vanity,
Evading the Issue, Red pity, guilt, fear, or desire
Herring
Poisoning the Well
for pleasure, while
providing no logical
Fallacy of False Dilemma,
Either/Or Fallacy reasons to support their
product being better than
Emotional Appeals a competitor.

22. Defined: If one has been accused of
wrongdoing, diverting attention to an
issue irrelevant to the one at hand.
Making jokes about
one’s own character in
Evading the Issue, Red
Herring order to disarm critics
Poisoning the Well
& evade having to
Fallacy of False Dilemma,
Either/Or Fallacy
defend policy.

23. Defined: Intentionally restricting the
number of alternatives, thereby omitting
relevant alternatives from consideration.
“You are either
Poisoning the Well
with us, or with
the terrorists!”
Fallacy of False Dilemma,
Either/Or Fallacy

24. Defined: Creating a prejudicial
atmosphere against the opposition,
making it difficult for the opponent to be
received fairly.
“Anyone who supports
Poisoning the Well removing troops from
Afghanistan is a traitor!”

25. Don’t fall for a logical fallacy!