principles of medicine report

1. Nephrotic syndrome
and
glomerulonephritis

2. Nephrotic syndrome
• a nonspecific disorder in which
the kidneys are damaged, causing
them to leak large amounts
of protein from the blood into
the urine.

3. Nephrotic syndrome
• Primary causes
–Minimal-change nephropathy
–Focal glomerulosclerosis
–Membranous nephropathy
–Hereditary nephropathies

4. Nephrotic syndrome
• Secondary causes
–Diabetes mellitus
–Lupus erythematosus
–Amyloidosis and paraproteinemias
–Viral infections
–Preeclampsia

5. Nephrotic syndrome
• Signs and symptoms
–Hypoalbuminemia
–Edema
–Hypercholesterolemia
–Hypoalbuminemia
–Tiredness

6. Nephrotic syndrome
• Signs and symptoms
–Leukonychia
–Breathlessness
–fluid overload
–Dyslipidaemia

7. Nephrotic syndrome

8. Nephrotic syndrome
• TREATMENT
–Supportive Treatment
• Monitoring and maintaining euvolemia
–Monitoring urine output, BP regularly
–Fluid restrict to 1L.
–Diuretics (IV furosemide).

9. Nephrotic syndrome
• TREATMENT
–Supportive Treatment
• Monitoring kidney function
–Do EUCs daily and calculating GFR
–Treat hyperlipidemia to prevent further
atherosclerosis.
–Prevent and treat any complications

10. Nephrotic syndrome
• TREATMENT
–Specific Treatment
• Immunosuppression for the
glomerulonephritides

11. Glomerulonephritis
• Also known as glomerular
nephritis (GN) or glomerular disease
• It is a disease of the kidney,
characterized by inflammation of the
glomeruli

12. Glomerulonephritis
• Acute Glomerulonephritis
–Cause
• infections such as strep throat
• Lupus
• Goodpasture's syndrome
• Wegener's disease
• polyarteritis nodosa

13. Glomerulonephritis
• Acute Glomerulonephritis
–Symptoms
• puffiness of your face in the morning
• blood in your urine (or brown urine)
• urinating less than usual

14. Glomerulonephritis
• Chronic Glomerulonephritis
–Cause
• This condition may develop after survival
of the acute phase of rapidly progressive
glomerulonephritis

15. Glomerulonephritis
• Chronic Glomerulonephritis
–Signs and symptoms
• Blood or protein in the urine
• High blood pressure
• Swelling of your ankles or face
• Frequent nighttime urination
• Very bubbly or foamy urine

16. Glomerulonephritis
• Diagnosis
–Urine test
–Blood test
–Throat swab
–Renal function tests
–Kidney biopsy
–Imaging tests

17. Glomerulonephritis
• Treatment
–Diet and fluid intake
–Blood chemistry

18. Glomerulonephritis
• Treatment
–The following medications may also be
prescribed to treat possible underlying
causes:
• Bacterial infections - a targeted antibiotic
• Lupus or vasculitis - corticosteroids and
immunosuppressants

19. Glomerulonephritis
• Treatment
• IgA - possibly fish oil supplements.
• Goodpasture's syndrome -
plasmapheresis is a procedure designed
to reduce blood plasma levels without
depleting the body of its blood cells.
Antibodies are removed and donated
plasma replaces the depleted plasma