Lymph comes from tissues between cells throughout the body. It is collected by lymph vessels and contains white blood cells that help fight infection and remove cellular waste. The lymph eventually drains into the bloodstream.

1. Entry slip: Where does lymph come from?
Lesson 4.15- Issues Related to Immunity.
(-) of Biology-McGraw-Hill Ryerson)
I. Terms:
a. Autoimmunity: “auto” means self;
“immunity” means having the ability to
fight against. Autoimmunity therefore
means the system by which the body
fights itself
b.Compromised: damaged or lost
c. Antibiotics: medications, such as
penicillin, that kill bacteria
II. Autoimmune Disorders:
a. There are many rare disorders that a
person can have in which the immune
system (consisting of WBC’s and
macrophages) does not recognize its own
antigens on the surface of cells and

2. attempts to kill the cells as they would for
a foreign pathogen.
i. Rheumatoid Arthritis: An
autoimmune condition by which the
body begins to attack its own tissues,
with the biggest impact on the
smooth cartilage in the joints
between bones. When this cartilage
breaks down, the bones rub on each
other and cause extreme pain and
deformity. Cause appears to be
genetic. No known cure, although
pain killers are used for pain.
ii. Lupus: An autoimmune disorder nine
times more common in women than
in men. Like Rheumatoid Arthritis, the
joints are affected. Lupus is known for
its attacks on the skin of the patient,
with rashes breaking out and then
going away. Cause appears to be
genetic. No known cure.
iii. Multiple Sclerosis: An autoimmune
disorder in which the nerves of a

3. person are attacked. The nerves
connecting the brain the muscles are
what conduct signals for the muscles
to move, from the brain. Therefore, if
the nerves are broken down, the
movements of the muscles will be
very shaky and uncontrolled: the
classical sign of M-S. Cause: genetic,
cure: unknown.
III.Organs Transplants:
a.In the case of a patient who received an
organ transplant, their body would
naturally recognize the implanted organ
as “foreign” and try to kill it, the same
way it would to a bacterial infection.
i. One way or trying to reduce the
likelihood of “rejection” is to find a
donor that has similar “type” of
organ, just like for blood-group types.
Example: recipient with blood type A-
can safely get blood from a donor
with type A- or type O- blood.

4. ii. Another way is to give the recipient
“anti-rejection drugs”, which are
medications that cause leukocytes
and lymphocytes to either work very
poorly or to die off. Unfortunately,
the patient has to be monitored for
signs of simple infections or illness
now, as their immune system does
not work well.
IV.Compromised Immunity:
a.Some people are born with or acquire
immune systems that either work very
poorly or are absent. These conditions do
not kill the person, but the most common
cold or flu could...
i. Primary Immunodeficiency (PID): A
very rare disorder characterized by a
child constantly getting very sick
starting at a young age. Treated by
vaccine (for common cold, flu, etc..)
and long-tern antibiotics use.

5. ii. Acquired Immunodeficiency (AID):
Some medications and treatment for
other disorders can actually kill off
vast amounts of your own WBC’s.
Treatments for cancer, particularly
leukemia (cancer of WBC’s) will
compromise your immune system, as
will anti-rejection drugs for organ
transplants.
iii. Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome (AIDS): A disease by which
lymphocytes and macrophages are
infected with the HIV virus, leaving
them useless. When all of these
disease fighting cells are infected, a
person’s immune system is absent
and they have AIDS. AIDS is spread by
sexual contact and is not necessarily
deadly these days, as long as the
patient is treated with “anti-
retroviral” medications.
V. Youtube search:
a.none

6. VI.Homework:
a. Research what is meant by the word
“quarantine”. Write its definition and give
two examples of when it might be used?
Due tomorrow.