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ABG APPROACH
1.
2. CONTRAINDICATION FOR ARTERIAL PUNCTURE :
INFECTION AT SITE.
ALLEN’S TEST NEGATIVE.
ON ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY.
SEVERE PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE.
DISTAL TO SURGICAL SHUNT.
3. WHY TO ORDER AN ABG
Aids in establishing a diagnosis
Helps guide treatment plan
Aids in ventilator management
Improvement in acid/base management
allows for optimal function of medications
Acid/base status may alter electrolyte levels
critical to patient status/care
Follow up
9. APPROACH TO ABG
Acidosis or alkalosis.
Respiratory or metabolic.
If respiratory – Acute or chronic.
If metabolic acidosis – High AG or normal AG
Is the compensation adequate
Rule out mixed disorders
11. STEP 2
ACID BASE CHANGES
Acid-Base Disorder Primary Change Compensatory
Change
Respiratory acidosis PCO2 up HCO3 up
Respiratory alkalosis PCO2 down HCO3 down
Metabolic acidosis HCO3 down PCO2 down
Metabolic alkalosis HCO3 up PCO2 up
12. Compensation
Primary Disorder Compensatory Mechanism
Metabolic acidosis Increased ventilation
Metabolic alkalosis Decreased ventilation
Respiratory acidosis Increased renal reabsorption of HCO3-
in the proximal tubule
Increased renal excretion of H in the
distal tubule
Respiratory alkalosis Decreased renal reabsorption of HCO3-
in the proximal tubule
Decreased renal excretion of H+ in the
distal tubule
13. The Boston formulae*
State Rule Formula Range
Metabolic acidosisfor acid-base derangementPCOsimply guesstimated using the Boston formulae: + 8
1.Compensation
1.5+8 can be 2
(mmHg) = 1.5*bicarbonate 2
Metabolic alkalosis 0.7+20 PCO 2 (mmHg) = 0.7*bicarbonate +20 5
Acute respiratory bicarbonate (mmol/l) drops 2 mmol/l
2 for 10 ?
alkalosis for every 10 mmHg PCO 2 drop
Chronic respiratory
4 for 10 likewise, but 5 mmol/l ?
alkalosis
bicarbonate (mmol/l) increases 1
Acute respiratory
1 for 10 mmol/l ?
acidosis
for every 10 mmHg
Chronic respiratory
4 for 10 likewise, but 4 mmol/l ?
acidosis
15. STEP 4 ANION GAP
The principle of electroneutrality
(Na+ + K+) – (Cl- + HCO3- )
Usually 12-16 mEq/l
Difference is due to the unmeasured –
ve charge on the proteins, and SO4- and
PO4-
Low albumin will reduce the ‘normal’
gap
16. HIGH AG NORMAL AG
•LACTIC ACIDOSIS •DIARRHOEA
•UREMIC ACIDOSIS •FITUL A
•KETO ACIDOSIS •RTA
•SALISYLSTE •ACETOZOLAMIDE
•ETHELENE GLYCOL •MASSIVE NS INFUSION
•ETHANOL •HYPERALIMENTATION
17. HAGMA
SAG increased. (Na – Cl + HCo3)
The added Acid is buffered by
Hco3, Hco3 Falls and Anion Gap is increased.
Key Point : Increased Anion Gap means an acid has been
added to the blood. HAGMA.
18. NAGMA
SAG normal.( Na – Cl + HCo3)
When Hco3 is lost, to maintain electro neutrality
Cl is conserved by the kidney’s and so Anion Gap is
normal.
Key Point : Normal Gap acidosis denotes loss of
Hco3. Also called hypercholeremic acidosis.
NAGMA.
19. HIGH AG NORMAL AG
•LACTIC ACIDOSIS •DIARRHOEA
•UREMIC ACIDOSIS •FITUL A
•KETO ACIDOSIS •RTA
•SALISYLSTE •ACETOZOLAMIDE
•ETHELENE GLYCOL •MASSIVE NS INFUSION
•ETHANOL •HYPERALIMENTATION
20. OSMOLAL GAP
osmolal gap = MO - CO
MO = Measured Osmolality
CO = Calculated Osmolality.
2 x Na + GLU/18 + UN/2.8
Normal OG = -10 to +10
An OG value greater than + 14 has traditionally been
considered a critical value or cutoff.
21. Urine Anion Gap
UAG = (UNa +UK) – UCl.
Normal UAG = -10 to +10.
If UAG is negative,more than -20
it is due GI loss.
If the UAG is positive, more than +10 then it is due
to renal loss of Hco3.
UAG is an indirect measure of NH3 secretion in
the Distal Tubule.
22. STEP 6
If the decrease in bicarbonate is more than the rise
in the AG, concurrent with the AG metabolic
acidosis there is also a second type of metabolic
acidosis present, a non-AG metabolic acidosis.
AG/ HCO3 < 1
If the decrease in bicarbonate is less than the rise
in AG, a metabolic alkalosis is concurrently
present with the AG metabolic acidosis.
AG/ HCO3 > 1
26. TIPS
Do not interpret any blood gas data for acid-base
diagnosis without closely examining the serum
electrolytes: Na+, K+, Cl-,
Single acid-base disorders do not lead to normal
blood pH. Although pH can end up in the normal
range (7.35 - 7.45) with a single mild acid-base
disorder, a truly normal pH with distinctly
abnormal HCO3- and PaCO2 invariably suggests
two or more primary disorders. and CO2.
27. TIPS
Simplified rules predict the pH and HCO3- for a
given change in PaCO2. If the pH or HCO3- is
higher or lower than expected for the change in
PaCO2, the patient probably has a metabolic acid-
base disorder as well.
In maximally-compensated metabolic acidosis, the
numerical value of PaCO2 should be the same (or
close to) as the last two digits of arterial pH. This
observation reflects the formula for expected
respiratory compensation in metabolic acidosis:
Expected PaCO2 = [1.5 x serum hco3] + (8 ± 2)