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(Muthu & Johnson) The Rest of the 7 Student-Centered Strategies of Assessment for Learning
- 1.
- 2. WHO WOULD LIKE TO VOLUNTEER? Volunteer Sit with your back to the audience. Examine the following picture. Describe this picture to the audience. YOU MAY NOT: Give feedback Ask questions of the audience AUDIENCE: The volunteer is going to describe a picture. You must attempt to draw this picture. All you know is: The picture contains rectangles The rectangles touch one another You may not ask for feedback or questions
- 3. As a table, discuss the following: How close was your picture to reflecting the volunteer’s original? What led to your success? What would have helped you be more successful? How did you feel when participating? Why?
- 4. AUDIENCE: The volunteer is going to describe a picture. You must attempt to draw this picture. All you know is: MODELS OF RECTANGLES Strong Example The picture contains rectangles The rectangles touch one another You may not ask for feedback or questions Weak or Incorrect Examples
- 5. I will: be able to define and apply Strategies 2, 3, and 6 be able to explain how strategies 2, 3, and 6 are related to the our students: Where am I headed? Where am I now? How do I close the gap? apply strategies 2, 3, and 6 to my next instructional unit. aspire to use the 7 strategies of student-centered formative assessment.
- 6. Strategy #2 (Strong & Weak Examples) Strategy #3 (Effective Feedback) Strategy #6 (Focused Revision)
- 8. Strategy 1: Communicating and understandable learning target. Strategy 4: Teach self-assessment and set goals Strategy 5: Design lessons to focus upon one learning target at a time.
- 9. Strategy 2: Use models of strong and weak work. Strategy 3: Give regular descriptive feedback Strategy 6: Design lessons to focus upon one learning target at a time.
- 11. Why use samples? Clarifying your vision of the intended learning Shaping the student’s continuum of quality Communicating your expectations Assigning meaning and relevance to quality levels
- 12. To be clear: Simply flashing models of strong work will not yield replicas of strong work STRONG EXAMPLE
- 13. Match the phrase in the rubric to the relevant aspect of the sample work
- 14. 1. Rank/score the samples according to a rubric
- 15. Match up quotes from an essay to feedback comments
- 16. AS A TABLE: 1. Read the rubric on pg. 1 of your activity handout. 2. Examine the two student work samples on pg. 2 of your activity handout. Score each sample according to the rubric. Using Strong and Weak Examples 1 3. 4. Provide a rationale for your score by identifying the phrases or concepts that are associated with this score in the rubric. 5. Record your score and rationale on pg. 2 of your activity handout. Using Strong and Weak Examples 2
- 17. WHAT DOES YOUR TABLE THINK? •How would you score each sample? •What evidence in the work justifies your score? •How does an activity like this facilitate student understanding of the vision for learning? Sampl e# Strong or Weak? Score Rationale 1 2 Using Strong and Weak Examples 2
- 19. The feedback I provide students… 1) directs attention to the intended learning. 2) occurs during learning so there is time for students to apply the feedback. 3) addresses partial understanding 4) is phrased so the students must do the thinking. A: All S: (A, S, or N) Some N: Not yet Please complete the selfassessmen t on page 3 of the activity handout. 5) is appropriately limited in regard to corrective information so the students can act on the feedback Offer Regular Descriptive Feedback 3
- 20. “ By quality of feedback, we now realize that we have to understand not just the technical structure of the feedback (such as its accuracy, comprehensiveness, and appropriateness) but also its accessibility to the learner (as a communication), its catalytic and coaching value, and its ability to inspire confidence and hope.” (Chappuis, 2009,p. 55)
- 21. KLUGER & DE NISI’S META-ANALYSIS (1996): 1/3 feedback worsens performance 1/3 feedback yields no change 1/3 feedback led to consistent improvements Feedback focuses on person instead of task Feedback focuses on elements of the task & gives guidance on ways to make improvement (Chappuis, 2009, p. 56)
- 23. Success Feedback Intervention Feedback Identify what is done correctly Identify a correction Ask a question Describe a quality feature in the work Offer a reminder Point out effective use of strategy or process Point out a problem with strategy or process (Chappuis, 2009)
- 24. AS A TABLE Part I Read the feedback comments on pg. 3 of the activity packet Label each comment as Success or Interventionist Offer Regular Descriptive Feedback 3 Part II For each feedback comment, please : add context revise the comment to make it effective success + intervention Part III Examine the drawing and write quality feedback. Offer Regular Descriptive Feedback 4
- 25. Offer Regular Descriptive Feedback 3
- 26. ORIGINAL STUDENT WORK Quality Feedback: 5 of your 6 rectangles are correctly oriented. In this particular exercise, all of the rectangles are the same size. How could you adjust your drawing to embody this fact? Offer Regular Descriptive Feedback 4
- 27. 1) Directs attention to the intended learning, pointing out strengths and offering specific information to guide improvement 2) Occurs during learning, while there is still time to act on it 3) Addresses partial understanding 4) Does not do the thinking for the student 5) Limits corrective information to the amount of advice the student can act on ( Table from Chappuis, 2009, p. 57)
- 28. Not graded Time to make corrections Guides learner to the next step
- 29. I can see you understand… if there is “no understanding” Re-teach A student with no understanding will not benefit from feedback
- 30. Try: Point out the error without fixing it. Allow exploration If needed, carefully pose a question to guide the corrective process “Good thinking spurs thoughtful action” (Chappuis, 2009)
- 33. Provide “as much intervention feedback as the individual student can reasonably act on” For students with many errors…consider limiting the focus of corrections to one criterion at a time (Chappuis, 2009)
- 34. Pictures or Cues • Stars and Stairs • That’s Good? Now This • Codes • Immediate Feedback • Written Comments • Two-color Assessment Highlighting Dialogues • The Three-minute Conference AT YOUR TABLE: •What do you currently use? •What will you try?
- 36. “Sadler (1989) identified that, in order for improvement to take place, the child must first know the purpose of the task, then how far this was achieved, and finally be given help in knowing how to move closer toward the desired goal or ‘in closing the (Chappuis, 2009) gap.”
- 37. Strategy 5 addresses the aspect of the learning gap that is typically misunderstood or confused Targets instruction to the learning gaps Incomplete understanding Misconceptions Partially developed skills
- 38. Strategy 5 answers “the operative question: When students go sideways on this learning target, what are the typical problems?” Strategy 5 gives students focused instruction. Strategy 6 offers students focused practice to ensure they avoid or correct the common misunderstandings. (Chappuis, 2009)
- 39. STEPS TAKEN: Identified Common Misunderstanding Collecting evidence that supports the thesis statement Provided Instruction The criteria for historical evidence Provided Practice Read the evidence statement & determine does it help or hurt answer the prompt Prompt provided for you to support with 7-10 statements of evidence
- 42. ORIGINAL STUDENT WORK Focused Revision 5 AS A TABLE: •Identify the misconception, partial understanding, or partially developed skill in the student work. • What focused instruction would be provided to “close the gap?” •What focused practice would be created to “close the gap?”
- 43. Answer the Following… AS A TABLE Think about the course you teach (or courses in your division). Answer the following three questions together on page 6 in your activity handout. Be prepared to share your thoughts. What is a misconception, partial understanding, or partially developed skill that some of your students will likely demonstrate in your next unit? What focused instruction will you provide to “close the gap?” What focused practice will you offer to “close the gap?” Focused Revision 6
- 44. Where Am I Going? Strategy 2: Use examples and models of strong and weak work. Where Am I Now? Strategy 3: Offer regular descriptive feedback. How Can I Close the Gap? Strategy 6: Teach students focused revision.
- 45. 1) Select a learning target you will teach in your next unit. 2) Identify a strong and weak sample of this learning. 3) Outline an activity that would require the students to use these samples to identify what makes the sample strong or weak. Application Activity 7-8
- 46. 4) Write a quality feedback statement that fits your strong model. 5) Write a quality feedback statement that fits your weak model. This should include success and interventionist feedback. 6) Confirm the potential misunderstanding you anticipate seeing in your next instructional unit. Application Activity 7-8
- 47. 7) Outline the focused instruction you will provide to address this misunderstanding. 8) Create the guided practice you will offer to address this misunderstanding. Application Activity 7-8
- 48. Visit the PLT web site:
- 49. Chappuis, Jan (2009). Seven strategies of assessment for learning. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. 2009.’ Stiggins, R (2007). Assessment for learning: An essential foundation of productive instruction. In Douglas Reeves (ed.), Ahead of the curve (pp5677). Bloomington, IN: Solution Tree.
Hinweis der Redaktion
- DESCRIBE IT!To begin today we are going to participate in the activity: Describe It!We need one volunteer. Who would like to volunteer?Directions for the Volunteer: Please seat the volunteer in a chair so their back is to the audience.Please give the volunteer the picture and have them keep it hidden from the audience.Please tell the volunteer that his/her task is to DESCRIBE the picture to their audience in such a manner that the audience members will be able to recreate the picture.Please prohibit the volunteer from giving feedback or asking questions.Directions for the Audience: Our volunteer is going to describe a picture which you will draw on the provided piece of paper.You may not ask questions or ask for feedback. Please listen to his/her description and replicate the drawing.You should be aware that the picture contains rectangles and these rectangles can/do touch.
- Unhide this slide following the Describe It! Activity (Right click on the slide and select “Hide Slide”)Directions:Ask the audience to:examine the original drawingDetermine to what degree he/she was able to replicate the originalFind evidence that can justify his/her opinion in his/her drawing Ex: I was able to replicate this drawing with 75% accuracy. I had 4 of 6 rectangles facing the correct direction and overlapping their neighbors to the correct degree. My rectangles were all equally sized.
- Ask Your Audience to Contemplate the Following:If we had provided examples to accompany our initial directions of strong and weak rectangles, how would this have impacted your ability to replicate the drawing?
- The session is 70 minutes in length.
- PLC Cycle:Formative Assessment falls as the third step in the PLC Cycle.Formative Assessment addresses question 2: How do we know when a student has learned something?What is formative assessment?After establishing what we are going to teach students (learning targets), and then teaching it (through varied instructional strategies), we must assess student understanding.This assessment occurs in a variety of ways: discussion, q &a, exit slips, bell work, homework assignment, quiz, etc.When an assessment is used for learning, when it is used to inform a teacher’s instruction, then it is formative.Typically, teachers: assess student understanding of the learning target formatively determine their next instructional steps as a result of student performanceeither re-teach or enhance the initial learningeventually administer a summative assessment
- Talking Points:Strategy 2 is intended to answer the question: Where am I headed?It works in conjunction with strategy 1. The idea is that you present the models of the strong and weak work in order to further communicate your learning target or vision of the intended learning.Oftentimes teachers present models of work to demonstrate project expectations rather than to communicate a learning target. This strategy involves using the model to clarify and communicate the learning target.If used in this way, then models of work can:Clarify your vision of the intended learningShape the student’s continuum of qualityCommunicate your expectationsAssign meaning and relevance to quality levels“[Prepare students to understand] your feedback to them and to engage in peer-and self-assessment.”Strategy 2 is considered an enabling strategy because it enables the students to understand your feedback (which is provided with strategy 3).
- To officially shape a students’ continuum of quality, to make them understand our expectations or the vision of learning in our head, we can’t simply show a model and expect it will yield a great and similar outcome. If we show Starry, Starry night to the class, the class will agree it is excellent, but they won’t know why it is excellent. If they students can’t explain why this excellent, if they can’t point to what the artist did to make this excellent, then he/she won’t be able to reach a similar outcome.
- Directions:Turn to the first page of your activity packet.Read the rubric.Read the problem on the second page.Examine each student work sample.As a table, score these samples. Match elements of the student sample to the verbiage in the rubric to justify your scores.Be prepared to share your table’s responses to the following questions:How would you score each sample?What evidence in the work justifies your score?How does an activity like this facilitate student understanding of the vision for learning?
- Directions:Bring all groups back together and review responses.“Take a look at the rubric. Then, read the math problem and examine the student responses. Based on the rubric, where would you say each student’s work is on the continuum from strong to weak. Why?”Example Responses:Sample #1= Strong- Score of 5Rationale=The student “translated the problem into a useful mathematical form” by determining how many liters each person would need per day, then multiplying the number of people, and then multiplying by the number of days. The student then “applied the selected plan,” “which involved multiple approaches,” “through to completion” and arrived at the correct answer. The student’s answer of 60 liters was “reasonable and consistent with the context of the problem.”Sample #2= Weak- Score of 3 (but Score of 1 could be defended with rubric language)
- Prior to beginning discussions concerning strategy 3, have participants take a self-assessment concerning their feedback practices.This self-assessment is on pg. 3 of the activity handout.They should write A for All of the Time, S for Some of the Time, and N for Not Yet.
- Quality feedback:Communicates to the student what they did well & guides them towards improvementCoaches the studentInspires hope
- Example:You used a logical strategy of drawing a table to solve this problem. Try converting all your data points to meters and then re-enter them in the table and solve the problem again. SUCCESS WAS USING A TABLE AS PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGYINTERVENTION IS “TRY” (Suggestion) CONVERTING YOUR DATA POINTS TO COMMON UNITS & THEN SOLVE AGAIN
- Circulate while the tables are working on the activities on pgs. 3 & 4 and check answers for each table to PART I.PART I ANSWERSSuccessSuccessInterventionSuccess (This one often tricks people. The success is in the fact that the student corrected her own process.)InterventionSuccess
- Reconvene large group to review Part II :Call on tables to offer quality feedback for PART II.Possible ResponsesInstead of Incomplete:Showing your work in numbers 1-3 demonstrated you have the right process. Can you apply the correct process when given word problems. Try numbers 4-10 to find out. Instead of Keep Studying:Try making flashcards for your unit vocabulary and then practice “quizzing” yourself with these cards for ten minutes each night.Instead of more effort needed:Let’s see what type of still-life you can produce if you …What do you need to do to reach the Excellent & Beyond category on the rubric?
- Reconvene large group to review III:Call on tables to review possible feedback for Describe It activity.Possible Response: 5 of your 6 rectangles are all correctly oriented. – SUCCESS PORTIONIn this particular exercise, all of the rectangles are the same size. How could you adjust your drawing to embody this fact?- INTERVENTIONIST PORTION
- EFFECTIVE FEEDBACK:“maximizes the chances that student achievement will improve as a result” (Chappuis, p. 56)Is about quality notpresenceIs about progress & how to proceed notthe personemphasizes effort notperfection provides opportunity for practice not a summative judgment on what has yet to be practiced5 Characteristics of Effective Feedback:Communicates performance without being evaluative. Creates a relationship between the student/ teacher, student/student and student/learning. It helps students identify where they are now with respect to where they are headed and prompts further learning. Individualizes and customizes learning. Takes place in the classroom.
- Overfeed backing is when we provide so much information to the student that we do the thinking for him/her
- REMEMBER:All students are differentYour professional judgment is soundGetting a student to improve one thing is a step in the right directionIf a student has to fix many things or their paper is completely filled with marks, the student could interpret their work as wrong, riddled with mistakes, and unlikely to get better…this is where the student could develop harmful feelings regarding their potentialComment on a one thing at a time (limited number)To select which thing to comment on, always consider the learning target- focus the feedback on the learning target
- REMEMBER:All students are differentYour professional judgment is soundGetting a student to improve one thing is a step in the right directionIf a student has to fix many things or their paper is completely filled with marks, the student could interpret their work as wrong, riddled with mistakes, and unlikely to get better…this is where the student could develop harmful feelings regarding their potentialComment on a one thing at a time (limited number)To select which thing to comment on, always consider the learning target- focus the feedback on the learning target
- The following suggestions are timesaving strategies that meet the requirements of effective feedback.(SEE PACKET OF TEMPLATES pg. 204, 205, 80,81I. Pictures or Cues:Stars and Stairs- (p. 75)Star= what student did wellStair= specific intervention feedbackThat’s Good? Now This- (p. 77)Simple form with two areas for feedback to ensure that you are including both the success and intervention feedbackCodesConsider using codes to indicate common errors and write the code in the margin, then the students must do the work to figure out which problem they had, where it is, and they must correct it.Ex: In foreign language you may use GTPWO= Gender, Tense, Plural, Word ChoiceImmediate FeedbackThe more immediate feedback can be, the more likely it is to assist the student on their path to attaining the learning targetII.Assessment Dialogues:* Intended for performance assessment with a rubricWritten Comments-Identify a focus for the feedback (the focus should be one portion of the rubric related to the learning target you are/have been teaching)Students use the rubric to identify their success and one aspect of the work they need to work onStudents complete the “My Opinion” portion of the Assessment Dialogue Form)Review their work & write your “Feedback” in the are for Teacher’s CommentsAfter reading your comments, students take their opinion and your comments into consideration and develop a plan for revisionTwo-color Highlighting-Have students take a yellow highlighter and highlight the phrases on the rubric that they think describes their workThe student submits the highlighted rubric with their workYou review the rubric and highlight the phrases on the rubric that describe their work in blueAreas where you and the student agree are in green and those remaining in blue are areas the student should reflect uponThe Three-minute Conference-The students should complete the “My Opinion” portion of the Assessment Dialogue FormStudent Self-AssessmentWill get the student to think about qualityAccesses prior info.Start the conf. off by asking the student to share his/her thoughts about strengths and areas to improveShare your feedbackStudent should right down your comments on the Assessment Dialogue Form
- Strategies 5 & 6 work in tandemStrategies 5 & 6 work to answer the question: How do I close the gap in learning?Strategy 5 should be viewed in relation to the question How do I close the learning gap? It encourages the student to focus on the one aspect of the target that he/she has a misconception about, an incomplete understanding, and a partially developed skill.
- Strategy 5 = focused instructionInstruction is focused on the aspect of the learning target that each student misunderstands or partially understandsStrategy 6= focused practiceOpportunities to practice the one portion of the learning target that is misunderstood are developed and completed
- 3 Steps to Take when attempting to answer the question How Do I Close the Gap:Identify the Common Misunderstanding, Misconception, or Partially Developed SkillProvide instruction specifically on the one area that was identified as “missing” and “needed to closing the gap”Provide practice specifically focused on the skill or applying the content that was identified as “missing” and “needed to closing the gap”
- The following document was created by an AP History Teacher (Paul Kelley- currently a principal in Elk Grove).This teacher examined his AP History Course Essential Outcome: I will be able to write an argumentative essay defending a historical thesis statement with relevant supporting evidence. Through reviews of his student’s essays, he quickly determined that the students had a partial understanding of what constitutes relevant historical evidence.As a result, he developed opportunities for students to work with simply one the portion of the learning target that pertains to collecting and using “relevant supporting evidence”The first opportunity consists of ten evidence statements.For each statement, the student must decide whether it helps to answer the prompt. If it helps, the student must say how.If it doesn’t help, the student muse explain why it doesn’t work.
- As a result, he developed opportunities for students to work with simply one the portion of the learning target that pertains to collecting and using “relevant supporting evidence”The second opportunity consists of a prompt. Students must select 7-10 pieces of evidence that can be used to answer the prompt.
- Have participants turn to pg. 5 in the activity handout and work as a table to record their responses.Together as a table, the participants will:Compare our student work sample to the originalDetermine the misunderstanding or partially developed skill reflected in the student workIdentify the instruction that is neededOutline an activity that would provide focused revision/practice Ex: The misunderstanding was that he/she had to draw rectangles that were the same. Develop a strategy to make 5 rectangles exactly the same size. Teach students how to draw a rectangle .5 x 1 inches using a rulerThe student will apply the technique to a drawing of 5 identical rectangles.
- People from the same division will be sitting together.Ask them to consider their next unit and predict a common student misconception, partial understanding, or partially developed skill that you will likely see in your next unit.Ask them to determine the focused instruction they will need to provide students with this misconception to close the gap.Ask them to describe an activity for focused practice that they will create to close the gap.
- Today, we have reviewed Strategies 2, 3, and 6 which are each linked to a different formative question.Strategy 2 clarifies the vision for learning (Where I am going) by providing samples of strong and weak work related to the learning target.Strategy 3 helps the student determine Where Am I Now by providing quality feedback which point outs the students success (as it relates to the learning target) and his/her areas to improve upon (as it relates to the learning target).Strategy 6 works in tandem with Strategy 5 to close the learning gap by providing the student focused instruction and focused practice on the aspect of the learning target that he/she doesn’t completely understand.
- Tell participants that they will be sharing their work at the end.