1. FROM CARROTS, CROWBARS, AND CANDY TO
OPTIONS, OPPORTUNITY, AND OWNERSHIP OF
LEARNING: PRINCIPALS OF MOTIVATION &
ENGAGEMENT
Jennifer McCarty Plucker, Ed. D.
Howard Lake-Waverly-Winsted Middle School
2013
2. Learning Targets
I can examine the importance of increasing
student engagement in text.
I can dialogue about strengths and areas of
need in my current practices in relation to
engagement.
I can reflect on the principles of engagement
and apply them to my instructional practices.
5. Opening Anticipation Guide
On your notes page 1, complete the
anticipation guide by deciding
whether you agree or disagree with
each statement.
READING
some motivation required
7. Guiding Principles
1. Meaning and Mastery are
Motivating
2. Learning is Social
3. Self-Efficacy
4. Interest/Relevance
5. Control and Choice
Adapted from J.T. Guthrie (2008)
8. Our dilemma as educators
Majority of students do not read for pleasure
Students are unmotivated, apathetic, resistant
to reading school content
69% did not read for enjoyment (a signal for
intrinsic motivation)
2010 international survey-U.S. ranked 34th
out
of 36 developed countries in reading
engagement
9. Importance of reading
engagement
Engagement & motivation contribute to
achievement in reading
Interest in reading correlates to reading
comprehension
Reading engagement connects more strongly to
achievement than home environment
“Today, more than ever, valuable classroom time
presents the best opportunity-often the only
opportunity-to turn kids on to reading” (Gallagher,
2009).
11. Principle #1: Meaning and Mastery
are Motivating
Have you ever offered incentives in class to
produce a desired outcome?
Candy for quiet reading time
Games on Friday
What incentivized programs have you
experienced?
Health club discounts
13. Special circumstances where “carrots” won’t hurt, and
might help.
If assignment doesn’t inspire deep passion or
require deep thinking, rewards can help. BUT:
Offer a rationale as to why the task is
necessary.
Acknowledge that the task is boring.
Allow students to complete the task their own
way.
Principle #1: Meaning and Mastery are Motivating
14. Essential Requirement for Extrinsic Rewards
“Any extrinsic reward should be unexpected
and offered only after the task is
complete. In other words, where ‘if-then’
rewards are a mistake, shift to ‘now that’
rewards.”
(Pink, 2009, p.
66)
Principle #1: Meaning and Mastery are Motivating
15. What is motivating our students?
Show good behavior
Complete an assignment
Extrinsic rewards
get a good grade
Outperform others
Look smarter
Understanding text—not
important
Understanding is most
important
Argue, analyze, debate,
explain, organize,
connect, defend,
conclude…
Not isolated, connected
to “big picture”
Short or long-term
Performance Goals Mastery Goals
Principle #1: Meaning and Mastery are Motivating
16. Mindse t
“After seven experiments with hundreds of children, we had some of the clearest findings I’ve ever seen:
Praising children’s intelligence harms their motivation and it harms their performance.” by Carol Dweck
17.
18. 7 Practices of Mastery Motivation
1. Provide mastery goals
2. Make tasks relevant
Relevance vs. Entertainment
1. Use hands-on activities
2. Transform text to meaning
3. Scaffold mastery motivation
4. Provide re-teach opportunities
5. Reward effort over performance
Principle #1: Meaning and Mastery are Motivating
19.
20. Turn and Talk
Share with a neighbor your reflections on what
you’ve just heard or ideas about how to apply
Principle #1: Meaning and Mastery are
Motivating.
22. Principle #2: Learning is Social
1. Open discussions
2. Student-led discussion groups
3. Collaborative reasoning
4. Arranging partnerships
5. Socially constructing the
management
6. Scaffolding social motivations over
time
25. Principle #3: Self-Efficacy
1. Recognize the gap
2. Match the text to the reading levels of students
3. Establish initial confidence
4. Individual students set realistic goals
5. “Grade the learning, not the knowing” (Harvey
& Daniels, 2009)
6. Student value-added assessments
26.
27. Self-Reflection
DIY report cards
Goal setting & reflection prior to teacher
feedback
Use of learning targets
Reflect on peer models and self
Principle #3: Self-Efficacy
29. Principle #4: Interest/Relevance
1. Making real-world connections
2. Personalizing with questioning
3. Extending intrinsic interests
4. Self-expressing
5. Puzzling (working through inconsistencies in
text)
30. Reflect
Pause and Reflect
What are you doing WELL? Which of your
instructional practices align to these principles?
Where have you been challenged? What needs
to change for your students and your teaching?
32. Principle #5 Control and Choice
Seekto balance teachervs. student centeredness
Practices that cultivate motivation:
Ownership of text
Options for how to learn
Autonomy with Accountability
Input into curriculum
Self-selection of knowledge displays
Fed Ex Day
Voice in standards for evaluation
Inquiry projects
33. Who is in Control?
“Excessive te ache r-centeredness is more
disengaging than we imagine. At the
same time, excessive stude nt-
centeredness may be unproductive. Our
goal is to move from teacher overcontrol
to student empowerment.”
Eng ag ing Ado le sce nts in Re ading , p. 35
Principle #5 Control and Choice
34. Closing Remarks
Professional Book Studies
We are motivated by the same 5 principles!
“We may have taught them the skills, but
without the desire to use those skills, where is
the benefit? In many cases it will be what
happens or doesn’t happen in school that is
going to make the difference” (Layne, 2009).
Hinweis der Redaktion
Jen
Have participants define motivation in pairs. . . mo·ti·va·tion /ˌmōtəˈvāSHən/ Noun The reason or reasons one has for acting or behaving in a particular way. The general desire or willingness of someone to do something. mo·ti·va·tion [moh-tuh-vey-shuhn] Show IPA noun 1. the act or an instance of motivating, or providing with a reason to act in a certain way: I don't understand what her motivation was for quitting her job. Synonyms: motive, inspiration, inducement, cause, impetus. 2. the state or condition of being motivated: We know that these students have strong motivation to learn. 3. something that motivates; inducement; incentive: Clearly, the company's long-term motivation is profit. Origin: 1870–75; motive + -ation
Definition of engage: absorb, engross, fascinate, grip, immerse, interest, intrigue, and involve.
10 minutes
Daniels, H. & Harvey, S. Comprehension & Collaboration: Inquiry Circles in Action (2009) Dweck, C. Mindset: The New Psychology of Success (2006) Guthrie, J. Engaging Adolescents in Reading (2008) Layne, S. Igniting a Passion for Reading (2009) Pink, D. Drive: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us (2009)
Introduce handouts (remind them objectives are there and then there are reflection/note taking boxes for each of these motivations) Jess
Jen
Jess 5 minutes
Drive by Daniel Pink
Jess
Jen 6 m Less of what we WANT: Intrinsic Motivation High Performance Creativity Good Behavior More of what we DON’T want: Unethical Behavior Addiction Short Term Thinking inutes
Jen 3 minutes
Jen 1 minute
Pgs. 18-19 Guthrie; Students must be motivated to become literate We must move them from performance-minded to mastery-minded Focus of our teaching must be mastery goals Page 7 of packet (Jess)—mindset graphic
p. 27 (Andrew math)—feedback comes AFTER goal, test, reflection!
Let participants brainstorm ideas for this and share out. . . Mastery goals—Andrew’s learning target example (Jen) p. 8 Relevance vs entertainment (Jess) Hand on—RT p. 9 (Tom example of unpacking a standard)—Jess Re teach—How to (Jess) Effort over performance POL (p. 10)
Comprehension and Collaboration by Daniels and Harvey
Daily 5 offers opportunity for all of this CREW—p. 11 Arranging partnerships—dynamic Grouping p. 12 RESPECT p. 13 and Readicide p. 14
Steven Layne Igniting a Passion; O’Brien Value Added Assessments Goal Setting Feedback prior to Evaluation
Recognize the gap (Jen—sharing literacy history. . .no sugar coating) p. 21-22 Jess—shoe size Goal setting—p. 23 (reflection) Andrew’s word study test Establishing initial confidence (status of the class—conference tool not a punishment) Value added test p. 25-26
p. 28—lit circle reflection
Burke’s What’s the Big Idea Definition of Relevance Engagement does not equal entertainment. Start a Modeling Career
Ideas from Burke’s “What’s the Big Idea”
Balance teacher centeredness with student centeredness. Our goal is to move from teacher over control to student empowerment. Students are motivated by mastery, especially with autonomy in how to get it done yet accountability for producing.