IPA Chart 2005. The International Phonetic Alphabet may be freely copied on condition that acknowledgment is made to the International Phonetic Association (Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, School of English, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, GREECE).

1. THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2005)
CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) © 2005 IPA
Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Post alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
pb td Ê∂ cÔkgqG /
Plosive
m µ n = ≠ N –
Nasal
ı r R
Trill
| «
v
Tap or Flap
F B f v T D s z S Z ßΩ çJxVXÂ ©? hH
Fricative
ÒL
Lateral
fricative
√ ® ’ j ˜
Approximant
l  ¥ K
Lateral
approximant
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) VOWELS
Front Central Back
Clicks Ejectives
Voiced implosives
i y ÈË ¨u
∫
> Close
’
Bilabial Examples:
Bilabial
IY U
˘ Î p’
Dental Bilabial
Dental/alveolar
eP e∏ Øo
˙ t’
! Close-mid
(Post)alveolar Palatal Dental/alveolar
´
¯ ƒ k’
Palatoalveolar Velar Velar
E{ ‰ øO
≤ Ï s’
ò
Open-mid
Alveolar lateral Uvular Alveolar fricative
å
œ
OTHER SYMBOLS
a” AÅ
Open
∑ Voiceless labial-velar fricative Ç Û Alveolo-palatal fricatives Where symbols appear in pairs, the one
w Voiced labial-velar approximant » Voiced alveolar lateral flap to the right represents a rounded vowel.
Á Voiced labial-palatal approximant Í Simultaneous S and x SUPRASEGMENTALS
Ì Voiceless epiglottal fricative quot; Primary stress
Æ
¿ Voiced epiglottal fricative Affricates and double articulations
(
kp ts Secondary stress
can be represented by two symbols
ÆfoUn´quot;tIS´n
÷ Epiglottal plosive
(
joined by a tie bar if necessary.
… e…
Long
Ú eÚ
N( Half-long
DIACRITICS Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g.
* e*
9 n9 d9 ª bª aª 1 Dental t 1 d1 Extra-short
Voiceless Breathy voiced
˘ Minor (foot) group
3 s3 t 3 0 b0 a0 ¡ Apical t ¡ d¡
≤
Voiced Creaky voiced
Major (intonation) group
Ó tÓ dÓ £ t £ d£ 4 Laminal t 4 d4 .
Aspirated Linguolabial
®i.œkt
Syllable break
7 More rounded O7 W tW dW ) Nasalized e) ≈
Labialized
Linking (absence of a break)
¶ O¶ ∆ t∆ d∆ ˆ Nasal release dˆ
Less rounded Palatalized
™ u™ ◊ t◊ d◊ ¬ Lateral release d¬ TONES AND WORD ACCENTS
ˆ
Advanced Velarized LEVEL CONTOUR
e _ â e ä
2 e2 ≥ Pharyngealized t≥ d≥ } No audible release d} Extra
Rising
or
Retracted high or
e! ê e$ ë
· e· ù Velarized or pharyngealized :
High Falling
Centralized
e@ î e% ü High
+ Mid-centralized e+ 6 e6 ( ®6 = voiced alveolar fricative) Mid rising
e~ ô efi ï
Raised Low
Low
` n` § e§ ( B§ = voiced bilabial approximant) rising
e— û e& ñ$
Syllabic Lowered Extra Rising-
low falling
8 e8 5 e5 Õ ã
Non-syllabic Advanced Tongue Root Downstep Global rise
± ´± a± ∞ e∞ õ Ã
Upstep Global fall
Rhoticity Retracted Tongue Root