2. Collective Security
• New world order: “to make the world
safe for democracy.”
• 14 Points: “guarantees of political
independence and territorial integrity to great
and small states alike.”
Wilson insisted the Covenant be in
all five Paris peace treaties
3. 3 Goals
• International cooperation: meet in
an assembly
• Arbitration: submit disputes to 3rd
party
• Collective security: sanctions vs.
force
4. Article 10 Article 12 Article 16
to stop external
aggression and
respect territorial
integrity and
existing
independence of
all members
NO
INTERFERENCE
if worry of war,
members agree
to arbitration OR
enquiry of
disputes + no
war until 3
months after
Council’s
decision
COOLING OFF
war on one is war
on all and all will
cut off trade and
commerce with
offender.
SANCTIONS AS
ENFORCEMENT
5. MEMBERSHIP
• 1919 Allies (incl. Japan) +
Dominions and India =
original members
• 1926 + GeGermrmanyany (leaves 1933)
• 1933 JaJappanan leaves
• 1934 + UUSSRSSR (expelled 1940)
• UUSSAA never joined
6. Successes Failures
• Supervised Saar for 15
years
• Managed Danzig for 15
years
• 1921 settled
Sweden/Finland dispute
over Aland Islands
• 1923 settled Greece/Italy
dispute over Island of Corfu
• 1925 settled possible
Greece/Bulgaria war
• Internation Labour Office
improved child labour, min.
wages, working hours
• Mandatory powers usually
unwilling to give up
control/disallowed League
inspection
• World Court could be opted
out
• Countries left rather than
comply
• Collective security lacked
“bite”
Ex. Manchuria 1931
Abyssinia 1935
7. Reparation Adjustments
Dawes Plan 1924 Young Plan 1930
5-point plan:
•Allies out of Rhur
•Germany to pedge
govt $ to reparations
•Payments start low
but get higher
•Payments still tied to
German prosparity
•Foreign loan to get
Germany started
Reduction
•Total cut from $33 to
$29 billion
•Occupation of DMZ to
end
*** This was carried
out and the Allies lost
their pressure point
with Germany
***In 1932 Germany
defaulted; Hitler
cancelled payments
1937.
8. • Russia no longer an ally
• USA isolationist
• British becoming revisionist
• Keep Germany weak: 1923 occupation of Rhur
• Maginot Line
• Treaties of mutual assistance:
a) Belgium 1920,
b) Poland 1921,
c) Little Entente: Czech. 1924
Rumania 1926
Yugoslav. 1927
9. Other efforts at peace
• Locarno Pact, 1925 (guarantee borders)
• Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928 (denounce war)
• Washington Conf., 1921 (restrict size of navies)
• London Conference, 1930 (…navies)
• Geneva Disarm. Conf., 1932 (arms reductions)
disarmament
15. FlawsFailures
USA did not ratify Paris Peace
Unanimous was vote required to act
Tradition of nationalism/self-
interest
or: old
habits die hard
Failure: Manchuria 1931
(Lytton Commission)
Failure: Abyssinia 1935
19. What clues are given to
identify the characters?
What event, policy or
movement is being
illustrated?
Is the cartoonist trying to
sway your opinion?
Is there any bias?
20. To what cliché is the
cartoonist alluding?
What does the
cartoonist seem to
be saying?
What hints does the
cartoonist give to
ensure the audience
gets the intended
message?
21.
22. This slide seems to
contradict the tone
of the others. How
could that be?
23. Are symbols
used?
How is the
world
divided?
What is the
intended
message?
There are
two clichés
being
parodied; can
you identify
them?
The Tsar of Russia had the idea of a similar league when he sponsored the first Hague Conference in 1899 (this created the Hague Court of Arbitration). Many statesmen pondered such a league: ex. Gen Smuts of S.Africa and Lord Robert Cecil, Brit Undersecretary of State for Foreign Affairs. BUT Woodrow Wilson made the idea widely popula.r
First Assembly at Geneva 1920 = 43 members 1926 = 59 members 1933 Germany leave (Hltler in power) USSR only member expelled: 1940 USSR expelled for attack on Finland 1932 Lytton (Brit.) Commision (with an Amer. Ger. Ital. and Rus) announced blame on Japan in 1933 – Japanese delegation walked out after an angry reply stating Japan’s claim and denying she would let the world interfere (claimed she won it from Russia)
Italy had seized Corfu
Both were USA bankers Dawes: Payments to start at 250 million and rise to 600 million. The loan was 200 million. All troops were out of Rhur by 1925. Young: When Germany defaulted in 1932, the Lausanne Conference set a new total of $750 million which Germany never paid. The ACTUAL TOTAL OF PAYMENT RECEIVED WAS ABOUT 5 BILLION.
Many Brits thought the Treaty was too harsh on Germany. In 1922 Brit, Belgium, and Italy voted 3 to 1 against France to occupy the Rhur (80% of German coal and steel) when Germany couldn’t pay reparations. Poincare hoped to bring Gerny to her knees – instead massive passive resistance. Maginot line failure 1) not build along common French-Belgian border 2) planned for static warfare – ended at Sedan (tanks and planes)
Locarno: UK, Fr, Bel, It, Ger: existing borders + DMZ. Also to make no war (UK to guarantee) 1924-1929 = only REAL peace in interwar period. Kellogg-Briand/Pact of Paris : supported by USA – NOT a formal treaty – declaration by 15 nations (incl GER and USSR) – simply denounced war) Wash Conf. = Wash Treaty, 1922 with USA, UK, FR, It, Jap: = build no new battleships for 10 years, Tonnage reduced to a ratio (Japan mad) London Conf = Same 5 countries meet to reduce tonnage. Fr and It got in quarrel and left. The 3 others agreed to reduce ALL types of ships. Geneva Conf = 60 nations! (incl USA, GER, USSR pleadge arms reduction BUT 1933 Hitler in power – takes GER out of Confer. + out of League.
The yellow sides are adapted from www.johndclare.net/League_of_Nations3_Whyno
Hoare-Laval - pg 18 of Falk handbook
The yellow sides are adapted from www.johndclare.net/League_of_Nations3_Whyno
William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930) was the 27th President of the United States. He continued to advocate world peace through international arbitration, urging nations to enter into arbitration treaties with each other and promoting the idea of a League of Nations even before the First World War began. When World War I did break out in Europe in 1914, however, Taft founded the League to Enforce Peace. He was a co-chairman of the powerful National War Labor Board between 1917 and 1918. Although he continually advocated peace, he strongly favored conscription once the United States entered the War, pleading publicly that the United States not fight a "finicky" war. He feared the war would be long, but was for fighting it out to a finish, given what he viewed as "Germany's brutality."
Henry Cabot Lodge (May 12, 1850 – November 9, 1924) was a US statesman, a Republican politician, and a noted historian from Massachusetts. While the title was not official, he is considered to be one of the first Senate Majority leaders and was the first Senate Republican Leader. He is best known for his positions on foreign policy, especially his battle with President Woodrow Wilson in 1919 over the Treaty of Versailles, which the United States Senate never ratified. Philander Chase Knox (May 6, 1853–October 12, 1921) was an American lawyer and politician who served as Attorney General and U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania and was Secretary of State from 1909-1913. William Edgar Borah (June 29, 1865 – January 19, 1940) was a prominent Republican attorney and longtime United States Senator from Idaho noted for his oratorical skills and isolationist views. Borah emerged as leader of the "Irreconcilables," a group of senators noted for their uncompromising opposition to the treaty and the League. During 1919 Borah and Johnson toured the country speaking against the treaty in response to Wilson's own speaking tour supporting it. Borah's impassioned November 19, 1919, speech on the Senate floor in opposition to the treaty and League of Nations was contributive to the Senate's ultimate rejection of it.
Re:Abe Lincoln chopping down the cherry tree.
A pipe dream.
Wilson as the conductor of the League.
Being pulled in all directions. My hands are tied.
The Rabbit. “My offensive equipment being practically nil, it remains for me to fascinate him with the power of my eye.” Punch Magazine, 1920