SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 51
Downloaden Sie, um offline zu lesen
Neuroscience
Myths, Metaphors and Marketing.
!
James Lawley
NLPtCA Conference
2012
www.cleanlanguange.co.uk
1
Policy Statement
I admire the scope, scale and achievement of neuroscience.
This talk is not intended to diminish the work of any
neuroscientist or psychotherapist.
My aim is to help us distinguish between:
– quality neuroscience and inferences drawn therefrom
and
– what Raymond Tallis calls “Neuromania”.
2
James Lawley
EXERCISE
!
1.Name a piece of neurological research that has
influenced the way you do therapy.
2.What do you do differently with your clients
as a result of the research?
Watch first two minutes of video :	

http://www.schoolsworld.tv/node/2887
A connectome is
the totality of connections
between the neurons in a
nervous system.
A connectome of
C. elegans roundworm
1 mm in length
302 neurons.
What do you make of this quote from a
leading psychotherapist?:
!
“The role of the psychotherapist is brought into a
new light through the implications of working
with psychoneuroimmunology.
... Validating the client’s model of the world and
negative feelings, the therapist enables
neurotransmitters associated with the negative
state to be released from the subcortex and the
existing neural networks activated.”
7
And this one?:
“As soon as the client accesses the future-oriented state, the
neurological potential is then created for change to happen.
Solution-oriented therapy ... ensures that the client fires
the neurological pathway a number of times in therapy,
making it easier to re-access once the session has ended. ...
This process reinforces the ‘not problem’ state, again
reinforcing positive neurological patterning.
At this next session, we both noted that he could more easily
move towards future-oriented thinking ... This was evidence
that the neurological re-patterning that we had done in the
previous week had started to work.”
“As soon as the client accesses the future-oriented state, the
neurological potential is then created for change to happen.
Solution-oriented therapy ... ensures that the client fires
the neurological pathway a number of times in therapy,
making it easier to re-access once the session has ended. ...
This process reinforces the ‘not problem’ state, again
reinforcing positive neurological patterning.
At this next session, we both noted that he could more easily
move towards future-oriented thinking ... This was evidence
that the neurological re-patterning that we had done in the
previous week had started to work.”
psycho
Does changing one prefix change the meaning?:
psycho
psycho
psycho
“Your prefrontal cortex is the biological seat of your
conscious interactions with the world. It’s the part of your
brain central to thinking things through. ... Getting
everything ‘just right’ for the prefrontal cortex is what
Emily needs to learns to do, to get on top of the extra
information she is juggling in her new job.”
!
David Rock, Your Brain at Work p. 6 	

!
!
“A question I ask my clients all time is:
What does your brain need right now to move forward?”	

!
David Rock, A Brain-Based Approach to Coaching, International Journal of Coaching in Organizations 2006 4(2) 	

What do you think Emily and other clients make
of this question?
“[Neuro-talk] is often accompanied by a picture of a brain scan,
that fast-acting solvent of critical faculties.”
Matthew Crawford ‘The Limits of Neuro-Talk’
CAT Computed axial tomography
DOT Diffuse optical tomography
EEG Electroencephalography
EROS Event-related optical signal
MEG Magnetoencephalography
MRI Magnetic resonance imaging (structural)
fMRI Functional MRI
dMRI Diffusion MRI
NIRS Near infrared spectroscopy
PET Positron emission tomography
SPECT Single-photon emission computed tomography
BRAIN IMAGINING
TECHNIQUES
Can you guess what experience this brain scan is showing ?
An image of the brain of Nan Wise,
who volunteered to have an orgasm while inside an fMRI
• Technical Problems with fMRI	

‣ Measures oxygen in the blood as a proxy for brain activity. Millions of
neurons have to be activated for a change in blood flow to be detected.	

‣ Neuronal activity lasts milliseconds while detected changes in blood
flow lag by 2-10 seconds.	

‣ Brain is changing all the time – somewhere is always ‘lit up’.	

‣ Images made up of voxels, each representing at best 10,000+ neurons.	

‣ Each scan has 50,000 data points; thousands of scans in a study means
many millions of comparisons. Massively complex analysis required –
7 million lines of code.	

‣ A big problem is false positives – thousands of published studies
conducted without corrections for false positives.	

‣ Some researchers pick out the ‘best’ results.	

‣ Spurious ‘brain activity’ related to non-existent tasks found with
standard settings on the most popular fMRI analysis software.
Functional MRI scans of six people who
took the same spatial memory test
tal functions to particular brain regions. Critics
feel that fMRI overlooks the networked or dis-
tributed nature of the brain’s workings, empha-
sizing localized activity when it is the communi-
cation among regions that is most critical to men-
tal function.
“This is a very gross technique,” says critic
Steven Faux , who heads the psychology depart-
ment at Drake University. “It’s like a blurry pho-
to—better than no photo but still blurry, with
real limitations that are too often overlooked.
It’s very easy to overextend [the value of] this
technology.”
Many fMRI practitioners seem bewildered
that this powerful new tool has created contro-
versy. “It is a huge surprise to me how big this
issue has become,” says Marcus E. Raichle, a
Washington University neurologist who has re-
searched brain scanning for more than two
decades.
Vague Precision
Brain imaging began with an early 20th-cen-
tury method called pneumoencephalography, a
dangerous procedure in which the skull’s cere-
brospinal fluid was replaced with air to show the
brain more clearly on x-ray. The angiograph, de-
veloped in the 1920s, produced improved results
The 1970s also brought the first functional
imaging technology—scans designed to show
not just how the brain is structured but how it
functions. Positron emission tomography (PET)
measures increases in blood flow associated with
neuronal activity, giving a sense of which neu-
rons may be processing information. A subject
is injected with radioactive elements that tag
molecules such as glucose that are delivered to
the brain by blood. The tags emit positrons and
reveal the relative rates at which cells consume
the glucose, a marker of which cells are active
during mental processes. The scans are captivat-
ing, but there are a number of drawbacks. Sub-
jects worry about taking in radioactive material;
the process requires the better part of an hour
for a scan; and the images provide a rather broad
temporal resolution of 60 seconds (meaning it
takes that long to measure the blood flow to an
area) and a spatial resolution of six to nine cubic
millimeters—large for a nuanced understanding
of what is happening.
In contrast, fMRI can scan a brain cross sec-
tion in less than two seconds, enabling it to mod-
el most of the brain in one to two minutes. It can
work at spatial resolutions as fine as two to three
cubic millimeters, although in practice it usually
collects information in voxels (a term that merg-
Functional MRI
scans of six
people who
took the same
spatial memory
test show how
varied brain
activation pat-
terns can be.
Scientists must
design fMRI ex-
periments care-
fully to avoid
misleading
conclusions.
sconsin–Milwaukee
www.sciammind.com 27
flow rises. Doubts about whether these increases
correspond to actual neuronal activity have been
answered by several studies tying blood flow di-
rectly to neuron signaling, including recent ani-
mal models that used probes to match the firing
of individual neurons to the heightened flow seen
in fMRI scans.
Yet the link is decidedly rough. Abigail A.
Baird, a Dartmouth College psychologist who
uses fMRI to study brain changes during adoles-
cence, puts it succinctly: “Hemodynamic re-
sponse is a sloppy thing.” For starters, neuronal
action takes milliseconds, whereas the blood
surge follows by two to six seconds; a detected
increase in blood flow therefore might be “feed-
ing” more than one operation. In addition, be-
cause each voxel encompasses thousands of neu-
rons, thousands or even millions may have to fire
to significantly light up a region; it is as if an
entire section of a stadium had to shout to be
heard.
Meanwhile it is possible that in some cases a
that they become images introduces other cave-
ats. Researchers must choose among and adjust
many different algorithms to extract an accurate
image, compensating along the way for varia-
tions in skull and brain configuration, movement
of subjects in the scanner, noise in the data, and
so on. This “chain of inferences,” as a recent Na-
ture Neuroscience article called it, offers much
opportunity for error.
Finally, most fMRI studies use univariate
processing, which critics say shortchanges the
distributed nature of neurodynamics. The charg-
es rise because univariate (literally “one vari-
able”) algorithms consider the data coming in
from each voxel during a scan as one sum, which
makes it impossible to know how the activity in
a particular voxel accrued (all at once, for in-
stance, or in several pulses) or how it related se-
quentially with activity in other voxels. Univar-
iate processing does see all the parts working—
thus the multiple areas lit up in most images—but
not in a way that shows how one area follows or
COPYRIGHT 2005 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.
• Question ...	

What do you make of these
fMRI test-retest correlations
for subjects engaged in six
sessions of the same activity
conducted over a period of six
weeks?	

!
0.56 0.75 0.00
0.42 0.69 0.25	

!
Mean = 0.45	

!
!
Jian Kong et. al., Test-retest study of fMRI signal
change evoked by electro-acupuncture stimulation, 	

Neuroimage. 2007 February 1; 34(3): 1171–1181.
These subjects engaged in a simple finger-tapping task and yet the
correlations ranged between 0 and 0.76 – imagine the subjects
were doing something useful! 	

!
A review of papers published in top-ranking journals, including
Science, concluded:	

“A disturbingly large and quite prominent segment
of fMRI scan research on emotion, personality and
social cognition is using seriously defective research
methods and producing a profusion of numbers that
should not be believed.”
!
Edward Vul1, Christine Harris, Piotr Winkielman and Harold Pashler, ‘Puzzlingly High Correlations in fMRI Studies of
Emotion, Personality, and Social Cognition’ Perspectives on Psychological Science, May 2009 vol. 4 no. 3 274-290.
Example of 	

a neuro-imaging research methodology	

‣ The subject was placed in a fMRI scanner.	

‣ Subject was shown a series of photographs depicting human
individuals in social situations with a specified emotional
valence. 	

‣ The subject was asked to determine what emotion one of the
individuals in the photo must have been experiencing.	

‣ Each photo was presented for 10 seconds followed by 12
seconds of rest. A total of 15 photos were displayed. 	

‣ Total scan time was 5.5 minutes.
This is the brain scan of the subject
“By complete, random chance, we found some voxels that
were significant ... [even though] the salmon was not
alive at the time of scanning.”
Craig Bennett, neuroscientist, University of California
“An fMRI study has shown that
men’s amygdalas light up when they view Ferraris”
!
!
What is wrong with this statement?
“An fMRI study demonstrated heightened activity in the
amygdala’s of Democrats and Republicans watching videos
of John Kerry and George W. Bush, concluding
the volunteers were actively trying to dislike the opposition”.	

!
!
What is wrong with this statement?
• Design flaws in fMRI studies	

‣ Less activity in frontal lobes and more in the amygdala of
adolescents than adults looking at black-and-white photographs of
faces of frightened middle-aged people. 	

But in a much less widely reported follow-up study using colour
photographs, adolescent subjects scored much like adults.	

‣ Over 30 studies found physiological markers of ADHD in children
but failed to control for the effects of their subjects’ Ritalin use.
• And guess what ...	

University students told of fictitious studies such as 	

“watching television improves maths ability” 	

judged results to be more scientific and believable 	

when presented in the form of brain scans 	

rather than in charts or words.
• Conceptual Problems with MRI	

‣ Parts of the brain appear again and again, serving different functions.	

‣ The same cognitive functions show up in different regions of the brain.	

‣ MRI are blind to the connectional anatomy of the human brain.	

‣ Activities subjects do are necessarily isolated and simple compared to
the everyday actions of humans. 	

‣ Conclusions subject to a long ‘chain of inferences’.	

‣ Often a confusion between correlation, causation and identity.	

‣ Results are extended way beyond their remit, e.g. 	

Neuroarthistory by John Onians. Professor Emeritus of World Art at the
University of East Anglia. 	

Time Magazine ran a “Guide to the Neuroscience of Shopping”
!=>
!!=>
!!!=>
<= !
<= !!
<= !!!
<= !!!!
fMRI sequence shows how grey matter is gradually replaced or
overgrown with white matter between ages 5 and 21.
NOTE: This statement refers to physical changes rather then mental acts.
Functional MRI can map the brain’s composition with exquisite clarity. This sequence shows how gray
matter is gradually replaced or overgrown with white matter between ages 5 and 21. A defense attorney
could ostensibly use such information to ask that a teenager convicted of a violent crime not be
sentenced as an adult since his cognitive capacity is not as fully developed.
Age 5
Age 8 Age 12
Age 16 Age 20
------------------------------------
>0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
Gray
matter
volume
IMAGESCOURTESYOFPAULTHOMPSON,KIRALEEHAYASHIANDARTHURTOGAUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles
ANDNITINGOGTAY,JAYGIEDDANDJUDITHRAPOPORTNationalInstituteofMentalHealth
EXERCISE
- Look around the room
!
[Lead group through exercise in changing attention.]
!
!
There is nothing in neuroscience that can remotely
explain what you all just did so easily.
“The majority of neuroimaging studies
I come across are so flawed,
either due to design or statistical errors,
they add virtually nothing to my knowledge.”
!
Daniel Bor	

PhD in cognitive neuroscience, Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge University. 	

Now at Sackler Centre For Consciousness Science, University of Sussex.
How can a layperson know what is a believable MRI study?
1. Our default attitude should be skepticism.
2. Go to blogs written by scientists.
3. Get answers to these questions:
✓ Are the stats properly corrected for multiple tests?
✓ Are the results replicated elsewhere?
✓ If activation areas are linked to a given function, are any other
functions previously linked to these brain regions?
✓ Are there any plausible alternative interpretations of the results?
Neuroscience
Myths
1891 - 1976	

!
!
!
What percentage of Wilder Penfield’s patients
experienced spontaneous memories when he
inserted an electrode into their brain?
Watch one minute video:	

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kNdM9JhTPJw
1 in 20
and contemporary surgeons have found it
difficult to replicate some of Penfield’s results.
!
Raymond Tallis, Aping Mankind (2011, p. 93)
“... allow us to grasp the minds of others not through
conceptual reasoning but through direct simulation.” 
Giacomo Rizzolatti, co-discover of mirror neurons in macaque monkeys 	

(New York Times, 10 Jan 2006, ‘Cells That Read Minds’)	

!
!
!
"... the driving force behind the great leap
forward in human evolution."
V.S. Ramachandran (2000)
Except that, most evidence for mirror neurons in
humans is indirect.
“Mirror neurons have not been demonstrated
unequivocally in humans”
Raymond Tallis, Aping Mankind (2011, p. 190)	

!
“fMRI’s resolution is not fine enough to distinguish whether
the neurons firing are mirror neurons or just motor cortex
neurons, which fire both when we think about an action and
when we actually perform an action.” 
!
Marco Iacoboni, a mirror neuron expert at the University of California, quoted in 	

Monkey See, Monkey Don't by Nikhil Swaminathan February 3, 2011 Scientific American Mind	

!
!
37
Neuroplasticity
!
In the 1960s Mark Rosenzweig
showed there were changes in the
brains of laboratory rats that were
raised in enriched or impoverished
environments.
!
An enriched cage slightly
enlarged the cortex on average and
the rats performed better on
problem solving tests.
This was the first demonstration
that experience causes the brain
structure to change.
!
1922 – 2009	

38
London taxi drivers have an
enlarged right posterior
hippocampus, which is the region
of the cortex thought to be involved
in navigation.
In musicians, the cerebellum is
larger and certain cortical regions
are thicker.
Bilinguals have a thicker cortex in
the lower part of the left parietal
lobe.
However ...	

!
“[Rosenzweig] did not prove that it was the thickening that
caused the improvement in the intelligence. We can only say
that cortical thickening with learning are correlated.
Furthermore, the correlation is weak, revealed only by averages
over groups. Cortical thickening is not a reliable predictor of
learning in individuals.”
!
Sebastian Seung 	

Connectome: How the Brain’s Wiring Makes Us Who We Are. (2012, p. 25)	

Professor of Computational Neuroscience at MIT.
Minds differ because neural networks differ.
Personality, IQ and memories are encoded in neural networks.
!
“Although this theory has been around for a long time,
neuroscientists still don’t know if it’s true. These ideas may
sound powerful, but there’s a catch: they have never been subjected
to conclusive experimental tests ... because neuroscientists have
lacked good techniques for mapping the connections between
neurons”
Sebastian Seung (2012) 	

Connectome: How the Brain’s Wiring Makes Us Who We Are. p. xiv-xx	

Professor of Computational Neuroscience at MIT.
Yes, but ...	

!
“Although this theory has been around for a long time,
neuroscientists still don’t know if it’s true. These ideas
may sound powerful, but there’s a catch: they have never
been subjected to conclusive experimental tests ... because
neuroscientists have lacked good techniques for mapping
the connections between neurons”
Sebastian Seung 	

Connectome: How the Brain’s Wiring Makes Us Who We Are. (2012, p. xiv-xx)
Thinking leading to Neuromania	

Mixing Logical Levels	

“There is only one sort of stuff, namely
matter – the physical stuff of physics,
chemistry and physiology – and the
mind is somehow nothing but a physical
phenomenon.
!
In short, the mind is the brain ... We can
(in principle!) account for every mental
phenomenon using physical principles,
laws and raw materials.”
Daniel Dennett, Consciousness Explained, p. 33
MATTER
CELLS
BRAIN
MIND
Thinking leading to Neuromania	

Mixing metaphors 	

“Nervous systems are information-processing machines.”
Patricia Churchland, Neurophilosophy.	

“The brain can now be described as an incredibly powerful
microprocessor, the mother of all motherboards.”
Dr Vinoth Ramachandra	

“Artificial intelligence is the science and engineering of
making intelligent machines.” John McCarthy
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Metaphor
Metaphor
Thinking leading to Neuromania	

Anthropomorphising 	

Animating the material world with human
characteristics, e.g. the brain doesn’t:	

calculate, signal, decide, detect, process,
notice, trick, fool or deceive us, light up,
represents, or store 	

(and nor do computers!)	

“When the reptilian brain takes over the
frontal cortex shuts down.”
“The amygdala stops talking to the
hypothalamus.”
“Anti-anxiety molecules”
Thinking leading to Neuromania	

Unwitting metonymy 	

‣ Mistaking a part for the whole. e.g.	

Nobel prize winner Eric Kandel claimed he 	

could capture “memory in a dish”.	

Localising a distributed, massively interconnected, 	

small-world network (<3 degrees of separation).	

!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
“The brain - that's my second most favourite organ!” Woody Allen
The truth is ...	

!
“As a neuroscientist myself, I have come to know firsthand
[the] feeling of dread [when] I speak to the public about the
state of our field. My audience [is] curious about brains that
malfunction or excel, but even the humdrum lacks
explanation.
Every day we recall the past, perceive the present, and imagine
the future. How do our brains accomplish these feats?
It’s safe to say that nobody really knows.”
!
Sebastian Seung
"To map the human brain at the cellular level, we're talking
about 1m petabytes of information. Most people think that
is more than the digital content of the world right now.
I'd settle for a mouse brain, but we're not even ready to do
that. We're still working on how to do one cubic millimetre."
!
"Sooner or later humans are going to have to confront the
fact that we don't know how the brain works."
!
!
Jeff Lichtman, Professor of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University	

quoted in The Guardian. 7 May 2012.
!
“Fifty years of research shows that
we don’t understand what neural networks are doing.”
!
!
Dr. Michael Harré, Principle Investigator at Large, 	

Centre for the Mind, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney
!
“There is no science of the individual”
!
!
Aristotle
References
Bateson, G., 1972, Steps to an Ecology of Mind, Ballantine.
Bateson, G., 1988, Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity, Bantam.
Bateson, G. & Bateson, M.C., 1988, Angels Fear: Towards an Epistemology of the Sacred, Bantum.
Bateson, G., 1991, A Sacred Unity: Further Steps to an Ecology of Mind, Harper Collins.
Begley, S., 2009, The Plastic Mind: New Science Reveals Our Extraordinary Potential to Transform Ourselves, Constable.
Blackmore, S., 2000, The Meme Machine, Oxford University Press.
Bloom, P. 2004 Descartes' Baby: How the Science of Child Development Explains What Makes Us Human, Arrow.
Calvin, W.H., 1996, The Cerebral Code: Thinking a Thought in the Mosaics of the Mind, MIT Press.
Capra, F., 1996, The Web of Life: A New Synthesis of Mind and Matter, Harper Collins.
Chalmers, D.J, 1996 The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory, Oxford University Press.
Claxton, G., 1997, Hare Brain Tortoise Mind: Why Intelligence Increases When You Think Less, Fourth Estate.
Claxton, G., 2006. The Wayward Mind: An Intimate History of the Unconscious, Abacus.
Cytowic, R.E., 1993/2003, The Man Who Tasted Shapes, MIT Press.
Damasio, A., 2006. Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain, Vintage.
Damasio, A., 2003, Looking for Spinoza: Joy, Sorrow and the Feeling Brain, Harcourt.
Damasio, A., 2000. The Feeling Of What Happens: Body, Emotion and the Making of Consciousness New ed., Vintage.
Dennett, D.C., 1993, Consciousness Explained, Penguin.
Dennett, D.C., 2004, Freedom Evolves, Penguin.
Doidge, N., 2008, The Brain That Changes Itself: Stories of Personal Triumph from the Frontiers of Brain Science, Penguin.
Donald, M., 2001, A Mind So Rare: The Evolution of Human Consciousness, Norton.
Dreyfus, H.L. & Dreyfus, S.E., 1988, Mind over Machine: The Power of Human Intuition and Expertise in the Era of the Computer, Free Press.
Edelman, G.M., 1992, Bright Air, Brilliant Fire: On the Matter of the Mind, Basic Books, Basic Books.
Edelman, G.M. & Tononi, G., 2000, The Universe of Consciousness: How Matter Becomes Imagination, Basic Books.
Freeman, W., 2000 How Brains Make Up Their Minds, Phoenix
Hauser, M. D., 2007 Moral Minds: The Nature of Right and Wrong, Harper Perennial.
Hofstadter, D., 2008, I Am A Strange Loop, Basic Books.
Huppert, F.A., Baylis, N. & Keverne, B., (eds) 2005, The Science of Well-Being, Oxford University Press.
Jaynes, J., 1990, The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind, Hougton Mifflin.
Kandel, E.R., 2007. In Search of Memory: The Emergence of a New Science of Mind, Norton
LeDoux, J., 1999. The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life 
Maturana, H.R. & Varela, F.J., 1992, The Tree of Knowledge: The Biological Roots of Human Understanding, Shambala.
McGilchrist, I., The Master and his Emissary: The Divided Brain and the Making of the Western World, Yale University Press.
Minsky, M., 2006, The Emotion Machine: Common Sense Thinking, Artificial Intelligence, and the Future of the Human Mind, Simon & Schuster
Montague, R., 2006. Why Choose this Book?: How We Make Decisions, Dutton.
Penrose, R., 1996. Shadows of the Mind: A Search for the Missing Science of Consciousness, Oxford University Press.
Pinker, S., 1998. How The Mind Works, The Softback Preview.
Pinker, S., 2007, The Stuff of Thought: Language as a Window into Human Nature, Allen Lane.
Plotkin, H., 2003, The Imagined World Made Real: Towards A Natural Science of Culture, Penguin.
Ramachandran, V.S. & Blakeslee, S., 1999. Phantoms in the Brain: Human Nature and the Architecture of the Mind, Fourth Estate.
Robertson, I., 2000, Mind Sculpture: Your Brain’s Untapped Potential, Bantum.
Rose, S., (ed) 1999, From Brains to Consciousness?: Essays on the New Sciences of the Mind, Penguin
Rose, S., 2006, The 21st Century Brain: Explaining, Mending and Manipulating the Mind, Vintage.
Searle, J.R., 1997, The Mystery of Consciousness, Granta.
Seung, S., 2012, Connectome: How the Brain’s Wiring Makes Us Who We Are, Allen Lane.
Sacks, O., 1986. The Man Who Mistook his Wife for a Hat, Picador.
Sacks, O, 1995. An Anthropologist on Mars, Picador.
Solso, R.L., & Massaro, D.W., 1995, The Science of the Mind: 2001 and Beyond, Oxford University Press.
Tallis, R, 2011. Aping Mankind: Neuromania, Darwinitis and the Misrepresentation of Humanity, Acumen.
Varela, F.J. & Thompson, E. & Rosch, E., 1993, The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience, MIT Press.
Zeman, A., 2002. Consciousness: a User's Guide, Yale University.

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Let’s master the digital toolkit to harness lifelong neuroplasticity
Let’s master the digital toolkit to harness lifelong neuroplasticityLet’s master the digital toolkit to harness lifelong neuroplasticity
Let’s master the digital toolkit to harness lifelong neuroplasticitySharpBrains
 
How can we har­ness the Human Brain Project to max­i­mize its future health a...
How can we har­ness the Human Brain Project to max­i­mize its future health a...How can we har­ness the Human Brain Project to max­i­mize its future health a...
How can we har­ness the Human Brain Project to max­i­mize its future health a...SharpBrains
 
Conversion of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) To Autonomous Neural Networks
Conversion of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) To Autonomous Neural NetworksConversion of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) To Autonomous Neural Networks
Conversion of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) To Autonomous Neural NetworksIJMER
 
Teaching Techniques: Neurotechnologies the way of the future (Stotler, 2019)
Teaching Techniques: Neurotechnologies the way of the future (Stotler, 2019)Teaching Techniques: Neurotechnologies the way of the future (Stotler, 2019)
Teaching Techniques: Neurotechnologies the way of the future (Stotler, 2019)Jacob Stotler
 
Alotaiby2014 article eeg_seizure_detectionandpredicti
Alotaiby2014 article eeg_seizure_detectionandpredictiAlotaiby2014 article eeg_seizure_detectionandpredicti
Alotaiby2014 article eeg_seizure_detectionandpredictiMuhammad Rizwan
 
15 Trends In Neurotechnologies That Will Change The World
15 Trends In Neurotechnologies That Will Change The World15 Trends In Neurotechnologies That Will Change The World
15 Trends In Neurotechnologies That Will Change The WorldNikita Lukianets
 
Techniques in measuring Brain Function
Techniques in measuring Brain FunctionTechniques in measuring Brain Function
Techniques in measuring Brain FunctionOrlando Pistan, MAEd
 
Cognitive processes
Cognitive processesCognitive processes
Cognitive processesMirzaNaadir
 
Zombies or Cyborgs: is Facebook Eating Your Brain?
Zombies or Cyborgs: is Facebook Eating Your Brain?Zombies or Cyborgs: is Facebook Eating Your Brain?
Zombies or Cyborgs: is Facebook Eating Your Brain?guestcf1e8d8
 
Resting-state fMRI: Beautiful Noise?
Resting-state fMRI: Beautiful Noise?Resting-state fMRI: Beautiful Noise?
Resting-state fMRI: Beautiful Noise?Micah Allen
 
qEEG AND Neurofeedback in mTBI -European Neuro Convention 2017
qEEG AND Neurofeedback in mTBI -European Neuro Convention 2017qEEG AND Neurofeedback in mTBI -European Neuro Convention 2017
qEEG AND Neurofeedback in mTBI -European Neuro Convention 2017Derek Jones
 
Open science resources for `Big Data' Analyses of the human connectome
Open science resources for `Big Data' Analyses of the human connectomeOpen science resources for `Big Data' Analyses of the human connectome
Open science resources for `Big Data' Analyses of the human connectomeCameron Craddock
 
6.1 Mary Morrell
6.1 Mary Morrell6.1 Mary Morrell
6.1 Mary Morrellmomentumbrn
 
Consciousness, Graph theory and brain network tsc 2017
Consciousness, Graph theory and brain network tsc 2017Consciousness, Graph theory and brain network tsc 2017
Consciousness, Graph theory and brain network tsc 2017Nir Lahav
 
Morse, Christian - LIBR 293 - Research Paper
Morse, Christian - LIBR 293 - Research PaperMorse, Christian - LIBR 293 - Research Paper
Morse, Christian - LIBR 293 - Research PaperChristian Morse
 
Mindreadingppt
MindreadingpptMindreadingppt
Mindreadingpptranjeetdon
 
ESOMAR Paper Mistry Warren
ESOMAR Paper Mistry WarrenESOMAR Paper Mistry Warren
ESOMAR Paper Mistry WarrenDipesh Mistry
 

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Let’s master the digital toolkit to harness lifelong neuroplasticity
Let’s master the digital toolkit to harness lifelong neuroplasticityLet’s master the digital toolkit to harness lifelong neuroplasticity
Let’s master the digital toolkit to harness lifelong neuroplasticity
 
How can we har­ness the Human Brain Project to max­i­mize its future health a...
How can we har­ness the Human Brain Project to max­i­mize its future health a...How can we har­ness the Human Brain Project to max­i­mize its future health a...
How can we har­ness the Human Brain Project to max­i­mize its future health a...
 
Conversion of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) To Autonomous Neural Networks
Conversion of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) To Autonomous Neural NetworksConversion of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) To Autonomous Neural Networks
Conversion of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) To Autonomous Neural Networks
 
Teaching Techniques: Neurotechnologies the way of the future (Stotler, 2019)
Teaching Techniques: Neurotechnologies the way of the future (Stotler, 2019)Teaching Techniques: Neurotechnologies the way of the future (Stotler, 2019)
Teaching Techniques: Neurotechnologies the way of the future (Stotler, 2019)
 
Alotaiby2014 article eeg_seizure_detectionandpredicti
Alotaiby2014 article eeg_seizure_detectionandpredictiAlotaiby2014 article eeg_seizure_detectionandpredicti
Alotaiby2014 article eeg_seizure_detectionandpredicti
 
15 Trends In Neurotechnologies That Will Change The World
15 Trends In Neurotechnologies That Will Change The World15 Trends In Neurotechnologies That Will Change The World
15 Trends In Neurotechnologies That Will Change The World
 
Techniques in measuring Brain Function
Techniques in measuring Brain FunctionTechniques in measuring Brain Function
Techniques in measuring Brain Function
 
Cognitive processes
Cognitive processesCognitive processes
Cognitive processes
 
Zombies or Cyborgs: is Facebook Eating Your Brain?
Zombies or Cyborgs: is Facebook Eating Your Brain?Zombies or Cyborgs: is Facebook Eating Your Brain?
Zombies or Cyborgs: is Facebook Eating Your Brain?
 
Resting-state fMRI: Beautiful Noise?
Resting-state fMRI: Beautiful Noise?Resting-state fMRI: Beautiful Noise?
Resting-state fMRI: Beautiful Noise?
 
Brain implants
Brain implantsBrain implants
Brain implants
 
K Zoo
K ZooK Zoo
K Zoo
 
qEEG AND Neurofeedback in mTBI -European Neuro Convention 2017
qEEG AND Neurofeedback in mTBI -European Neuro Convention 2017qEEG AND Neurofeedback in mTBI -European Neuro Convention 2017
qEEG AND Neurofeedback in mTBI -European Neuro Convention 2017
 
Open science resources for `Big Data' Analyses of the human connectome
Open science resources for `Big Data' Analyses of the human connectomeOpen science resources for `Big Data' Analyses of the human connectome
Open science resources for `Big Data' Analyses of the human connectome
 
6.1 Mary Morrell
6.1 Mary Morrell6.1 Mary Morrell
6.1 Mary Morrell
 
NCP_Thesis_Francesca_Bocca.pdf
NCP_Thesis_Francesca_Bocca.pdfNCP_Thesis_Francesca_Bocca.pdf
NCP_Thesis_Francesca_Bocca.pdf
 
Consciousness, Graph theory and brain network tsc 2017
Consciousness, Graph theory and brain network tsc 2017Consciousness, Graph theory and brain network tsc 2017
Consciousness, Graph theory and brain network tsc 2017
 
Morse, Christian - LIBR 293 - Research Paper
Morse, Christian - LIBR 293 - Research PaperMorse, Christian - LIBR 293 - Research Paper
Morse, Christian - LIBR 293 - Research Paper
 
Mindreadingppt
MindreadingpptMindreadingppt
Mindreadingppt
 
ESOMAR Paper Mistry Warren
ESOMAR Paper Mistry WarrenESOMAR Paper Mistry Warren
ESOMAR Paper Mistry Warren
 

Andere mochten auch

Maximising Serendipity - NLPtCA Conference 2013
Maximising Serendipity - NLPtCA Conference 2013Maximising Serendipity - NLPtCA Conference 2013
Maximising Serendipity - NLPtCA Conference 2013James Lawley
 
3 techniques for high quality communication on your agile teams
3 techniques for high quality communication on your agile teams3 techniques for high quality communication on your agile teams
3 techniques for high quality communication on your agile teamsAndrea Chiou
 
Brain Research for Teachers & Other Curious Souls, 2013 update
Brain Research for Teachers & Other Curious Souls, 2013 updateBrain Research for Teachers & Other Curious Souls, 2013 update
Brain Research for Teachers & Other Curious Souls, 2013 updateCarolyn K.
 
Principles of effective instruction
Principles of effective instructionPrinciples of effective instruction
Principles of effective instructionJL de Jesus
 
Effective teaching techniques dfs
Effective teaching techniques dfsEffective teaching techniques dfs
Effective teaching techniques dfsFarhana Shaheen
 
Laws of learning
Laws of learningLaws of learning
Laws of learningchezka8
 
The PRINCIPLES of LEARNING (Principles of Teaching 1)
The PRINCIPLES of LEARNING (Principles of Teaching 1)The PRINCIPLES of LEARNING (Principles of Teaching 1)
The PRINCIPLES of LEARNING (Principles of Teaching 1)Taguig City University
 
Interactive Teaching Strategies
Interactive Teaching StrategiesInteractive Teaching Strategies
Interactive Teaching StrategiesPinoy Guro
 
Financial planning in the brain scanner slidecast
Financial planning in the brain scanner slidecastFinancial planning in the brain scanner slidecast
Financial planning in the brain scanner slidecastRussell James
 
Presentation Internship Brain Connectivity Graph 2014 (ENG)
Presentation Internship Brain Connectivity Graph 2014 (ENG)Presentation Internship Brain Connectivity Graph 2014 (ENG)
Presentation Internship Brain Connectivity Graph 2014 (ENG)Romain Chion
 
How to read academic research (beginner's guide)
How to read academic research (beginner's guide)How to read academic research (beginner's guide)
How to read academic research (beginner's guide)Russell James
 
Talking Planned Giving: Words that Work
Talking Planned Giving: Words that Work Talking Planned Giving: Words that Work
Talking Planned Giving: Words that Work Russell James
 
ニューラル・ネットワークと技術革新の展望
ニューラル・ネットワークと技術革新の展望ニューラル・ネットワークと技術革新の展望
ニューラル・ネットワークと技術革新の展望maruyama097
 
Class 1 f_mri_intro
Class 1 f_mri_introClass 1 f_mri_intro
Class 1 f_mri_intro景淳 許
 
Survey on Frequent Pattern Mining on Graph Data - Slides
Survey on Frequent Pattern Mining on Graph Data - SlidesSurvey on Frequent Pattern Mining on Graph Data - Slides
Survey on Frequent Pattern Mining on Graph Data - SlidesKasun Gajasinghe
 
Lawley unitec clean interviewing
Lawley unitec clean interviewingLawley unitec clean interviewing
Lawley unitec clean interviewingJames Lawley
 
neuromarketing academic journal review
neuromarketing academic journal reviewneuromarketing academic journal review
neuromarketing academic journal reviewlittlemissdaebak
 

Andere mochten auch (20)

Maximising Serendipity - NLPtCA Conference 2013
Maximising Serendipity - NLPtCA Conference 2013Maximising Serendipity - NLPtCA Conference 2013
Maximising Serendipity - NLPtCA Conference 2013
 
3 techniques for high quality communication on your agile teams
3 techniques for high quality communication on your agile teams3 techniques for high quality communication on your agile teams
3 techniques for high quality communication on your agile teams
 
Effective Teaching
Effective TeachingEffective Teaching
Effective Teaching
 
Brain Research for Teachers & Other Curious Souls, 2013 update
Brain Research for Teachers & Other Curious Souls, 2013 updateBrain Research for Teachers & Other Curious Souls, 2013 update
Brain Research for Teachers & Other Curious Souls, 2013 update
 
Principles of effective instruction
Principles of effective instructionPrinciples of effective instruction
Principles of effective instruction
 
Effective teaching techniques dfs
Effective teaching techniques dfsEffective teaching techniques dfs
Effective teaching techniques dfs
 
Laws of learning
Laws of learningLaws of learning
Laws of learning
 
The PRINCIPLES of LEARNING (Principles of Teaching 1)
The PRINCIPLES of LEARNING (Principles of Teaching 1)The PRINCIPLES of LEARNING (Principles of Teaching 1)
The PRINCIPLES of LEARNING (Principles of Teaching 1)
 
Interactive Teaching Strategies
Interactive Teaching StrategiesInteractive Teaching Strategies
Interactive Teaching Strategies
 
Financial planning in the brain scanner slidecast
Financial planning in the brain scanner slidecastFinancial planning in the brain scanner slidecast
Financial planning in the brain scanner slidecast
 
Neuronvisio Intro
Neuronvisio IntroNeuronvisio Intro
Neuronvisio Intro
 
Presentation Internship Brain Connectivity Graph 2014 (ENG)
Presentation Internship Brain Connectivity Graph 2014 (ENG)Presentation Internship Brain Connectivity Graph 2014 (ENG)
Presentation Internship Brain Connectivity Graph 2014 (ENG)
 
How to read academic research (beginner's guide)
How to read academic research (beginner's guide)How to read academic research (beginner's guide)
How to read academic research (beginner's guide)
 
Talking Planned Giving: Words that Work
Talking Planned Giving: Words that Work Talking Planned Giving: Words that Work
Talking Planned Giving: Words that Work
 
Graph Theory
Graph TheoryGraph Theory
Graph Theory
 
ニューラル・ネットワークと技術革新の展望
ニューラル・ネットワークと技術革新の展望ニューラル・ネットワークと技術革新の展望
ニューラル・ネットワークと技術革新の展望
 
Class 1 f_mri_intro
Class 1 f_mri_introClass 1 f_mri_intro
Class 1 f_mri_intro
 
Survey on Frequent Pattern Mining on Graph Data - Slides
Survey on Frequent Pattern Mining on Graph Data - SlidesSurvey on Frequent Pattern Mining on Graph Data - Slides
Survey on Frequent Pattern Mining on Graph Data - Slides
 
Lawley unitec clean interviewing
Lawley unitec clean interviewingLawley unitec clean interviewing
Lawley unitec clean interviewing
 
neuromarketing academic journal review
neuromarketing academic journal reviewneuromarketing academic journal review
neuromarketing academic journal review
 

Ähnlich wie Neuroscience: Myths, Metaphors and Marketing

Model-Based Prediction Theory
Model-Based Prediction TheoryModel-Based Prediction Theory
Model-Based Prediction TheorySandy Harwell
 
What is going on in psychiatry when nothing seems to happen
What is going on in psychiatry when nothing seems to happenWhat is going on in psychiatry when nothing seems to happen
What is going on in psychiatry when nothing seems to happenAdonis Sfera, MD
 
METHODS IN INVESTIGATING COGNITION PPT
METHODS IN INVESTIGATING COGNITION PPTMETHODS IN INVESTIGATING COGNITION PPT
METHODS IN INVESTIGATING COGNITION PPTNiveditaMenonC
 
Computational neuropharmacology drug designing
Computational neuropharmacology drug designingComputational neuropharmacology drug designing
Computational neuropharmacology drug designingRevathi Boyina
 
NCC Poster final - OSCAR
NCC Poster final - OSCARNCC Poster final - OSCAR
NCC Poster final - OSCAREric Backus
 
A history of optogenetics the development of tools for controlling brain circ...
A history of optogenetics the development of tools for controlling brain circ...A history of optogenetics the development of tools for controlling brain circ...
A history of optogenetics the development of tools for controlling brain circ...merzak emerzak
 
Mirror Neurons And Motor Memory Formation Essay
Mirror Neurons And Motor Memory Formation EssayMirror Neurons And Motor Memory Formation Essay
Mirror Neurons And Motor Memory Formation EssayApril Lacey
 
Convolutional Networks
Convolutional NetworksConvolutional Networks
Convolutional NetworksNicole Savoie
 
Studying Epilepsy in Awake Head-Fixed Mice Using Microscopy, Electrophysiolog...
Studying Epilepsy in Awake Head-Fixed Mice Using Microscopy, Electrophysiolog...Studying Epilepsy in Awake Head-Fixed Mice Using Microscopy, Electrophysiolog...
Studying Epilepsy in Awake Head-Fixed Mice Using Microscopy, Electrophysiolog...InsideScientific
 
Animal Research Psychology
Animal Research PsychologyAnimal Research Psychology
Animal Research PsychologyKarina Thomas
 
Challenges Of Diffusion Flow Segination
Challenges Of Diffusion Flow SeginationChallenges Of Diffusion Flow Segination
Challenges Of Diffusion Flow SeginationMelanie Russell
 
Taking A Look At Electroencephalography
Taking A Look At ElectroencephalographyTaking A Look At Electroencephalography
Taking A Look At ElectroencephalographyBeth Hernandez
 
Neural Netwrok
Neural NetwrokNeural Netwrok
Neural NetwrokRabin BK
 
Train The Brain Therapeutic Interventions for APD and other Brain Disorders
Train The Brain Therapeutic Interventions for APD and other Brain DisordersTrain The Brain Therapeutic Interventions for APD and other Brain Disorders
Train The Brain Therapeutic Interventions for APD and other Brain DisordersLorraine Sgarlato
 
Final prasoon
Final prasoonFinal prasoon
Final prasoonp_ganesh
 

Ähnlich wie Neuroscience: Myths, Metaphors and Marketing (20)

Model-Based Prediction Theory
Model-Based Prediction TheoryModel-Based Prediction Theory
Model-Based Prediction Theory
 
What is going on in psychiatry when nothing seems to happen
What is going on in psychiatry when nothing seems to happenWhat is going on in psychiatry when nothing seems to happen
What is going on in psychiatry when nothing seems to happen
 
H177 Midterm Dezoysa
H177 Midterm DezoysaH177 Midterm Dezoysa
H177 Midterm Dezoysa
 
METHODS IN INVESTIGATING COGNITION PPT
METHODS IN INVESTIGATING COGNITION PPTMETHODS IN INVESTIGATING COGNITION PPT
METHODS IN INVESTIGATING COGNITION PPT
 
Neuromarketing
NeuromarketingNeuromarketing
Neuromarketing
 
Computational neuropharmacology drug designing
Computational neuropharmacology drug designingComputational neuropharmacology drug designing
Computational neuropharmacology drug designing
 
NCC Poster final - OSCAR
NCC Poster final - OSCARNCC Poster final - OSCAR
NCC Poster final - OSCAR
 
A history of optogenetics the development of tools for controlling brain circ...
A history of optogenetics the development of tools for controlling brain circ...A history of optogenetics the development of tools for controlling brain circ...
A history of optogenetics the development of tools for controlling brain circ...
 
Mirror Neurons And Motor Memory Formation Essay
Mirror Neurons And Motor Memory Formation EssayMirror Neurons And Motor Memory Formation Essay
Mirror Neurons And Motor Memory Formation Essay
 
Convolutional Networks
Convolutional NetworksConvolutional Networks
Convolutional Networks
 
blue brain
blue brainblue brain
blue brain
 
Brain Function
Brain FunctionBrain Function
Brain Function
 
Studying Epilepsy in Awake Head-Fixed Mice Using Microscopy, Electrophysiolog...
Studying Epilepsy in Awake Head-Fixed Mice Using Microscopy, Electrophysiolog...Studying Epilepsy in Awake Head-Fixed Mice Using Microscopy, Electrophysiolog...
Studying Epilepsy in Awake Head-Fixed Mice Using Microscopy, Electrophysiolog...
 
Animal Research Psychology
Animal Research PsychologyAnimal Research Psychology
Animal Research Psychology
 
Challenges Of Diffusion Flow Segination
Challenges Of Diffusion Flow SeginationChallenges Of Diffusion Flow Segination
Challenges Of Diffusion Flow Segination
 
Taking A Look At Electroencephalography
Taking A Look At ElectroencephalographyTaking A Look At Electroencephalography
Taking A Look At Electroencephalography
 
Neural Netwrok
Neural NetwrokNeural Netwrok
Neural Netwrok
 
Blue Brain
Blue BrainBlue Brain
Blue Brain
 
Train The Brain Therapeutic Interventions for APD and other Brain Disorders
Train The Brain Therapeutic Interventions for APD and other Brain DisordersTrain The Brain Therapeutic Interventions for APD and other Brain Disorders
Train The Brain Therapeutic Interventions for APD and other Brain Disorders
 
Final prasoon
Final prasoonFinal prasoon
Final prasoon
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen

Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.
Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.
Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.Vaikunthan Rajaratnam
 
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.kishan singh tomar
 
EXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung function
EXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung functionEXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung function
EXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung functionkrishnareddy157915
 
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.aarjukhadka22
 
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxationPhysiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxationMedicoseAcademics
 
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptxDNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptxMAsifAhmad
 
blood bank management system project report
blood bank management system project reportblood bank management system project report
blood bank management system project reportNARMADAPETROLEUMGAS
 
SGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA .pdf
SGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA    .pdfSGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA    .pdf
SGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA .pdfHongBiThi1
 
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functions
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functionsAUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functions
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functionsMedicoseAcademics
 
BENIGN BREAST DISEASE
BENIGN BREAST DISEASE BENIGN BREAST DISEASE
BENIGN BREAST DISEASE Mamatha Lakka
 
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN        RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdfSGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN        RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdfHongBiThi1
 
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacologypA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacologyDeepakDaniel9
 
Neurological history taking (2024) .
Neurological  history  taking  (2024)  .Neurological  history  taking  (2024)  .
Neurological history taking (2024) .Mohamed Rizk Khodair
 
Male Infertility, Antioxidants and Beyond
Male Infertility, Antioxidants and BeyondMale Infertility, Antioxidants and Beyond
Male Infertility, Antioxidants and BeyondSujoy Dasgupta
 
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D. Bawankar.ppt
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D.  Bawankar.pptPharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D.  Bawankar.ppt
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D. Bawankar.pptRamDBawankar1
 
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.whalesdesign
 
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing student
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing studentCPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing student
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing studentsaileshpanda05
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.
Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.
Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.
 
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
 
EXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung function
EXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung functionEXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung function
EXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung function
 
How to master Steroid (glucocorticoids) prescription, different scenarios, ca...
How to master Steroid (glucocorticoids) prescription, different scenarios, ca...How to master Steroid (glucocorticoids) prescription, different scenarios, ca...
How to master Steroid (glucocorticoids) prescription, different scenarios, ca...
 
Immune labs basics part 1 acute phase reactants ESR, CRP Ahmed Yehia Ismaeel,...
Immune labs basics part 1 acute phase reactants ESR, CRP Ahmed Yehia Ismaeel,...Immune labs basics part 1 acute phase reactants ESR, CRP Ahmed Yehia Ismaeel,...
Immune labs basics part 1 acute phase reactants ESR, CRP Ahmed Yehia Ismaeel,...
 
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.
 
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxationPhysiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
 
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptxDNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
 
blood bank management system project report
blood bank management system project reportblood bank management system project report
blood bank management system project report
 
SGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA .pdf
SGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA    .pdfSGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA    .pdf
SGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA .pdf
 
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functions
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functionsAUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functions
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functions
 
BENIGN BREAST DISEASE
BENIGN BREAST DISEASE BENIGN BREAST DISEASE
BENIGN BREAST DISEASE
 
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN        RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdfSGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN        RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
 
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacologypA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
 
Neurological history taking (2024) .
Neurological  history  taking  (2024)  .Neurological  history  taking  (2024)  .
Neurological history taking (2024) .
 
Male Infertility, Antioxidants and Beyond
Male Infertility, Antioxidants and BeyondMale Infertility, Antioxidants and Beyond
Male Infertility, Antioxidants and Beyond
 
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D. Bawankar.ppt
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D.  Bawankar.pptPharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D.  Bawankar.ppt
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D. Bawankar.ppt
 
American College of physicians ACP high value care recommendations in rheumat...
American College of physicians ACP high value care recommendations in rheumat...American College of physicians ACP high value care recommendations in rheumat...
American College of physicians ACP high value care recommendations in rheumat...
 
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
 
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing student
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing studentCPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing student
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing student
 

Neuroscience: Myths, Metaphors and Marketing

  • 1. Neuroscience Myths, Metaphors and Marketing. ! James Lawley NLPtCA Conference 2012 www.cleanlanguange.co.uk 1
  • 2. Policy Statement I admire the scope, scale and achievement of neuroscience. This talk is not intended to diminish the work of any neuroscientist or psychotherapist. My aim is to help us distinguish between: – quality neuroscience and inferences drawn therefrom and – what Raymond Tallis calls “Neuromania”. 2 James Lawley
  • 3. EXERCISE ! 1.Name a piece of neurological research that has influenced the way you do therapy. 2.What do you do differently with your clients as a result of the research?
  • 4. Watch first two minutes of video : http://www.schoolsworld.tv/node/2887
  • 5. A connectome is the totality of connections between the neurons in a nervous system.
  • 6. A connectome of C. elegans roundworm 1 mm in length 302 neurons.
  • 7. What do you make of this quote from a leading psychotherapist?: ! “The role of the psychotherapist is brought into a new light through the implications of working with psychoneuroimmunology. ... Validating the client’s model of the world and negative feelings, the therapist enables neurotransmitters associated with the negative state to be released from the subcortex and the existing neural networks activated.” 7
  • 8. And this one?: “As soon as the client accesses the future-oriented state, the neurological potential is then created for change to happen. Solution-oriented therapy ... ensures that the client fires the neurological pathway a number of times in therapy, making it easier to re-access once the session has ended. ... This process reinforces the ‘not problem’ state, again reinforcing positive neurological patterning. At this next session, we both noted that he could more easily move towards future-oriented thinking ... This was evidence that the neurological re-patterning that we had done in the previous week had started to work.”
  • 9. “As soon as the client accesses the future-oriented state, the neurological potential is then created for change to happen. Solution-oriented therapy ... ensures that the client fires the neurological pathway a number of times in therapy, making it easier to re-access once the session has ended. ... This process reinforces the ‘not problem’ state, again reinforcing positive neurological patterning. At this next session, we both noted that he could more easily move towards future-oriented thinking ... This was evidence that the neurological re-patterning that we had done in the previous week had started to work.” psycho Does changing one prefix change the meaning?: psycho psycho psycho
  • 10. “Your prefrontal cortex is the biological seat of your conscious interactions with the world. It’s the part of your brain central to thinking things through. ... Getting everything ‘just right’ for the prefrontal cortex is what Emily needs to learns to do, to get on top of the extra information she is juggling in her new job.” ! David Rock, Your Brain at Work p. 6  ! ! “A question I ask my clients all time is: What does your brain need right now to move forward?” ! David Rock, A Brain-Based Approach to Coaching, International Journal of Coaching in Organizations 2006 4(2) What do you think Emily and other clients make of this question?
  • 11. “[Neuro-talk] is often accompanied by a picture of a brain scan, that fast-acting solvent of critical faculties.” Matthew Crawford ‘The Limits of Neuro-Talk’
  • 12. CAT Computed axial tomography DOT Diffuse optical tomography EEG Electroencephalography EROS Event-related optical signal MEG Magnetoencephalography MRI Magnetic resonance imaging (structural) fMRI Functional MRI dMRI Diffusion MRI NIRS Near infrared spectroscopy PET Positron emission tomography SPECT Single-photon emission computed tomography BRAIN IMAGINING TECHNIQUES
  • 13. Can you guess what experience this brain scan is showing ?
  • 14. An image of the brain of Nan Wise, who volunteered to have an orgasm while inside an fMRI
  • 15. • Technical Problems with fMRI ‣ Measures oxygen in the blood as a proxy for brain activity. Millions of neurons have to be activated for a change in blood flow to be detected. ‣ Neuronal activity lasts milliseconds while detected changes in blood flow lag by 2-10 seconds. ‣ Brain is changing all the time – somewhere is always ‘lit up’. ‣ Images made up of voxels, each representing at best 10,000+ neurons. ‣ Each scan has 50,000 data points; thousands of scans in a study means many millions of comparisons. Massively complex analysis required – 7 million lines of code. ‣ A big problem is false positives – thousands of published studies conducted without corrections for false positives. ‣ Some researchers pick out the ‘best’ results. ‣ Spurious ‘brain activity’ related to non-existent tasks found with standard settings on the most popular fMRI analysis software.
  • 16. Functional MRI scans of six people who took the same spatial memory test tal functions to particular brain regions. Critics feel that fMRI overlooks the networked or dis- tributed nature of the brain’s workings, empha- sizing localized activity when it is the communi- cation among regions that is most critical to men- tal function. “This is a very gross technique,” says critic Steven Faux , who heads the psychology depart- ment at Drake University. “It’s like a blurry pho- to—better than no photo but still blurry, with real limitations that are too often overlooked. It’s very easy to overextend [the value of] this technology.” Many fMRI practitioners seem bewildered that this powerful new tool has created contro- versy. “It is a huge surprise to me how big this issue has become,” says Marcus E. Raichle, a Washington University neurologist who has re- searched brain scanning for more than two decades. Vague Precision Brain imaging began with an early 20th-cen- tury method called pneumoencephalography, a dangerous procedure in which the skull’s cere- brospinal fluid was replaced with air to show the brain more clearly on x-ray. The angiograph, de- veloped in the 1920s, produced improved results The 1970s also brought the first functional imaging technology—scans designed to show not just how the brain is structured but how it functions. Positron emission tomography (PET) measures increases in blood flow associated with neuronal activity, giving a sense of which neu- rons may be processing information. A subject is injected with radioactive elements that tag molecules such as glucose that are delivered to the brain by blood. The tags emit positrons and reveal the relative rates at which cells consume the glucose, a marker of which cells are active during mental processes. The scans are captivat- ing, but there are a number of drawbacks. Sub- jects worry about taking in radioactive material; the process requires the better part of an hour for a scan; and the images provide a rather broad temporal resolution of 60 seconds (meaning it takes that long to measure the blood flow to an area) and a spatial resolution of six to nine cubic millimeters—large for a nuanced understanding of what is happening. In contrast, fMRI can scan a brain cross sec- tion in less than two seconds, enabling it to mod- el most of the brain in one to two minutes. It can work at spatial resolutions as fine as two to three cubic millimeters, although in practice it usually collects information in voxels (a term that merg- Functional MRI scans of six people who took the same spatial memory test show how varied brain activation pat- terns can be. Scientists must design fMRI ex- periments care- fully to avoid misleading conclusions. sconsin–Milwaukee www.sciammind.com 27 flow rises. Doubts about whether these increases correspond to actual neuronal activity have been answered by several studies tying blood flow di- rectly to neuron signaling, including recent ani- mal models that used probes to match the firing of individual neurons to the heightened flow seen in fMRI scans. Yet the link is decidedly rough. Abigail A. Baird, a Dartmouth College psychologist who uses fMRI to study brain changes during adoles- cence, puts it succinctly: “Hemodynamic re- sponse is a sloppy thing.” For starters, neuronal action takes milliseconds, whereas the blood surge follows by two to six seconds; a detected increase in blood flow therefore might be “feed- ing” more than one operation. In addition, be- cause each voxel encompasses thousands of neu- rons, thousands or even millions may have to fire to significantly light up a region; it is as if an entire section of a stadium had to shout to be heard. Meanwhile it is possible that in some cases a that they become images introduces other cave- ats. Researchers must choose among and adjust many different algorithms to extract an accurate image, compensating along the way for varia- tions in skull and brain configuration, movement of subjects in the scanner, noise in the data, and so on. This “chain of inferences,” as a recent Na- ture Neuroscience article called it, offers much opportunity for error. Finally, most fMRI studies use univariate processing, which critics say shortchanges the distributed nature of neurodynamics. The charg- es rise because univariate (literally “one vari- able”) algorithms consider the data coming in from each voxel during a scan as one sum, which makes it impossible to know how the activity in a particular voxel accrued (all at once, for in- stance, or in several pulses) or how it related se- quentially with activity in other voxels. Univar- iate processing does see all the parts working— thus the multiple areas lit up in most images—but not in a way that shows how one area follows or COPYRIGHT 2005 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.
  • 17. • Question ... What do you make of these fMRI test-retest correlations for subjects engaged in six sessions of the same activity conducted over a period of six weeks? ! 0.56 0.75 0.00 0.42 0.69 0.25 ! Mean = 0.45 ! ! Jian Kong et. al., Test-retest study of fMRI signal change evoked by electro-acupuncture stimulation, Neuroimage. 2007 February 1; 34(3): 1171–1181.
  • 18. These subjects engaged in a simple finger-tapping task and yet the correlations ranged between 0 and 0.76 – imagine the subjects were doing something useful! ! A review of papers published in top-ranking journals, including Science, concluded: “A disturbingly large and quite prominent segment of fMRI scan research on emotion, personality and social cognition is using seriously defective research methods and producing a profusion of numbers that should not be believed.” ! Edward Vul1, Christine Harris, Piotr Winkielman and Harold Pashler, ‘Puzzlingly High Correlations in fMRI Studies of Emotion, Personality, and Social Cognition’ Perspectives on Psychological Science, May 2009 vol. 4 no. 3 274-290.
  • 19. Example of a neuro-imaging research methodology ‣ The subject was placed in a fMRI scanner. ‣ Subject was shown a series of photographs depicting human individuals in social situations with a specified emotional valence. ‣ The subject was asked to determine what emotion one of the individuals in the photo must have been experiencing. ‣ Each photo was presented for 10 seconds followed by 12 seconds of rest. A total of 15 photos were displayed. ‣ Total scan time was 5.5 minutes.
  • 20. This is the brain scan of the subject
  • 21. “By complete, random chance, we found some voxels that were significant ... [even though] the salmon was not alive at the time of scanning.” Craig Bennett, neuroscientist, University of California
  • 22. “An fMRI study has shown that men’s amygdalas light up when they view Ferraris” ! ! What is wrong with this statement?
  • 23. “An fMRI study demonstrated heightened activity in the amygdala’s of Democrats and Republicans watching videos of John Kerry and George W. Bush, concluding the volunteers were actively trying to dislike the opposition”. ! ! What is wrong with this statement?
  • 24. • Design flaws in fMRI studies ‣ Less activity in frontal lobes and more in the amygdala of adolescents than adults looking at black-and-white photographs of faces of frightened middle-aged people. But in a much less widely reported follow-up study using colour photographs, adolescent subjects scored much like adults. ‣ Over 30 studies found physiological markers of ADHD in children but failed to control for the effects of their subjects’ Ritalin use.
  • 25. • And guess what ... University students told of fictitious studies such as “watching television improves maths ability” judged results to be more scientific and believable when presented in the form of brain scans rather than in charts or words.
  • 26. • Conceptual Problems with MRI ‣ Parts of the brain appear again and again, serving different functions. ‣ The same cognitive functions show up in different regions of the brain. ‣ MRI are blind to the connectional anatomy of the human brain. ‣ Activities subjects do are necessarily isolated and simple compared to the everyday actions of humans. ‣ Conclusions subject to a long ‘chain of inferences’. ‣ Often a confusion between correlation, causation and identity. ‣ Results are extended way beyond their remit, e.g. Neuroarthistory by John Onians. Professor Emeritus of World Art at the University of East Anglia. Time Magazine ran a “Guide to the Neuroscience of Shopping”
  • 28. <= ! <= !! <= !!! <= !!!!
  • 29. fMRI sequence shows how grey matter is gradually replaced or overgrown with white matter between ages 5 and 21. NOTE: This statement refers to physical changes rather then mental acts. Functional MRI can map the brain’s composition with exquisite clarity. This sequence shows how gray matter is gradually replaced or overgrown with white matter between ages 5 and 21. A defense attorney could ostensibly use such information to ask that a teenager convicted of a violent crime not be sentenced as an adult since his cognitive capacity is not as fully developed. Age 5 Age 8 Age 12 Age 16 Age 20 ------------------------------------ >0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 Gray matter volume IMAGESCOURTESYOFPAULTHOMPSON,KIRALEEHAYASHIANDARTHURTOGAUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles ANDNITINGOGTAY,JAYGIEDDANDJUDITHRAPOPORTNationalInstituteofMentalHealth
  • 30. EXERCISE - Look around the room ! [Lead group through exercise in changing attention.] ! ! There is nothing in neuroscience that can remotely explain what you all just did so easily.
  • 31. “The majority of neuroimaging studies I come across are so flawed, either due to design or statistical errors, they add virtually nothing to my knowledge.” ! Daniel Bor PhD in cognitive neuroscience, Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge University. Now at Sackler Centre For Consciousness Science, University of Sussex.
  • 32. How can a layperson know what is a believable MRI study? 1. Our default attitude should be skepticism. 2. Go to blogs written by scientists. 3. Get answers to these questions: ✓ Are the stats properly corrected for multiple tests? ✓ Are the results replicated elsewhere? ✓ If activation areas are linked to a given function, are any other functions previously linked to these brain regions? ✓ Are there any plausible alternative interpretations of the results?
  • 34. 1891 - 1976 ! ! ! What percentage of Wilder Penfield’s patients experienced spontaneous memories when he inserted an electrode into their brain? Watch one minute video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kNdM9JhTPJw
  • 35. 1 in 20 and contemporary surgeons have found it difficult to replicate some of Penfield’s results. ! Raymond Tallis, Aping Mankind (2011, p. 93)
  • 36. “... allow us to grasp the minds of others not through conceptual reasoning but through direct simulation.”  Giacomo Rizzolatti, co-discover of mirror neurons in macaque monkeys (New York Times, 10 Jan 2006, ‘Cells That Read Minds’) ! ! ! "... the driving force behind the great leap forward in human evolution." V.S. Ramachandran (2000)
  • 37. Except that, most evidence for mirror neurons in humans is indirect. “Mirror neurons have not been demonstrated unequivocally in humans” Raymond Tallis, Aping Mankind (2011, p. 190) ! “fMRI’s resolution is not fine enough to distinguish whether the neurons firing are mirror neurons or just motor cortex neurons, which fire both when we think about an action and when we actually perform an action.”  ! Marco Iacoboni, a mirror neuron expert at the University of California, quoted in Monkey See, Monkey Don't by Nikhil Swaminathan February 3, 2011 Scientific American Mind ! ! 37
  • 38. Neuroplasticity ! In the 1960s Mark Rosenzweig showed there were changes in the brains of laboratory rats that were raised in enriched or impoverished environments. ! An enriched cage slightly enlarged the cortex on average and the rats performed better on problem solving tests. This was the first demonstration that experience causes the brain structure to change. ! 1922 – 2009 38
  • 39. London taxi drivers have an enlarged right posterior hippocampus, which is the region of the cortex thought to be involved in navigation. In musicians, the cerebellum is larger and certain cortical regions are thicker. Bilinguals have a thicker cortex in the lower part of the left parietal lobe.
  • 40. However ... ! “[Rosenzweig] did not prove that it was the thickening that caused the improvement in the intelligence. We can only say that cortical thickening with learning are correlated. Furthermore, the correlation is weak, revealed only by averages over groups. Cortical thickening is not a reliable predictor of learning in individuals.” ! Sebastian Seung Connectome: How the Brain’s Wiring Makes Us Who We Are. (2012, p. 25) Professor of Computational Neuroscience at MIT.
  • 41. Minds differ because neural networks differ. Personality, IQ and memories are encoded in neural networks. ! “Although this theory has been around for a long time, neuroscientists still don’t know if it’s true. These ideas may sound powerful, but there’s a catch: they have never been subjected to conclusive experimental tests ... because neuroscientists have lacked good techniques for mapping the connections between neurons” Sebastian Seung (2012) Connectome: How the Brain’s Wiring Makes Us Who We Are. p. xiv-xx Professor of Computational Neuroscience at MIT.
  • 42. Yes, but ... ! “Although this theory has been around for a long time, neuroscientists still don’t know if it’s true. These ideas may sound powerful, but there’s a catch: they have never been subjected to conclusive experimental tests ... because neuroscientists have lacked good techniques for mapping the connections between neurons” Sebastian Seung Connectome: How the Brain’s Wiring Makes Us Who We Are. (2012, p. xiv-xx)
  • 43. Thinking leading to Neuromania Mixing Logical Levels “There is only one sort of stuff, namely matter – the physical stuff of physics, chemistry and physiology – and the mind is somehow nothing but a physical phenomenon. ! In short, the mind is the brain ... We can (in principle!) account for every mental phenomenon using physical principles, laws and raw materials.” Daniel Dennett, Consciousness Explained, p. 33 MATTER CELLS BRAIN MIND
  • 44. Thinking leading to Neuromania Mixing metaphors “Nervous systems are information-processing machines.” Patricia Churchland, Neurophilosophy. “The brain can now be described as an incredibly powerful microprocessor, the mother of all motherboards.” Dr Vinoth Ramachandra “Artificial intelligence is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines.” John McCarthy ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Metaphor Metaphor
  • 45. Thinking leading to Neuromania Anthropomorphising Animating the material world with human characteristics, e.g. the brain doesn’t: calculate, signal, decide, detect, process, notice, trick, fool or deceive us, light up, represents, or store (and nor do computers!) “When the reptilian brain takes over the frontal cortex shuts down.” “The amygdala stops talking to the hypothalamus.” “Anti-anxiety molecules”
  • 46. Thinking leading to Neuromania Unwitting metonymy ‣ Mistaking a part for the whole. e.g. Nobel prize winner Eric Kandel claimed he could capture “memory in a dish”. Localising a distributed, massively interconnected, small-world network (<3 degrees of separation). ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! “The brain - that's my second most favourite organ!” Woody Allen
  • 47. The truth is ... ! “As a neuroscientist myself, I have come to know firsthand [the] feeling of dread [when] I speak to the public about the state of our field. My audience [is] curious about brains that malfunction or excel, but even the humdrum lacks explanation. Every day we recall the past, perceive the present, and imagine the future. How do our brains accomplish these feats? It’s safe to say that nobody really knows.” ! Sebastian Seung
  • 48. "To map the human brain at the cellular level, we're talking about 1m petabytes of information. Most people think that is more than the digital content of the world right now. I'd settle for a mouse brain, but we're not even ready to do that. We're still working on how to do one cubic millimetre." ! "Sooner or later humans are going to have to confront the fact that we don't know how the brain works." ! ! Jeff Lichtman, Professor of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University quoted in The Guardian. 7 May 2012.
  • 49. ! “Fifty years of research shows that we don’t understand what neural networks are doing.” ! ! Dr. Michael Harré, Principle Investigator at Large, Centre for the Mind, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney
  • 50. ! “There is no science of the individual” ! ! Aristotle
  • 51. References Bateson, G., 1972, Steps to an Ecology of Mind, Ballantine. Bateson, G., 1988, Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity, Bantam. Bateson, G. & Bateson, M.C., 1988, Angels Fear: Towards an Epistemology of the Sacred, Bantum. Bateson, G., 1991, A Sacred Unity: Further Steps to an Ecology of Mind, Harper Collins. Begley, S., 2009, The Plastic Mind: New Science Reveals Our Extraordinary Potential to Transform Ourselves, Constable. Blackmore, S., 2000, The Meme Machine, Oxford University Press. Bloom, P. 2004 Descartes' Baby: How the Science of Child Development Explains What Makes Us Human, Arrow. Calvin, W.H., 1996, The Cerebral Code: Thinking a Thought in the Mosaics of the Mind, MIT Press. Capra, F., 1996, The Web of Life: A New Synthesis of Mind and Matter, Harper Collins. Chalmers, D.J, 1996 The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory, Oxford University Press. Claxton, G., 1997, Hare Brain Tortoise Mind: Why Intelligence Increases When You Think Less, Fourth Estate. Claxton, G., 2006. The Wayward Mind: An Intimate History of the Unconscious, Abacus. Cytowic, R.E., 1993/2003, The Man Who Tasted Shapes, MIT Press. Damasio, A., 2006. Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain, Vintage. Damasio, A., 2003, Looking for Spinoza: Joy, Sorrow and the Feeling Brain, Harcourt. Damasio, A., 2000. The Feeling Of What Happens: Body, Emotion and the Making of Consciousness New ed., Vintage. Dennett, D.C., 1993, Consciousness Explained, Penguin. Dennett, D.C., 2004, Freedom Evolves, Penguin. Doidge, N., 2008, The Brain That Changes Itself: Stories of Personal Triumph from the Frontiers of Brain Science, Penguin. Donald, M., 2001, A Mind So Rare: The Evolution of Human Consciousness, Norton. Dreyfus, H.L. & Dreyfus, S.E., 1988, Mind over Machine: The Power of Human Intuition and Expertise in the Era of the Computer, Free Press. Edelman, G.M., 1992, Bright Air, Brilliant Fire: On the Matter of the Mind, Basic Books, Basic Books. Edelman, G.M. & Tononi, G., 2000, The Universe of Consciousness: How Matter Becomes Imagination, Basic Books. Freeman, W., 2000 How Brains Make Up Their Minds, Phoenix Hauser, M. D., 2007 Moral Minds: The Nature of Right and Wrong, Harper Perennial. Hofstadter, D., 2008, I Am A Strange Loop, Basic Books. Huppert, F.A., Baylis, N. & Keverne, B., (eds) 2005, The Science of Well-Being, Oxford University Press. Jaynes, J., 1990, The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind, Hougton Mifflin. Kandel, E.R., 2007. In Search of Memory: The Emergence of a New Science of Mind, Norton LeDoux, J., 1999. The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life Maturana, H.R. & Varela, F.J., 1992, The Tree of Knowledge: The Biological Roots of Human Understanding, Shambala. McGilchrist, I., The Master and his Emissary: The Divided Brain and the Making of the Western World, Yale University Press. Minsky, M., 2006, The Emotion Machine: Common Sense Thinking, Artificial Intelligence, and the Future of the Human Mind, Simon & Schuster Montague, R., 2006. Why Choose this Book?: How We Make Decisions, Dutton. Penrose, R., 1996. Shadows of the Mind: A Search for the Missing Science of Consciousness, Oxford University Press. Pinker, S., 1998. How The Mind Works, The Softback Preview. Pinker, S., 2007, The Stuff of Thought: Language as a Window into Human Nature, Allen Lane. Plotkin, H., 2003, The Imagined World Made Real: Towards A Natural Science of Culture, Penguin. Ramachandran, V.S. & Blakeslee, S., 1999. Phantoms in the Brain: Human Nature and the Architecture of the Mind, Fourth Estate. Robertson, I., 2000, Mind Sculpture: Your Brain’s Untapped Potential, Bantum. Rose, S., (ed) 1999, From Brains to Consciousness?: Essays on the New Sciences of the Mind, Penguin Rose, S., 2006, The 21st Century Brain: Explaining, Mending and Manipulating the Mind, Vintage. Searle, J.R., 1997, The Mystery of Consciousness, Granta. Seung, S., 2012, Connectome: How the Brain’s Wiring Makes Us Who We Are, Allen Lane. Sacks, O., 1986. The Man Who Mistook his Wife for a Hat, Picador. Sacks, O, 1995. An Anthropologist on Mars, Picador. Solso, R.L., & Massaro, D.W., 1995, The Science of the Mind: 2001 and Beyond, Oxford University Press. Tallis, R, 2011. Aping Mankind: Neuromania, Darwinitis and the Misrepresentation of Humanity, Acumen. Varela, F.J. & Thompson, E. & Rosch, E., 1993, The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience, MIT Press. Zeman, A., 2002. Consciousness: a User's Guide, Yale University.

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. \n
  2. \n
  3. \n
  4. \n
  5. \n
  6. \n
  7. \n
  8. \n
  9. \n
  10. \n
  11. \n
  12. \n
  13. \n
  14. \n
  15. \n
  16. \n
  17. \n
  18. \n
  19. \n
  20. \n
  21. \n
  22. \n
  23. \n
  24. \n
  25. \n
  26. \n
  27. \n
  28. \n
  29. \n
  30. \n
  31. \n
  32. \n
  33. \n
  34. \n
  35. \n
  36. \n
  37. \n
  38. \n
  39. \n
  40. \n
  41. \n
  42. \n
  43. \n
  44. \n
  45. \n
  46. \n
  47. \n
  48. \n
  49. \n
  50. \n
  51. \n