This document summarizes the empires and borderlands of early medieval Europe from 400-1000 AD. It discusses the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in England, the Visigothic kingdom in Spain, the Lombard kingdom in Italy, and the Frankish kingdom in Gaul. It also covers the growth of the papacy, conversion of the Anglo-Saxons and Irish, rise of monasticism and learning, the Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne, and the rise of feudalism. The period saw the decline of the Roman Empire, invasion of Germanic tribes, growth of the Franks, and establishment of new political structures across Europe.