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The male and female repro ib master
1. The Male And Female
Reproductive
Systems
(Letâs Keep it clean,
people!)
2. Sex Cell Production
ïź In most animals cells are produced in 2
ways:
ïź Mitosis â cell reproduction; asexual
ïź Meiosis â sex cell production; produces 4
gametes that are genetically non-identical
3. Variations
ïź Mainly during Meiosis:
â Crossing Over â recombination of genes
â Independent assortment of chromosomes
â Mutation â produces new characteristics that
can be passed â only in sex cells
5. Parts to the System
ïź PARTS AND FUNCTIONS:
ïź In Scrotum
â Testes â produce sperm in tightly coiled tubes:
Seminiferous Tubules - meiosis
â Interstitial Cells â in between seminiferous tubules:
produce TESTOSTERONE
â Epididymis â stores maturing sperm
ïź Tubes
â Vas Deferens â carries sperm from epididymis to urethra.
â Urethra â in penis. Exit point for sperm
ïź Food and Travel -
â Seminal Vesicles â releases âsugarsâ
â Prostate Gland â releases alkaline solution
â Cowperâs Gland â fluid to lubricate urethra, flush out urine
ïź Hormones:
â GnRH stimulates production of FSH and LH(ICSH)
6. HORMONES and NEGATIVE
FEEDBACK
ïź GnRH stimulates the pituitary to release LH and FSH
ïź LH stimulates the production of testosterone.
ïź FSH works on âsartoliâ cells to provide nourishment for
sperm.
ïź Sartoli cells produce a hormone âinhibinâ which inhibits
the pituitary and hypothalamus resulting in lower levels
of FSH
ïź HIGH LEVELS OF TESTOSTERONE PRODUCES NEGATIVE
FEEDBACK ON THE PITUITARY GLAND DECREASING
LEVELS OF LH (ICRH).
15. Parts and Functions
ïź Parts and Functions:
â Ovaries âeggs produced in cavities:
FOLLICLES. Released at Ovulation.
â Oviduct â passageway for egg. SITE of
fertilization
â Uterus â muscular, pear shaped. Holds
developing organism
â Cervix â lower end of uterus
â Vagina â entry point for sperm. Exit
point for Fetus. Birth Canal.
19. ïź General: Hormones from Glands control cycle:
â Hypothalamus(in brain): GnRHâŠâŠ.secreted to
Pituitary:
ï§ FSH â
â Stimulates growth of egg
â Stimulates secretion of estrogen
ï§ LH â
â Stimulates ovulation
â Stimulates empty follicle to convert to corpus luteum
â Stimulates corpus luteum to secrete estrogen and progesterone
â Ovary
ï§ Estrogen
â Stimulates repair and growth of the uterus
ï§ Progesterone
â Stimulates and maintains growth of the uterine lining
20. Stages of Menstruation
ïź Menstruation â (5 days)
â Egg not fertilized
â Inner Uterine lining (endometrium) breaks down and passes out of the
vagina(with the egg).
ïź Follicle Stage â (9 days)
â FSH production increases
â Follicles in ovaries develop. (oocyte)
â Estrogen secreted to heal, repair, and thicken endometrium with blood
vessels
ïź Ovulation â Middle of Cycle--- 1 day
â High level of estrogen decreases FSH and stimulates secretion of LH
â High level of LH â Follicle ruptures and egg is released.
ïź Corpus Luteum Stage â ( 13 days)
â Corpus Luteum is produced in ruptured follicleâŠstimulates progesterone
production.
â Maintains endometrial growth.
â Egg implantation if fertilization takes place
21.
22. Hormones: â and + feedback
ïź ESTROGEN
â Negative feedback on pituitary to block FSH
release.
â Positive feedback on pituitary to signal release
of LH
ïź Progesterone
â Negative feedback to block FSH release
â Negative feedback to block LH release
24. Copulation vs. Fertilization
ïź Copulation â
â Coupling
â Physical contact between male and female
needed for sperm to move from male to
female: intercourse
ïź Fertilization
â Fusion of male and female nuclei to produce a
zygote
28. After Fertilization
ïź MALE AND FEMALE GAMETES LINE UP AT THE
EQUATOR
ï§ PREPARE FOR 1ST MITOTIC DIVISION
ï§ NO CELL GROWTH
ï§ âCLEAVAGE DIVISIONâ
ïź AFTER SEVERAL DIVISIONS:
â BALL OF CELLS = MORULA
ï§ REACHES UTERUS IN APPX. 4 DAYS
ïź Implantation â into wall of the
endometrium
35. Parturition
ïź Prostglandin â hormone- like substances; help to
stimulate contractions.
ïź Oxytocin â hormone â released by pituitary gland
ïź POSITIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM
ïź Parturition â process of delivering the fetus and
placenta. Includes
â Labour â dilation of cervix, vagina
â Expulsion â Birth
â Afterbirth â delivery of placenta
40. Amniocentesis and CVS
Amniocentesis â
âąinserting a needle
into the uterus
through a very
small incision in
the abdomen
âą needle takes
amniotic fluid â
contains embryonic
cells.
âą used to detect
genetic defects
41. In vitro fertilization
ïź Approximately 1 of 6 couples
ïź Used mainly as a way to overcome a
female infertility (physiological)
issue: blocked oviducts or timely
ovulation
ïź Cannot be used in the case of low
sperm count.
43. IVF Process
1. Drug given to stop menstrual cycle.
2. Large doses of FSH given â 2 weeks
3. HCG given 48 hours before collection â matures eggs
4. Man provides semen.
5. Eggs extracted through the vagina
6. Each egg is mixed with some sperm in a petri dish â
incubated 24 hours
7. Check to see if fertilized!
8. Embryoâs selected and placed in uterus
9. Wait approximately 2 to 3 weeks and take pregnancy
test â implantation
10. Scan as normal for any developmental issues
44. Ethical Issues of IVF
Pro: Against:
ïź Environmental infertility ïź Fate of extra embryos?
will not affect offspring ïź Long term storage of
ïź Not developed â no pain embryos â stem cells?
to embryo ïź Multi pregnancy places
ïź Genetic screening before stress on family
transferring ïź Expensive
ïź Parents have strong ïź High rate of failure
desire for child ïź religious
46. ïź Permanent Contraception
â Female sterilization (tubal
ligation)
â Vasectomy
ïź Mechanical
â Diaphragm
â Intra Uterine Device
â Condom
ïź Chemical
â Spermicide
â Birth control pill*
â âday-afterâ pill*
ïź Other
â Rhythm - cycle
â Withdrawal before ejaculation
â Abortion
47. Birth Control and âDay Afterâ Pill
ïź Birth Control â synthetic estrogens and
progesterone(s) that prevent release of
GnRH ---- FSH & LH
ïź Morning After â
â Blocks progesterone receptors in uterus.
â altering the lining of the womb, so a fertilized
egg can't embed itself there.
48. Ethics of Family Planning and
Contraception
Pro Against
ïź Can choose to get ïź Most not 100%
pregnant effective
ïź A few methods 100% ïź Promotes promiscuity
effective ïź Abstinence difficult in
ïź Population control marriage
ïź Irreversible
50. Puberty in Males
ïź Marked by a sharp increase in
testosterone production:
ïź Production of sperm: primary!!
ïź Secondary:
ï§ Enlargement of penis and testes
ï§ Growth of body hair: face, underarm, pubic
ï§ Deepening of voice
ï§ Broad shoulders - muscle
51. Puberty in Females
ïź Marked by the onset of the menstrual
cycle
ïź Egg production: primary!
ïź Secondary:
â Breast Development
â Body curve â placement of tissue
â Hair: underarm, pubic
52. Developmental Terms to Know
ïź Zygote â newly fertilized egg
ïź Cleavage â first series of cell divisions; multiple
rounds of mitosis
ïź Morula â 4-16 cells; solid ball of cells
ïź Blastomere â cells of the morula
ïź Blastocyst â after 5 days; develops a hollow
cavity
ïź Implantation â blastocyst penetrates
endometrium
ïź Endometrium â uterine lining
ïź Gestation â pregnancy, 40 weeks
55. Implantation
ïź Blastocyst contains fluid filled cavity called
blastocoel.
ïź Blastocyst:
â Two parts:
â Inner mass cells - will develop into the embryo
â Trophoblast â releases HCG hormone; digests a hole into
the endometrium
ïź HCG helps to maintain progesterone levels
during pregnancy. Pregnancy test.