Medicalmnemonics

ANATOMY

[ID 189]
Bowel components
quot;Dow Jones Industrial Average Closing S tock Reportquot;:
From proximal to distal:
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Appendix
Colon
S igmoid
Rectum
Alternatively: to include the cecum, quot;Dow Jones Industrial Climbing Average Closing S tock Reportquot;.
Knowledge Level 1, System: Alimentary
Anonymous Contributor

Hi Yield [ID 3225]
Diaphragm apertures: spinal levels
Aortic hiatus = 12 letters = T12
Oesophagus = 10 letters = T10
Vena cava = 8 letters = T8
Oriade Adeoye Dept. of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, OAU, Ile-Ife

[ID 58]
Duodenum: lengths of parts
quot;Counting 1 to 4 but staggeredquot;:
1st part: 2 inches
2nd part: 3 inches
3rd part: 4 inches
4th part: 1 inch

[ID 114]
Liver inferior markings showing right/left lobe vs. vascular divisions
There's a Hepatic quot;Hquot; on inferior of liver. One vertical stick of the H is the dividing line for anatomical
right/left lobe and the other vertical stick is the divider for vascular halves. Stick that divides the liver into
vascular halves is the one with vena cava impression (since vena cava carries blood, it's fortunate that it's
the divider for blood halves).
Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Hi Yield [ID 72]
Meckel's diverticulum details
2 inches long.
2 feet from end of ileum.
2 times more common in men.
2% occurrence in population.
2 types of tissues may be present.
Note: quot;di-quot; means quot;twoquot;, so diverticulum is the thing with all the twos.

Hi Yield [ID 2516]
Aorta vs. vena cava: right vs. left
Aorta and right each have 5 letters, so aorta is on the right.
Vena and cava and left each have 4 letters, so vena cava is on the left.
Knowledge Level 1, System: Cardiovascular

[ID 29]
Aortic arch: major branch order

quot;Know your ABC'Squot;:
Aortic arch gives rise to:
Brachiocephalic trunk
left Common Carotid
left S ubclavian
Beware though trick question of 'What is first branch of aorta?' Technically, it's the coronary arteries.

Hi Yield [ID 2681]
Atrioventricular valves
quot;LAB RATquot;:
Left Atrium: Bicuspid
Right Atrium: Tricuspid
Amir A. Ghaferi Johns Hopkins School of Medicine

[ID 1208]
Axillary artery branches
quot;S crew The Lawyer S ave A Patientquot;:
S uperior thoracic
Thoracoacromiol
Lateral thoracic
S ubscapular
Anterior circumflex humeral
Posterior circumflex humeral
Alternatively: quot;S ome Times Life S eems A Painquot;.
Anonymous contributor and Joe Azzopardi Not specified and Xarabank

[ID 608]
Brachial artery: recurrent and collateral branches
quot;I Am Pretty S exyquot;
Inferior ulnar collateral artery goes with Anterior ulnar recurrent artery.
Posterior ulnar recurrent artery goes with S uperior ulnar collateral artery.
Alternatively: quot;I Am Pretty S martquot;.
Paul's Boutique Western University College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific

[ID 669]
Carotid sheath contents
quot;I See 10 CC's in the IVquot;:
I See (I.C.) = Internal Carotid artery
10 = CN 10 (Vagus nerve)
CC = Common Carotid artery
IV = Internal Jugular Vein

Hi Yield [ID 1094]
Cavernous sinus contents
O TOM CAT:
O TOM are lateral wall components, in order from superior to inferior.
CA are the components within the sinus, from medial to lateral. CA ends at the level of T from O TOM.
See diagram.
Occulomotor nerve (III)
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
Maxillary nerve (V2)
Carotid artery
Abducent nerve (VI)
T: When written, connects to the T of OTOM.
Jonathan Vafai New York University School of Medicine

Hi Yield [ID 1833]
Coelic trunk: branches

Left Hand S ide (LHS):
Left gastric artery
Hepatic artery
S plenic artery
Dr. Harsh Sharma

[ID 613]
Descending abdominal aorta branches from diaphragm to iliacs
quot;Prostitutes Cause S agging S wollen Red Testicles [in men] Living In S inquot;:
Phrenic [inferior]
Celiac
S uperior mesenteric
S uprarenal [middle]
Renal
Testicular [quot;in menquot; only]
Lumbars
Inferior mesenteric
S acral
Josser Mt. Sinai Medical School

[ID 291]
External carotid artery branches
quot;S ome Anatomists Like F*#king, Others Prefer S & Mquot;:
S uperior thyroid
Ascending pharyngeal
Lingual
Facial
Occipital
Posterior auricular
S uperficial temporal
Maxillary
Alternatively: As S he Lay Flat, Oscar's Passion S lowly Mountedquot;.

Hi Yield [ID 10]
Femoral triangle: arrangement of contents
NAVEL:
From lateral hip towards medial navel:
Nerve (directly behind sheath)
Artery (within sheath)
Vein (within sheath)
Empty space (between vein and lymph)
Lymphatics (with deep inguinal node)
Nerve/Artery/Vein are all called Femoral.
Andrew J. Vasil UMD School of Medicine, Duluth, MN

[ID 1938]
Heart valve sequence
quot;Try Pulling My Aortaquot;:
Tricuspid
Pulmonary
Mitral
Aorta
Michael Franco Melbourne University, Australia

[ID 1091]
Inferior vena cava tributaries

quot;I Like To Rise S o Highquot;:
Illiacs
Lumbar
Testicular
Renal
S uprarenal
Hepatic vein.
Think of the IVC wanting to rise high up to the heart.
Usman Ahmad KMC

[ID 1169]
Internal iliac artery: anterior branches
What Bill admitted to Hilary: quot;I Milked Our Insatiable Intern's Udders Under the Deskquot;:
Inferior gluteal
Middle rectal
Obturator
Inferior vesical artery
Internal pudendal artery
Umbilical
U/D=Uterine artery (female)/ Deferential artery (male)

[ID 502]
Internal jugular vein: tributaries
quot;Medical S chools Let Confident People Inquot;:
From inferior to superior:
Middle thyroid
S uperior thyroid
Lingual
Common facial
Pharyngeal
Inferior petrosal sinus
LaShawn A. Weaver Medical University of South Carolina

[ID 270]
Liver: side with ligamentum venosum/ caudate lobe vs. side with quadrate lobe/ ligamentum teres
quot;VC goes with VCquot;:
The Venosum and Caudate is on same side as Vena Cava [posterior]. Therefore, quadrate and teres must
be on anterior by default.
See inferior-view diagram.

Hi Yield [ID 79]
Lung lobe numbers: right vs. left
Tricuspid heart valve and tri-lobed lung both on the right side.
Bicuspid and bi-lobed lung both on the left side.

[ID 935]
Maxillary artery branches
quot;DAM I AM Piss Drunk But S tupid Drunk I Prefer, Must Phone Alcoholics Anonymousquot;:
Deep auricular
Anterior tympanic
Middle meningeal
Inferior alveolar
Accessory meningeal
Masseteric
Pterygoid
Deep temporal
Buccal
S phenopalatine
Descending palatine

Infraorbital
Posterior superior alveolar
Middle superior alveolar
Pharyngeal
Anterior superior alveolar
Artery of the pterygoid canal
Imani Walker and Fareeda Hamid New York College of Osteopathic Medicine

[ID 511]
Portal-systemic anastomoses: main 2 places that retroperitoneals connect into systemic
RetroPeritoneals hook up with Renal and Paravertebral veins.

[ID 278]
Saphenous veins: path of great vs. small at malleolus
quot;MAGdelaine has varicose veinsquot; [The saphenous veins are important for varicose veins]:
Medial maleolus, Anterior to maleolus, and Great saphenous go together.
Then the opposites of these go together: Small saphenous is posterior to the lateral maleolus.

[ID 324]
Thoracic cage: relations to the important venous structures
Behind the sternoclavicular joints: the brachiocephalic veins begin.
Behind the 1st costal cartilage on the right the superior vena cava begins.
Behind the 2nd costal cartilage on the right the azygos vein ends.
Behind the 3rd costal cartilage on the right the superior vena cava ends.
Fred Reid Undergrad at St-Andrews, UK

[ID 1207]
Thoracoacromial artery branches
ABCD:
Acromial
Breast (pectoral)
Clavicular
Deltoid
Anonymous contributor UCLA School of Medicine

[ID 258]
Scalp layers
SCALP:
From superficial to deep:
S kin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis
Loose areolar tissue
Pericranium
Knowledge Level 1, System: Integumental

[ID 56]
Ureter to ovarian/testicular artery relation
quot;Water under the bridgequot;:
The ureters (which carry water), are posterior to the ovarian/testicular artery.
Clinically important, since a common surgical error is to cut ureter instead of ovarian artery when removing uterus.
Knowledge Level 2, System: Kidney/Urine

[ID 54]
Spleen: dimensions, weight, surface anatomy
quot;1,3,5,7,9,11quot;:
Spleen dimensions are 1 inch x 3 inches x 5 inches.
Weight is 7 ounces.
It underlies ribs 9 through 11.
Knowledge Level 5, System: Lymphoid

[ID 26]
Thoracic duct: relation to azygous vein and esophagus
quot;The duck between 2 goosesquot;:
Thoracic duct (duck) is between 2 gooses, azygous and esophagus.

[ID 162]
Abdominal muscles
quot;Spare TIRE around their abdomenquot;:
Transversus abdominis
Internal abdominal oblique
Rectus abdominis
External abdominal oblique
Knowledge Level 1, System: Muscle

[ID 1117]
Anterior forearm muscles: superficial group
quot;Pimps F*ck Prostitutes For Funquot;:
Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longous
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Rob

[ID 27]
Bicipital groove: attachments of muscles near it
quot;The lady between two majorsquot;:
Teres major attaches to medial lip of groove.
Pectoralis major to lateral lip of groove.
Latissimus (Lady) is on floor of groove, between the 2 majors.
Sandeep

[ID 92]
Brachioradialis: function, innervation, one relation, one attachment
BrachioRadialis:
Function: Its the Beer Raising muscle, flexes elbow, strongest when wrist is oriented like holding a beer.
Innervation: Breaks Rule: it’s a flexor muscle, But Radial. (Radial nerve usually is for extensors: Recall BEST rule: B was for
brachioradialis).
Important relation: Behind it is the Radial nerve in the cubital fossa.
Attachment: Attaches to Bottom of Radius.

[ID 94]
Elbow: muscles that flex it
Three B's Bend the elBow:
Brachialis
Biceps
Brachioradialis

[ID 6]
Elbow: which side has common flexor origin
FM (as in FM Radio):
Flexor Medial, so Common Flexor Origin is on the medial side.

[ID 661]
Erector spinae muscles

quot;I Love S exquot;:
From lateral to medial:
Iliocostalis
Longissimus
S pinalis
Alternatively: quot;I Long for S pinachquot;
quot;Sexquot; helps you think of quot;Erectorquot;, but quot;Longquot; and quot;Spinachquot; help you remember the muscles' names.
Michael A. Chaplin SUNY-HSCB Downstate College of Medicine

[ID 1416]
Eye rotation by oblique muscles
quot;I Love S &Mquot;:
Inferior oblique: Lateral eye rotation.
S uperior oblique: Medial eye rotation.
CS Eddleman Medical Student, Texas Tech SOM

[ID 293]
Interossei muscles: actions of dorsal vs. palmar in hand
quot;PAd and DAbquot;:
The Palmar Adduct and the Dorsal Abduct.
Use your hand to dab with a pad.
Dr. Atif Farooq and Anonymous Contributor Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan and Not Specified

[ID 646]
Intrinsic muscles of hand (palmar surface)
quot;A OF A OF Aquot;:
Thenar, lateral to medial:
Abductor pollicis longus
Opponens pollicis
Flexor pollicis brevis
Adductor pollicis.
Hypothenar, lateral to medial:
Opponens digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi
Abductor digiti minimi

[ID 102]
Inversion vs. eversion muscles in leg
Second letter rule for inversion/eversion:
Eversion muscles:
pErineus longus
pErineus brevis
pErineus terius
Inversion muscles:
tIbialis anterior
tIbialis posterior

[ID 5]
Lumbricals action
Lumbrical action is to hold a pea, that is to flex the metacarpophalangeal joint and extend the
interphalangeal joints. When look at hand in this position, can see this makes an quot;Lquot; shape, since L is for
Lumbrical.

[ID 1291]
Muscles: potentially absent ones

Muscles which may be absent but may be important:
5 P's:
Palmaris longus [upper limb]
Plantaris [lower limb]
Peroneus tertius [lower limb]
Pyramidalis [anterior abdominal wall]
Psoas minor [posterior abdominal wall]
Shebrain Cairo University

[ID 57]
Oblique muscles: direction of externals vs. internals
quot;Hands in your pocketsquot;:
When put hands in your pockets, fingers now lie on top of external obliques and fingers point their direction of fibers: down and towards
midline.
Note: quot;obliquequot; tells that must be going at an angle.
Internal obliques are at right angles to external.

[ID 202]
Plantarflexion vs. dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion occurs when you squish a Plant with your foot.

[ID 9]
Popliteal fossa: muscles arrangement
The two Semi's go together, Semimembranosus and Semitendonosus.
The Membranosus is Medial and since the two semis go together, Semitendonosus is also medial.
Therefore, Biceps Femoris has to be lateral.
Of the semi's, to remember which one is superficial: the Tendonosus is on Top.

[ID 70]
Pterygoid muscles: function of lateral vs. medial
quot;Look at how your jaw ends up when saying first syllable of 'Lateral' or 'Medial' quot;:
quot;Laquot;: your jaw is now open, so Lateral opens mouth.
quot;Mequot;: your jaw is still closed, so medial closes the mandible.

Hi Yield [ID 35]
Rotator cuff muscles
quot;The SITS musclesquot;:
Clockwise from top:
S upraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
S ubscapularis
A pro baseball pitcher has injured his rotator cuff muscles. As a result, he SITS out for the rest of the
game, and then gets sent to the minor leagues.
Anne Conlin and Robert O'Connor University of Western Ontario Medical School, London, Canada and University College Dublin

[ID 547]
Serratus anterior: innervation
SALT:
S erratus Anterior = Long Thoracic.
Erin B. Dominiak Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine

Hi Yield [ID 25]
Serratus anterior: innervation and action
quot;C5-6-7 raise your arms up to heavenquot;:
Long thoracic nerve roots (567) innervate Serratus anterior.
Test C567 roots clinically by ability to raise arm past 90 degrees.

[ID 101]
Soleus vs. gastrocnemius muscle function
quot;Stand on your Soles. Explosive gasquot;:
You stand on soles of your shoes, so Soleus is for posture.
Gasoline is explosive, so Gastrocnemius is for explosive movement.

[ID 2346]
Supination vs. pronation
quot;SOUPinationquot;: Supination is to turn your arm palm up, as if you are holding a bowl of soup.
quot;POUR-nationquot;: Pronation is to turn your arm with the palm down, as if you are pouring out whatever is your bowl.
Alternatively, Pronation donation: Pronation is palm facing downward, as if making a donation.
LCK and Anonymous Contributor University of Ottawa and Not Specified

Hi Yield [ID 1943]
Bell's palsy: symptoms
BELL'S Palsy:
Blink reflex abnormal
Earache
Lacrimation [deficient, excess]
Loss of taste
S udden onset
Palsy of VII nerve muscles
All symptoms are unilateral.
Knowledge Level 4, System: Nervous

Hi Yield [ID 135]
Brachial plexus branches
quot;My Aunt Raped My Unclequot;:
Musculocutaneous
Axillary
Radial
Median
Ulnar

[ID 18]
Brachial plexus subunits
quot;Randy Travis Drinks Cold Beerquot;:
Roots
Trunks
Divisions
Cords
Branches
Alternatively: quot;Read The Damn Cadaver Book!quot;
Alternatively: quot;Real Texans Drink Coors Beerquot;.
Karl and Anonymous Contributor Boston U. School of Medicine and Not Specified

[ID 465]
Brachial plexus: branches of posterior cord
STAR:
S ubscapular [upper and lower]
Thoracodorsal
Axillary
Radial
Zaineb Vakil Gulf Medical College Ajman

Hi Yield [ID 14]
Buttock quadrant safest for needle insertion
quot;Shut up and butt outquot;:
The Upper Outer quadrant of the Buttock safely avoids hitting sciatic nerve.

Hi Yield [ID 126]
Carpal tunnel syndrome causes
MEDIAN TRAP:
Myxoedema
Edema premenstrually
Diabetes
Idiopathic
Agromegaly
Neoplasm
Trauma
Rheumatoid arthritis
Amyloidosis
Pregnancy
Mnemonic fits nicely since median nerve is trapped.

[ID 268]
Cervical plexus: arrangement of the important nerves
quot;GLASTquot;:
4 compass points: clockwise from north on the right side of neck:
Great auricular
Lesser occipital
Accessory nerve pops out between L and S
S upraclavicular
Transverse cervical
See diagram.

Hi Yield [ID 550]
Deep tendon reflexes: root supply
God designed body reflexes according to a nursery rhyme:
One, two-- buckle my shoe. Three, four-- kick the door. Five, six-- pick up sticks. Seven, eight-- shut the gate.
S1,2 = ankle jerk
L3,4 = knee jerk
C5,6 = biceps and brachioradialis
C7,8 = triceps
Bryan Traynor Massachussetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA

Hi Yield [ID 23]
Diaphragm innervation
quot;3, 4, 5 keeps the diaphragm alivequot;:
Diaphragm innervation is cervical roots 3, 4, and 5.
Michael Nawfal

Hi Yield [ID 572]
Extraocular muscles cranial nerve innervation
quot;LR6SO4 rest 3quot;:
Lateral Rectus is 6th
S uperior Oblique is 4th
rest are all 3rd cranial nerve
Atul Singh Detroit Medical Center

[ID 863]
Facial nerve: branches after Stylomastoid foramen
quot;Ten Zulus Buggered My Cat (Painfully)quot;:
From superior to inferior:
Temporal branch
Zygomatic branch
Buccal branch
Mandibular branch
Cervical branch
(Posterior auricular nerve)
Alternatively: quot;PAssing Through Zanzibar By Motor Carquot; (PA for Posterior Auricular).
Stephan Sanders and Kris Downing Nottingham Medical School, UK and UCR/UCLA Biomedical Sciences Program, USA

[ID 329]
Lingual nerve course
The Lingual nerve
Took a curve
Around the Hyoglossus.
quot;Well I'll be f*#ked!quot;
Said Wharton's Duct,
quot;The bastard's gone and crossed us!quot;
Sam Hinton University of California, San Diego

[ID 643]
Lumbar plexus
quot;I, I Get Laid On Fridaysquot;:
Iliohypogastric [L1]
Ilioinguinal [L1]
Genitofemoral [L1, L2]
Lateral femoral cutaneous [L2, L3]
Obtruator [L2, L3, L4]
Femoral [L2, L3, L4]
Alternatively: quot;I twice Get Laid On Fridaysquot;.
Alternatively: quot;Interested In Getting Laid On Fridays?quot;
Alfred Munoz MCP-Hahnemann School Of Medicine

[ID 263]
Lumbar plexus roots
quot;2 from 1, 2 from 2, 2 from 3quot;:
2 nerves from 1 root: Ilioinguinal (L1), Iliohypogastric (L1).
2 nerves from 2 roots: Genitofemoral (L1,L2), Lateral Femoral (L2,L3).
2 nerves from 3 roots: Obturator (L2,L3,L4), Femoral (L2,L3,L4).

[ID 36]
Median nerve: hand muscles innervated
quot;The LOAF musclesquot;:
Lumbricals 1 and 2
Opponens pollicis
Abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis brevis
Alternatively: LLOAF, with 2 L's, to recall there's 2 lumbricals.
To remember that these are the Median nerve muscles, think quot;Meat LOAFquot;.
Samuel Atom Baek Kim

[ID 86]
Median nerve: recognizing it in an opened axilla
The Median nerve is the Middle of a giant capital quot;Mquot; formed by the musculocutaneous and ulnar nerves.

[ID 127]
Pectoral nerves: path of lateral vs. medial
quot;Lateral Less, Medial Morequot;:
Lateral pectoral nerve only goes through Pectoralis major, but
Medial pectoral nerve goes though both Pectoralis major and minor.

[ID 33]
Pelvis: sacral innervation

quot;S2,3,4 keeps the 3 P's off the floor (Penis, Poo, and Pee).
S2,3,4 innervates the anal sphincter, urethral sphicter, and causes erection.
Anonymous Contributor National University of Ireland, Galway and University of Sydney, Australia

[ID 28]
Penis autonomic innervation actions
quot;Parasympathetic Puts it up. S ympathetic S purts it outquot;.
Alternatively: quot;Point and S hootquot;: Parasympathetic Points it, S ympathetic S hoots out the semen.
Erection and Ejaculation (Emission).
Andrew J. Vasil and John Nguyen University of Minnesota School of Medicine and University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston

[ID 1184]
Radial nerve: muscles innervated
quot;Try A Big Chocolate Chip S undae, Double Dip Cherries And Peanuts Preferably Includedquot;:
In order of their innervation, proximal to distal:
Triceps
Anconeus
Brachioradialis
ext. Carpi radialis longus
ext. Carpi radialis brevis
S upinator
ext. Digitorum
ext.Digiti minimi
ext. Carpi ulnaris
Abductor poll. longus
ext. Poll. brevis
ext. P poll. longus
ext. Indicis
For the neighboring words that start with the same letter (eg: chocolate and chip), notice that the longer word in the mnemonic,
corresponds to the longer of the two muscle names (ex: ext. carpi radialis longus and ext. carpi radialis brevis)
Anonymous Contributor Medical College of Ohio

[ID 16]
Radial nerve: muscles supplied (simplified)
quot;BEST musclesquot;:
Brachioradialis
Extensors
S upinator
Triceps

[ID 2046]
Scalp: nerve supply
GLASS:
Greater occipital/ Greater auricular
Lesser occipital
Auriculotemporal
S upratrochlear
S upraorbital

Hi Yield [ID 1040]
Spinal cord: length in vertebral column
SCULL:
S pinal Cord Until L2 (LL).
Lior Greenberg Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel

Hi Yield [ID 2382]
Thigh: innervation by compartment

quot;MAP OF Sciaticquot;:
Medial compartment: Obturator
Anterior compartment: Femoral
Posterior compartment: Sciatic
So all the thigh muscles in that compartment get innervated by that nerve.

Hi Yield [ID 38]
Trigeminal nerve: where branches exit skull
quot;S tanding Room Onlyquot;:
S uperior orbital fissure is V1
foramen Rotundum is V2
foramen Ovale is V3

Hi Yield [ID 304]
V3 innervated muscles (branchial arch 1 derivatives)
quot;M.D. My TVquot;:
Mastication [masseter, temporalis, pterygoids]
Digastric [anterior belly]
Mylohyoid
tensor Tympani
tensor Veli palatini
Christian Erickson Duke University

[ID 1024]
V3: sensory branches
quot;Buccaneers Are Inferior Linguistsquot;:
Buccal
Auriculotemporal
Inferior alveolar
Lingual
Jennifer Chuang University of Vermont School of Medicine

[ID 449]
Vagus nerve: path into thorax
quot;I Left my Aunt in Vegasquot;:
Left Vagus nerve goes Anterior descending into the thorax.

[ID 262]
Anatomical planes: coronal, horizontal, sagittal
Coronal: A classic painting/stained glass window of a saint/angel has a corona radiating around the
person's head. The plane of the glass/page is cutting their head in the coronal plane.
Horizontal: Someone coming over the horizon has their abdomen cut in the horizontal plane.
Sagittal: the remaining one by default.
Knowledge Level 1, System: Other/Miscellaneous

[ID 1271]
Cubital fossa contents
quot;Really Need Booze To Be At My Nicestquot;:
Radial Nerve
Biceps Tendon
Brachial Artery
Median Nerve

Hi Yield [ID 3262]
Hand: nerve lesions

DR CUMA:
Drop=Radial nerve
Claw=Ulnar nerve
Median nerve=Ape hand (or Apostol [preacher] hand)

Hi Yield [ID 2010]
Inguinal canal: walls
quot;MALT: 2M, 2A, 2L, 2Tquot;:
Starting from superior, moving around in order to posterior:
Superior wall (roof): 2 Muscles:
internal oblique Muscle
transverse abdominus Muscle
Anterior wall: 2 Aponeuroses:
Aponeurosis of external oblique
Aponeurosis of internal oblique
Lower wall (floor): 2 Ligaments:
inguinal Ligament
lacunar Ligament
Posterior wall: 2Ts:
Transversalis fascia
conjoint Tendon
Miruna Segarceanu UMF Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania

[ID 2355]
Mediastinums: posterior mediastinum structures
There are 4 birds:
The esophaGOOSE (esophagus)
The vaGOOSE nerve
The azyGOOSE vein
The thoracic DUCK (duct)
Aron Flagg Finch University of Health Sciences / The Chicago Medical School

[ID 166]
Perineal vs. peroneal
Perineal is in between the legs.
Peroneal is on the leg.

Hi Yield [ID 510]
Retroperitoneal structures list
SAD PUCKER:
S uprarenal glands
Aorta & IVC
Duodenum (half)
Pancreas
Ureters
Colon (ascending & descending)
Kidneys
Esophagus (anterior & left covered)
Rectum
Ron Norman AECC

[ID 1123]
Superior mediastinum contents

quot;BATS & TENTquot;:
Brachiocephalic veins
Arch of aorta
Thymus
S uperior vena cava
Trachea
Esophagus
Nerves (vagus & phrenic)
Thoracic duct
Sumeet Verma East Carolina University SOM

Hi Yield [ID 1986]
Superior mediastinum: contents
PVT Left BATTLE:
Phrenic nerve
Vagus nerve
Thoracic duct
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve (not the right)
Brachiocephalic veins
Aortic arch (and its 3 branches)
Thymus
Trachea
Lymph nodes
Esophagus
Anonymous Contributor University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine

[ID 392]
Supine vs. prone body position
quot;Supine is on your spine.
Therefore, prone's the quot;otherquot; one.
Also, prone to suffocate in prone position.
Carol Kasper and Sandy Honeycutt MacMurray College, Jacksonville, IL, USA and Nursing student

Hi Yield [ID 832]
Bronchi: which is more vertical
quot;Right on Redquot;:
Many places allow making a right hand turn at a red light, if you first come to a complete stop.
A child swallowing a red penny is more likely to get it stopped down the right bronchus, since it is more vertical.
Knowledge Level 4, System: Pulmonary

[ID 1049]
Bronchopulmonary segments of right lung
quot;A PALM Seed Makes Another Little Palmquot;:
In order from superior to inferior:
Apical
Posterior
Anterior
Lateral
Medial
S uperior
Medial basal
Anterior basal
Lateral basal
Posterior basal
Derek Bell University of Queensland

Hi Yield [ID 3100]
Lung lobes: one having lingula, lobe numbers
Lingula is on Left.
The lingula is like an atrophied lobe, so the left lung must have 2 quot;otherquot; lobes, and therefore right lung has 3 lobes.
Teresa Myers Student, UNC

[ID 201]
Nasal cavity components

quot;Never Call Me Needle Nose!quot;:
Nares [external]
Conchae
Meatuses
Nares [internal]
Nasopharynx
Note mnemonic sentence is nasally-related.

Hi Yield [ID 123]
Pleura surface markings
quot;All the even ribs, in order: 2,4,6,8,10,12 show its routequot;:
Rib2: sharp angle inferiorly
Rib4: the left pleura does a lateral shift to accommodate heart
Rib6: both diverge laterally
Rib8: midclavicular line
Rib10: midaxillary line
Rib12: the back
See diagram.

[ID 39]
Tonsils: The three types
quot;PPL (people) have tonsilsquot;:
Pharyngeal
Palatine
Lingual

[ID 117]
Voicebox: names of parts in sagittal cross-section
quot;There's 3 V's in your Voiceboxquot;:
Vestibular fold
Ventricle
Vocal fold
Note: Vestibular and Vocal cord also known as false and true cords respectively.

[ID 62]
Anteflexed vs. anteverted: what bodypart each describes
quot;Anteflexed and Anteverted both bend toward Anteriorquot;.
The quot;Vquot; words go together: Verted is for the cerVix (therefore flexed must be uterus).
Knowledge Level 4, System: Reproductive

[ID 2995]
Broad ligament: contents
BROAD:
Bundle (ovarian neurovascular bundle)
Round ligament
Ovarian ligament
Artefacts (vestigial structures)
Duct (oviduct)
David Colbert UWA Medicine

[ID 666]
Scrotum layers

quot;S ome Damn Englishman Called It The Testisquot;:
From superficial to deep:
S kin
Dartos
External spermatic fascia
Cremaster
Internal spermatic fascia
Tunica vaginalis
Testis

[ID 319]
Sperm pathway through male reproductive tract
SEVEN UP:
S eminiferous tubules
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Nothing
Urethra
Penis
Ken Evans Saskatchewan Health, Acute and Emergency Services

[ID 2424]
Sperm: path through male reproductive system
quot;My boyfriend's name is STEVEquot;:
S eminiferous Tubules
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Amy Harrington MCP Hahnemann

[ID 926]
Spermatic cord contents
quot;Piles Don't Contribute To A Good S ex Lifequot;:
Pampiniform plexus
Ductus deferens
Cremasteric artery
Testicular artery
Artery of the ductus deferens
Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
S ympathetic nerve fibers
Lymphatic vessels
TR Columbia PandS

Hi Yield [ID 2797]
Arm fractures: nerves affected by humerus fracture location
ARM fracture:
Axillary: head of humerus
Radial: mid shaft
Median: supracondular
Knowledge Level 1, System: Skeletal
Ritesh Patel M.D.

[ID 552]
Carpal bones

quot;S top Letting Those People Touch The Cadaver's Handquot;:
Proximal row, lateral-to-medial:
S caphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Distal row, lateral-to-medial:
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
Edward Tanner University of Alabama SOM

[ID 4]
Carpal bones: trapezium vs. trapezoid location
Since there's two T's in carpal bone mnemonic sentences, need to know which T is where:
TrapeziUM is by the thUMB, TrapeziOID is inSIDE.
Alternatively, TrapeziUM is by the thUMB, TrapezOID is by its SIDE.
Tom Ball Imperial College, UK

Hi Yield [ID 2291]
Carpel bones
quot;S o Long To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumbquot;:
Proximal row, lateral-to-medial, then distal row, medial-to-medial:
S caphoid
Lunate
Triquetrium
Pisiform
Hamate
Capate
Trapezoid
Trapezium

[ID 834]
Cartilage derivatives of 1st pharyngeal arch (mandibular)
quot;I'M A S uper S exy Guyquot; (or Girl):
Incus
Malleus
Anterior ligament of malleus
S pine of sphenoid
S phenomandibular ligament
Genial tubercle of mandible
Ron Norman AECC

[ID 171]
Cranial bones
quot;PEST OF 6quot;:
Parietal
Ethmoid
S phenoid
Temporal
Occipital
Frontal
The 6 just reminds that there's 6 of them to remember.

[ID 1743]
Foramen ovale contents

OVALE:
Otic ganglion (just inferior)
V3 cranial nerve
Accessory meningeal artery
Lesser petrosal nerve
Emissary veins
Syukree UKM

Hi Yield [ID 2187]
Genu valgum vs. genu vargum
Genu valGUM (knock-knee): knees are GUMmed together.
Varum (bowleg) is the other by default, or Far rhymes with Var, so knees are far apart.

Hi Yield [ID 2771]
Hand fractures: Colle's vs. Smith's
Colle's fracture: arm in fall position makes a 'C' shape.
S mith's fracture: arm in fall position makes a 'S ' shape.
See diagram.
Soichiro Fushimi Okayama University Medical School, Japan

[ID 271]
Joints in the midline
quot;SCquot;:
In medial line, below S econd Cervical, joints are S econdary Cartilaginous and usually have a diSC.
Notes: secondary cartilaginous is also known as symphysis. The one that doesn't have a disc is xiphi-sternal.

[ID 395]
Lordosis vs. kyphosis
Lordosis: Lumbar.
KYphosis is HY up on the spine.

[ID 7]
Medial malleolus: order of tendons, artery, nerve behind it
quot;Tom, Dick, And Nervous Harryquot;:
From anterior to posterior:
Tibialis
Digitorum
Artery
Nerve
Hallicus
Full names for these are: Tibialis Posterior, Flexor Digitorum Longus, Posterior Tibial Artery, Posterior Tibial Nerve, Flexor Hallicus
Longus.
Alternatively: quot;Tom, Dick ANd Harryquot;.
Alternatively: quot;Tom, Dick And Not Harryquot;.
Deepa S. and LCK Medical student and University of Ottawa

[ID 30]
Navicular contacts 3 of 5 cuneiform bones
quot;Navicular is like the Navigator logoquot;:
There are 3 things coming off each.
See diagram.
Therefore, cuboid has to contact 2 of the 5.

[ID 1689]
Ossification ages

quot;Every Potential Anatomist S hould Know Whenquot;
When they ossify, in order of increasing year:
Elbow: 16 years
Pelvis, Ankle: 17 years
S houlder, Knee: 18 years
Wrist: 19 years
Saurabh Sikka

[ID 17]
Rib costal groove: order of intercostal blood vessels and nerve
VAN:
Vein
Artery
Nerve

[ID 42]
Superior orbital fissure: structures passing through
quot;Lazy French Tarts Lie Naked In Anticipation Of S exquot;:
Lacrimal nerve
Frontal nerve
Trochlear nerve
Lateral nerve
Nasociliary nerve
Internal nerve
Abducens nerve
Ophthalmic veins
S ympathetic nerves

[ID 2095]
Tibia: muscles of pes anserinus (the muscles attached to tibia's medial side)
quot;A Girl between Two Sargeantsquot;:
Gracilus is between
S artorius and
S emitendonosus
Beenish Dow Medical College

[ID 80]
Vertebrae: recognizing a thoracic from lumbar
Examine vertebral body shape:
Thoracic is heart-shaped body since your heart is in your thorax.
Lumbar is kidney-bean shaped since kidneys are in lumbar area.
See diagram.

[ID 81]
Wrist: radial side vs. ulnar side
Make a fist with your thumb up in the air and say quot;Rad!quot;.
Your thumb is now pointing to your Radius.
Note: 'Rad!' was a late 80's catchphrase, short for 'Radical'. Things that were good were called 'Rad'.
Patrick Esperanzate University College Dublin

ANESTHESIOLOGY

Hi Yield [ID 1404]
Xylocaine: where not to use with epinephrine

quot;Nose, Hose, Fingers and Toesquot;
Vasoconstrictive effects of xylocaine with epinephrine are helpful in providing hemostasis while suturing. However, may cause local
ischemic necrosis in distal structures such as the digits, tip of nose, penis, ears.
Robert Lueken Eastern Virginia Medical School

[ID 131]
Spinal anesthesia agents
quot;Little Boys Prefer Toysquot;:
Lidocaine
Bupivicaine
Procaine
Tetracaine

[ID 2253]
Anesthesia machine/room check
MS MAID:
Monitors (EKG, SpO2, EtCO2, etc)
S uction
Machine check (according to ASA guidelines)
Airway equipment (ETT, laryngoscope, oral/nasal airway)
IV equipment
Drugs (emergency, inductions, NMBs, etc)

[ID 1875]
General anaesthesia: equipment check prior to inducing
MALES:
Masks
Airways
Laryngoscopes
Endotracheal tubes
S uction/ S tylette, bougie
Steve Gust HMO, Gove District Hospital, NT Australia

Hi Yield [ID 1899]
Endotracheal intubation: diagnosis of poor bilateral breath sounds after intubation
DOPE:
Displaced (usually right mainstem, pyreform fossa, etc.)
Obstruction (kinked or bitten tube, mucuous plug, etc.)
Pneumothorax (collapsed lung)
Esophagus
Marc Colbeck

BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCE / PSYCHOLOGY

Hi Yield [ID 697]
Cluster personality disorders
Cluster A Disorder = Atypical. Unusual and eccentric.
Cluster B Disorder = Beast. Uncontrolled wildness.
Cluster C Disorder = Coward [avoidant type], Compulsive [obsessive-compulsive type], or Clingy [dependent type].

Hi Yield [ID 767]
Depression: major episode characteristics

SPACE DIGS:
S leep disruption
Psychomotor retardation
Appetite change
Concentration loss
Energy loss
Depressed mood
Interest wanes
Guilt
S uicidal tendencies

Hi Yield [ID 766]
Gain: primary vs. secondary vs. tertiary
Primary: Patient's Psyche improved.
S econdary: S ymptom S ympathy for patient.
Tertiary: Therapist's gain.

[ID 1990]
Middle adolescence (14-17 years): characteristics
HERO:
Heterosexual crushes/ Homosexual Experience
Education regarding short term benefits
Risk taking
Omnipotence
And there is interest in being a Hero (popular).
Dr. Atif Farooq Khawaja Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan, Gujranwala

Hi Yield [ID 2044]
Narcolepsy: symptoms, epidemiology
CHAP:
Cataplexy
Hallucinations
Attacks of sleep
Paralysis on waking
Usual presentation is a young male, hence quot;chapquot;.

Hi Yield [ID 1204]
Sleep stages: features
DElta waves during DEepest sleep (stages 3 & 4, slow-wave).
dREaM during REM sleep.

[ID 1692]
Keober-Ross dying process: stages
quot;Death Always Brings Great Acceptancequot;:
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Grieving
Acceptance
Sung H. Kim and Samuel Atom Baek-Kim Tuckahoe, NY

[ID 1088]
Impotence causes

PLANE:
Psychogenic: performance anxiety
Libido: decreased with androgen deficiency, drugs
Autonomic neuropathy: impede blood flow redirection
Nitric oxide deficiency: impaired synthesis, decreased blood pressure
Erectile reserve: can't maintain an erection
Ben Beckwith University of Queensland, Australia

[ID 1969]
Male erectile dysfunction (MED): biological causes
MED:
Medicines(propranalol, methyldopa, SSRI, etc.)
Ethanol
Diabetes mellitus

[ID 2037]
Premature ejaculation: treatment
2 S's:
S SRIs [eg: fluoxitime]
S queezing technique [glans pressure before climax]
More detail with 2 more S's:
S ensate-focus excercises [relieves anxiety]
S top and start method [5-6 rehearsals of stopping stimulation before climax]

BIOCHEMISTRY

Hi Yield [ID 399]
B vitamin names
quot;The Rhythm Nearly Proved Contagiousquot;:
In increasing order:
Thiamine (B1)
Riboflavin (B2)
Niacin (B3)
Pyridoxine (B6)
Cobalamin (B12)

Hi Yield [ID 442]
Essential amino acids
quot;PVT. TIM HALL always argues, never tiresquot;:
Phe
Val
Thr
Trp
Ile
Met
His
Arg
Lue
Lys
Always argues: the A is for Arg, not Asp.
'Never tires': T is not Tyr, but is both Thr and Trp.

[ID 784]
Fasting state: branched-chain amino acids used by skeletal muscles

quot;Muscles LIVe fastquot;:
Leucine
Isoleucine
Valine
Daniel Marcano Medical school graduate

[ID 1410]
Folate deficiency: causes
A FOLIC DROP:
Alcoholism
Folic acid antagonists
Oral contraceptives
Low dietary intake
Infection with Giardia
Celiac sprue
Dilatin
Relative folate deficiency
Old
Pregnant

Hi Yield [ID 2248]
Glycogen storage: Anderson's (IV) vs. Cori's (III) enzyme defect
ABCD:
Anderson's=Branching enzyme.
Cori's=Debranching enzyme.
Otherwise, can't really distinguish clinically.

Hi Yield [ID 2638]
Glycogen storage: names of types I through VI
quot;Viagra Pills Cause A Major Hardonquot;:
Von Gierke's
Pompe's
Cori's
Anderson's
McArdle's
Her's
Chris Reed Medical College of Wisconsin

Hi Yield [ID 317]
Glycolysis steps
quot;Goodness Gracious, Father Franklin Did Go By Picking Pumpkins (to) Prepare Piesquot;:
Glucose
Glucose-6-P
Fructose-6-P
Fructose-1,6-diP
Dihydroxyacetone-P
Glyceraldehyde-P
1,3-Biphosphoglycerate
3-Phosphoglycerate
2-Phosphoglycerate (to)
Phosphoenolpyruvate [PEP]
Pyruvate
'Did', 'By' and 'Pies' tell you the first part of those three: di-, bi-, and py-.
'PrEPare' tells location of PEP in the process.

Hi Yield [ID 755]
Hypervitaminosis A: signs and symptoms

quot;Increased Vitamin A makes you HARDquot;:
Headache/ Hepatomegaly
Anorexia/ Alopecia
Really painful bones
Dry skin/ Drowsiness
Usman Ahmad KMC

Hi Yield [ID 754]
Infantile Beriberi symptoms
Restlessness
Sleeplessness
Breathlessness
Soundlessness (aphonia)
Eatlessness (anorexia)
Great heartedness (dilated heart)
Alternatively: Get 5 of 'em with BERI: Breathless/ Big hearted, Eatless, Restless, Insomnia.
Usman Ahmad KMC

[ID 138]
Phosphorylation cascade: action during low glucose
quot;In the Phasted State, Phosphorylatequot;:
The phosphorylation cascade becomes active when blood glucose is low.

Hi Yield [ID 562]
Type 1 glycogen storage disease
Type 1 = one (Von), ie Von Giereke's disease
Dr. Waqas H. Sheikh BVI Co.

Hi Yield [ID 559]
Van den Bergh reaction (Jaundice test)
quot;Indirect reacting bilirubin = Unconjugated bilirubinquot;:
Both start with vowels, so they go together: Indirect & Unconjugated.

Hi Yield [ID 2234]
Vitamin B3 (niacin, nicotinic acid) deficiency: pellagra
The 3 D's of pellagra:
Dermatitis
Diarrhea
Dementia
Note vitamin B3 is the 3 D's.

Hi Yield [ID 149]
Vitamins: which are fat soluble
KADE:
Vitamin K
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E

Hi Yield [ID 3014]
Coagulation common pathway: factors in order
10 + 5 - 2 = 13
Coagulation common pathway:
Factor X to Factor V to Factor II to Factor XIII
John Chung University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine

Hi Yield [ID 574]
Fabry's disease

FABRY'S:
Foam cells found in glomeruli and tubules/ Febrile episodes
Alpha galactosidase A deficiency/ Angiokeratomas
Burning pain in extremities/ BUN increased in serum/ Boys
Renal failure
YX genotype (male, X linked recessive)
S phingolipidoses
Rinku Uberoi UNIBE

Hi Yield [ID 2561]
Hemoglobin binding curve: causes of shift to right
quot;CADET, face right!quot;:
CO2
Acid
2,3-DPG (aka 2,3 BPG)
Exercise
Temperature

Hi Yield [ID 2062]
Porphyrias: acute intermittent porphyria symptoms
5 P's:
Pain in abdomen
Polyneuropathy
Psychologial abnormalities
Pink urine
Precipitated by drugs (eg barbiturates, oral contraceptives, sulpha drugs)
Anuradha

[ID 745]
Sickle cell disease pathophysiology
SICKle cell disease is due to a S ubstitution of the SICKsth amino acid of the B chain.

Hi Yield [ID 3143]
Vitamin K dependent cofactors
quot;Several Tend To Nicely S top Clotsquot;:
Factor Seven, Ten, Two, Nine.
Protein S , Protein C.
Medical Student Class 2004 University of Western Ontario

[ID 654]
Adrenaline mechanism
quot;ABC of Adrenalinequot;:
Adrenaline--> activates Beta receptors--> increases Cyclic AMP
Knowledge Level 1, System: Endocrine
Usman Ahmad

Hi Yield [ID 172]
Insulin: function
INsulIN stimulates 2 things to go
IN 2 cells: Potassium and Glucose.

Hi Yield [ID 2159]
BUN:creatinine elevation: causes
ABCD:
Azotremia (pre-renal)
Bleeding (GI)
Catabolic status
Diet (high protein parenteral nutrition)
Anthony Chan

Hi Yield [ID 2208]
G6PD: oxidant drugs inducing hemolytic anemia

AAA:
Antibiotic (eg: sufamethoxazole)
Antimalarial (eg: primaquine)
Antipyretics (eg: acetanilid, but not aspirin or acetaminophen)

[ID 639]
Carbon monoxide: electron transport chain target
quot;CO blocks COquot;:
Carbon monoxide (CO) blocks Cytochrome Oxidase (CO)

Hi Yield [ID 656]
Citric acid cycle compounds
quot;Can I Keep S elling S ex For Money, Officer?quot;:
Citrate
Isocitrate
alpha Ketogluterate
S uccinyl CoA
S uccinate
Fumerate
Malate
Oxaloacetate
Ramon Ter-Oganesyan and Rebecca University of California Irvine

[ID 1008]
DNA bond strength (nucleotides)
quot;Crazy Gluequot;:
Strongest bonds are between Cytosine and Guanine, strong like Crazy Glue (3 H-bonds), whereas the A=T only have 2 H-bonds.
This is relevant to DNA replication, as the weaker A=T will be the site where RNA primer makes the initial break.

Hi Yield [ID 649]
Electron transport chain: Rotenone's site of action
Rotenone is a site specific inhibitor of complex one.

Hi Yield [ID 2696]
Enzyme kinetics: competitive vs. non-competitive inhibition
With Kompetitive inhibition: Km increases; no change in Vmax.
With Non-kompetitive inhibition: No change in Km; Vmax decreases.
Patricia Sanchez INTEC University, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic

Hi Yield [ID 2054]
Enzymes: classification
quot;Over The HILLquot;:
Oxidoreductases
Transferases
Hydrolases
Isomerases
Ligases
Lyases
Enzymes get reaction over the hill. See diagram.
Kenny Livingstone St. Andrews medical student

Hi Yield [ID 563]
Enzymes: competitive inhibitors
quot;Competition is hard because we have to travel more kilometers (Km) with the same velocityquot;:
With competitive inhibitors, velocity remains same but Km increases

[ID 1395]
G protein type for respective receptors

quot;KISS and KICK till you're SICK of SEXquot; (QISS and QIQ till you're SIQ of SQS):
This gives the G-protein type (Gq, Gi, or Gs) for all the receptors. Receptors are in alphabetical order:
alpha1=Q
alpha2=I
beta1=S
beta3=S
M1=Q
M2=I
M3=Q
D1=S
D2=I
H1=Q
H2=S
V1=Q
V2=S
Khawaja Atif Farooq and Julien Pham Rawalpindi Medical College, Horizon Medical Institute, Pakistan and University of Washington

[ID 612]
Metabolism sites
quot;Use both arms to HUGquot;:
Heme synthesis
Urea cycle
Gluconeogenesis
These reactions occur in both cytoplasm and mitochondria.
Rinku Uberoi

Na/K pump: concentrations of Na vs. K on inside/outside of cell, pump action, number of molecules
Hi Yield [ID 160]
moved
HIKIN':
There is a HIgh K concentration INside the cell.
From this can deduce that the Na/K pump pumps K into cell and Na out of cell.
Alternatively: When I was learning this pump (circa 1992), a band that was quot;inquot; was Kris Kross, and a band that was quot;outquot; was quot;Sha Na
Na Naquot;:
So pump moves K K (2 K) in and Na Na Na (3 Na) out.
Sadly, as infectious as their debut album was, Kris Kross can really no longer be classed as quot;inquot;.

Hi Yield [ID 2529]
Na+/K+ pump: movement of ions and quantity
K+ and in each consist of 2 characters, so so 2 K+ are pumped in.
Na+ and out each consist of 3 characters, so 3 Na+ are pumped out.

Hi Yield [ID 915]
Phenylketonuria: which enzyme is deficient
PHenylketonuria is caused by a deficiency of:
Phenylalanine
Hydroxylase

Hi Yield [ID 824]
Pompe's disease: type
quot;Police = Po + lysquot;:
Pompe's disease is a lysosomal storage disease (alpha 1,4 glucosidase).

Hi Yield [ID 1133]
Pyruvate: products of complete oxidation

quot;4 Naked Fun 3 Coeds + 1 Guyquot;:
Complete oxidation of pyruvate yields:
4 NADH
FADH2
3 CO2
1 GTP
Anonymous Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons

[ID 2249]
Tangier's disease: hallmark
quot;Tangierene tonsilsquot;:
Hallmark is large orange tonsils.
Important clinical note: there is no increased risk of atherosclerosis, just like eating tangerenes.

CARDIOLOGY

[ID 3074]
Aortic regurgitation: causes
CREAM:
Congenital
Rheumatic damage
Endocarditis
Aortic dissection/ Aortic root dilatation
Marfan’s
Jamal Khan Birmingham University Medical Student

Hi Yield [ID 197]
Aortic stenosis characteristics
SAD:
S yncope
Angina
Dyspnoea

[ID 1582]
Apex beat: abnormalities found on palpation, causes of impalpable
HILT:
Heaving
Impalpable
Laterally displaced
Thrusting/ Tapping
If it is impalpable, causes are COPD:
COPD
Obesity
Pleural, Pericardial effusion
Dextrocardia
Sushant Varma Medical student, University of Sheffield, UK

[ID 2798]
Apex beat: differential for impalpable apex beat
DOPES:
Dextrocardia
Obesity
Pericarditis/ Pericardial tamponade/ Pneumothorax
Emphysema
S inus inversus/ S tudent incompetence/ S coliosis/ S keletal abnormalities (eg pectus excavatum)
Fiona Hayes and Moses Lee Tong Chsia and Dalton Boyo UWCM, Cardiff, UK and Not Specified and Medical Student

Hi Yield [ID 1092]
Atrial fibrillation: causes

A S#!T:
Alcohol
S tenosis (mitral valve)
Hypertension
Infarction/ Ischaemia
Thyrotoxicosis

[ID 2468]
Atrial fibrillation: causes
PIRATES:
Pulmonary: PE, COPD
Iatrogenic
Rheumatic heart: mirtral regurgitation
Atherosclerotic: MI, CAD
Thyroid: hyperthyroid
Endocarditis
S ick sinus syndrome

Hi Yield [ID 2469]
Atrial fibrillation: management
ABCD:
Anti-coagulate
Beta-block to control rate
Cardiovert
Digoxin

Hi Yield [ID 660]
Beck's triad (cardiac tamponade)
3 D's:
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
Decreased arterial pressure

Hi Yield [ID 1537]
Betablockers: cardioselective betablockers
quot;Betablockers Acting Exclusively At Myocardiumquot;
Cardioselective betablockers are:
Betaxolol
Acebutelol
Esmolol
Atenolol
Metoprolol
Diljot Singh Bedi GMCH Chandigarh, India

Hi Yield [ID 919]
CHF: causes of exacerbation
FAILURE:
Forgot medication
Arrhythmia/ Anaemia
Ischemia/ Infarction/ Infection
Lifestyle: taken too much salt
Upregulation of CO: pregnancy, hyperthyroidism
Renal failure
Embolism: pulmonary
Lau Yue Young Geoffrey

Hi Yield [ID 1607]
Coronary artery bypass graft: indications

DUST:
Depressed ventricular function
Unstable angina
S tenosis of the left main stem
Triple vessel disease
Sushant Varma Medical student, University of Sheffield, UK

Hi Yield [ID 2067]
Coronary artery bypass graft: indications
DUST:
Depressed ventricular function
Unstable angina
S tenosis of the left main stem
Triple vessel disease
Sushant Varma University of Sheffield, UK

Hi Yield [ID 1167]
Depressed ST-segment: causes
DEPRESSED ST:
Drooping valve (MVP)
Enlargement of LV with strain
Potassium loss (hypokalemia)
Reciprocal ST- depression (in I/W AMI)
Embolism in lungs (pulmonary embolism)
S ubendocardial ischemia
S ubendocardial infarct
Encephalon haemorrhage (intracranial haemorrhage)
Dilated cardiomyopathy
S hock
Toxicity of digitalis, quinidine
Dr. Sonali V.

[ID 218]
ECG: left vs. right bundle block
quot;WiLLiaM MaRRoWquot;:
W pattern in V1-V2 and M pattern in V3-V6 is Left bundle block.
M pattern in V1-V2 and W in V3-V6 is Right bundle block.
Note: consider bundle branch blocks when QRS complex is wide.

[ID 2068]
Exercise ramp ECG: contraindications
RAMP:
Recent MI
Aortic stenosis
MI in the last 7 days
Pulmonary hypertension
Sushant Varma University of Sheffield, UK

[ID 433]
Heart compensatory mechanisms that 'save' organ blood flow during shock
quot;Heart SAVERquot;:
S ymphatoadrenal system
Atrial natriuretic factor
Vasopressin
Endogenous digitalis-like factor
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
In all 5, system is activated/factor is released

Hi Yield [ID 2022]
JVP: wave form

ASK ME:
Atrial contraction
S ystole (ventricular contraction)
Klosure (closure) of tricusps, so atrial filling
Maximal atrial filling
Emptying of atrium
See diagram.
Hafizur Rahman Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manc Medical School

[ID 207]
MI: basic management
BOOMAR:
Bed rest
Oxygen
Opiate
Monitor
Anticoagulate
Reduce clot size

Hi Yield [ID 413]
MI: signs and symptoms
PULSE:
Persistent chest pains
Upset stomach
Lightheadedness
S hortness of breath
Excessive sweating
Sara Nemetz

Hi Yield [ID 981]
MI: therapeutic treatment
quot;O BATMAN!quot;:
Oxygen
Beta blocker
ASA
Thrombolytics (eg heparin)
Morphine
Ace prn
Nitroglycerin
Kristy Thomas, PA-C Mesquite Medical Associates, Mesquite, NV

Hi Yield [ID 1137]
MI: therapeutic treatment
MONAH:
Morphine
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Aspirin
Heparin

Hi Yield [ID 1588]
MI: treatment of acute MI
COAG:
Cyclomorph
Oxygen
Aspirin
Glycerol trinitrate
Alan Desmond Cork University Hospital

[ID 996]
Mitral stenosis (MS) vs. regurgitation (MR): epidemiology

MS is a female title (Ms.) and it is female predominant.
MR is a male title (Mr.) and it is male predominant.

[ID 1437]
Murmur attributes
quot;IL PQRSTquot; (person has ill PQRST heart waves):
Intensity
Location
Pitch
Quality
Radiation
S hape
Timing
Ghassan Abu Said 4th year Medical Student

Hi Yield [ID 1243]
Murmurs: innocent murmur features
8 S's:
S oft
S ystolic
S hort
S ounds (S1 & S2) normal
S ymptomless
S pecial tests normal (X-ray, EKG)
S tanding/ S itting (vary with position)
S ternal depression
Ziad Jaradat Jordan University School of Medicine

Hi Yield [ID 3061]
Murmurs: louder with inspiration vs expiration
LEft sided murmurs louder with Expiration
RIght sided murmurs louder with Inspiration.

[ID 3073]
Murmurs: questions to ask
SCRIPT:
S ite
Character (eg harsh, soft, blowing)
Radiation
Intensity
Pitch
Timing
Jamal Khan Birmingham University Medical Student

[ID 475]
Murmurs: right vs. left loudness
quot;RILEquot;:
Right sided heart murmurs are louder on Inspiration.
Left sided heart murmurs are loudest on Expiration.

Hi Yield [ID 967]
Murmurs: systolic vs. diastolic
PASS: Pulmonic & Aortic S tenosis=S ystolic.
PAID: Pulmonic & Aortic Insufficiency=Diastolic.
W. Ciulla, RN, PA-C New Life Medical Clinic

Hi Yield [ID 2181]
Myocardial infarctions: treatment

INFARCTIONS:
IV access
Narcotic analgesics (eg morphine, pethidine)
Facilities for defibrillation (DF)
Aspirin/ Anticoagulant (heparin)
Rest
Converting enzyme inhibitor
Thrombolysis
IV beta blocker
Oxygen 60%
Nitrates
S tool Softeners

[ID 245]
Pericarditis: causes
CARDIAC RIND:
Collagen vascular disease
Aortic aneurysm
Radiation
Drugs (such as hydralazine)
Infections
Acute renal failure
Cardiac infarction
Rheumatic fever
Injury
Neoplasms
Dressler's syndrome

Hi Yield [ID 1067]
Pericarditis: EKG
quot;PericarditiS quot;:
PR depression in precordial leads.
S T elevation.

Hi Yield [ID 1615]
Peripheral vascular insufficiency: inspection criteria
SICVD:
S ymmetry of leg musculature
Integrity of skin
Color of toenails
Varicose veins
Distribution of hair
Jeffrey Turner Memorial University, Canada

Hi Yield [ID 1869]
Pulseless electrical activity: causes
PATCH MED:
Pulmonary embolus
Acidosis
Tension pneumothorax
Cardiac tamponade
Hypokalemia/ Hyperkalemia/ Hypoxia/ Hypothermia/ Hypovolemia
Myocardial infarction
Electrolyte derangements
Drugs
Will Anderson University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Hi Yield [ID 1648]
Rheumatic fever: Revised Jones' criteria

JONES crITERIA:
Major criteria:
Joint (arthritis)
Obvious (Cardiac)
Nodule (Rheumatic)
Erythema marginatum
S ydenham chorea
Minor criteria:
Inflammatory cells (leukocytosis)
Temperature (fever)
ESR/CRP elevated
Raised PR interval
Itself (previous Hx of Rheumatic fever)
Arthralgia
Anthony Chan Chinese University of Hong Kong

Hi Yield [ID 516]
ST elevation causes in ECG
ELEVATION:
Electrolytes
LBBB
Early repolarization
Ventricular hypertrophy
Aneurysm
Treatment (eg pericardiocentesis)
Injury (AMI, contusion)
Osborne waves (hypothermia)
Non-occlusive vasospasm

Hi Yield [ID 1737]
Supraventricular tachycardia: treatment
ABCDE:
Adenosine
Beta-blocker
Calcium channel antagonist
Digoxin
Excitation (vagal stimulation)
Richard Thompson Queens University, Belfast, NI

Hi Yield [ID 1739]
Ventricular tachycardia: treatment
LAMB:
Lidocaine
Amiodarone
Mexiltene/ Magnesium
Beta-blocker

CHEMISTRY

[ID 522]
Benzene ring: order of substituents
quot;Benzene likes to ROMPquot;:
From R group moving around the ring:
R group
Ortho
Meta
Para
Sabra and Josh Kunken Undergrad, Univ. of Calif, Berkeley

[ID 322]
Cation vs. anion: positive vs. negative

The t in cation looks like a plus sign: quot;ca+ionquot;.
Cation is positive, anion is negative.

[ID 297]
Cis/trans (geometric) isomer nomenclature
quot;Zame Zide. Epposite.quot;:
Z is the 2 functional groups on the same side of double bond.
E is for opposite sides.

Hi Yield [ID 2440]
Cis/trans (geometric) isomers: arrangement of functional groups
Cis starts with a C and the functional groups form a C.
Trans, therefore is the other one by default.
Spencer Oates

[ID 383]
Gibb's free energy formula
quot;Good Honey Tastes S weetquot;:
(delta)G = H - T(delta)S

[ID 340]
Oxidation vs. reduction: electrochemical cell and electron gain/loss
AN OIL RIG CAT:
At the ANode, Oxidation Involves Loss of electrons.
Reduction Involves Gaining electrons at the CAThode.
Susan Monash (Peninsula) Undergrad

DERMATOLOGY

Hi Yield [ID 1047]
Clubbing: causes
CLUBBING:
Cyanotic heart disease
Lung disease (hypoxia, lung cancer, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis)
UC/Crohn's disease
Biliary cirrhosis
Birth defect (harmless)
Infective endocarditis
Neoplasm (esp. Hodgkins)
GI malabsorption

Hi Yield [ID 1390]
White patch of skin: differential
quot;Vitiligo PATCHquot;:
Vitiligo
Pityriasis alba/ Post-inflammatory hypopigmentation
Age related hypopigmentation
Tinea versicolor/ Tuberous sclerosis (ashleaf macule)
Congenital birthmark
Hansen's (leprosy)
Dr. Chetan Wasekar Set G.S. Medical College, KEM Hospital, Bombay

[ID 1387]
Wound healing: factors delaying

DID NOT HEAL:
Drugs
Infection/ Icterus/ Ischemia
Diabetes
Nutrition
Oxygen (hypoxia)
Toxins
Hypothermia/ Hyperthermia
EtOH
Acidosis
Local anesthetics
Mohamed Azim Assistant lecturer of Pediatric Surgery, Alexandria University, Egypt

EMBRYROLOGY

Hi Yield [ID 187]
Branchial arch giving rise to aorta
quot;Aor- from Fourquot;:
Aorta is from fourth arch.

Hi Yield [ID 527]
Tetrology of Fallot
quot;Don't DROP the babyquot;:
Defect (VSD)
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Overriding aorta
Pulmonary stenosis
K. Ennix University of Tennessee at Memphis

Hi Yield [ID 1658]
Potter syndrome: features
POTTER:
Pulmonary hypoplasia
Oligohydrominios
Twisted skin (wrinkly skin)
Twisted face (Potter facies)
Extremities defects
Renal agenesis (bilateral)
Dr. Atif Farooq Khawaja Rawalpindi Medical College, Islamabad, Gujranwala, Pakistan

Hi Yield [ID 508]
Cranial and spinal neural crest: major derivatives
GAMES:
Glial cells (of peripheral ganglia)
Arachnoid (and pia)
Melanocytes
Enteric ganglia
S chwann cells
Ron Norman AECC

[ID 1800]
Neuroectoderm derivatives
Neuroectoderm gives rise to:
Neurons
Neuroglia
Neurohypophysis
piNeurol (pineal) gland
Payam Mehranpour

Hi Yield [ID 1686]
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS): features

FAS:
Facial hypoplasia/ Forebrain malformation
Attention defecit disorder/ Altered joints
S hort stature/ S eptal defects/ S mall I.Q
Dr. Atif Farooq Khawaja Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan/Gujranwala

Hi Yield [ID 606]
Mesoderm components
MESODERM:
Mesothelium (peritoneal, pleural, pericardial)/ Muscle (striated, smooth, cardiac)
Embryologic
S pleen/ S oft tissue/ S erous linings/ S arcoma/ S omite
Osseous tissue/ Outer layer of suprarenal gland (cortex)/ Ovaries
Dura/ Ducts of genitalia
Endothelium
Renal
Microglia/ Mesenchyme/ Male gonad
Rinku Uberoi UNIBE

Hi Yield [ID 861]
Teratogenesis: when it occurs
TEratogenesis is most likely during organogenesis--between the:
Third and
Eighth weeks of gestation.
Rinku Uberoi

Hi Yield [ID 173]
Weeks 2, 3, 4 of development: an event for each
Week Two: Bilaminar germ disc.
Week Three: Trilaminar germ disc.
Week Four: Four limbs appear.

[ID 498]
Placenta-crossing substances
quot;WANT My Hot Dogquot;:
Wastes
Antibodies
Nutrients
Teratogens
Microorganisms
Hormones/ HIV
Drugs

EMERGENCY MEDICINE

[ID 1753]
Ipecac: contraindications
4 C's:
Comatose
Convulsing
Corrosive
hydroCarbon
Vince Yamashiroya

Hi Yield [ID 525]
Acute LVF management

LMNOP:
Lasex (frusemide)
Morphine (diamorphine)
Nitrates
Oxygen (sit patient up)
Pulmonary ventilation (if doing badly)
Graeme Little University College London

Hi Yield [ID 1732]
Atrial fibrillation: causes of new onset
THE ATRIAL FIBS:
Thyroid
Hypothermia
Embolism (P.E.)
Alcohol
Trauma (cardiac contusion)
Recent surgery (post CABG)
Ischemia
Atrial enlargement
Lone or idiopathic
Fever, anemia, high-output states
Infarct
Bad valves (mitral stenosis)
S timulants (cocaine, theo, amphet, caffeine)
Sam LaCapra, M.D., F.A.C.E.P. Emergency Physician

Hi Yield [ID 2795]
JVP: raised JVP differential
PQRST (EKG waves):
Pericardial effusion
Quantity of fluid raised (fluid over load)
Right heart failure
S uperior vena caval obstruction
Tricuspid stenosis/ Tricuspid regurgitation/ Tamponade (cardiac)
Dr. Mohsin Maqbool Bahawal-Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur

Hi Yield [ID 1944]
MI: immediate treatment
DOGASH:
Diamorphine
Oxygen
GTN spray
Asprin 300mg
S treptokinase
Heparin
Ken Hodson Medical Student, University of Bristol

Hi Yield [ID 2505]
PEA/Asystole (ACLS): etiology
ITCHPAD:
Infarction
Tension pneumothorax
Cardiac tamponade
Hypovolemia/ Hypothermia/ Hypo-, Hyperkalemia/ Hypomagnesmia/ Hypoxemia
Pulmonary embolism
Acidosis
Drug overdose
Carl Roberts A.S.EMS, CCEMT-P, CFP US Army Special Forces

[ID 391]
Shock: signs and symptoms

TV SPARC CUBE:
Thirst
Vomiting
S weating
Pulse weak
Anxious
Respirations shallow/rapid
Cool
Cyanotic
Unconscious
BP low
Eyes blank

[ID 542]
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) causes
BATS:
Berry aneurysm
Arteriovenous malformation/ Adult polycystic kidney disease
Trauma (eg being struck with baseball bat)
S troke
Cusano and Mamta SGUSOM

Hi Yield [ID 1719]
Syncope causes, by system
HEAD HEART VESSELS:
CNS causes include HEAD:
Hypoxia/ Hypoglycemia
Epilepsy
Anxiety
Dysfunctional brain stem (basivertebral TIA)
Cardiac causes are HEART:
Heart attack
Embolism (PE)
Aortic obstruction (IHSS, AS or myxoma)
Rhythm disturbance, ventricular
Tachycardia
Vascular causes are VESSELS:
Vasovagal
Ectopic (reminds one of hypovolemia)
S ituational
S ubclavian steal
ENT (glossopharyngeal neuralgia)
Low systemic vascular resistance (Addison's, diabetic vascular neuropathy)
S ensitive carotid sinus
Bill Young MD University of Kentucky Dept of Emergency Medicine

Hi Yield [ID 598]
Ventricular fibrillation: treatment
quot;Shock, Shock, Shock, Everybody Shock, Little Shock, Big Shock, Momma Shock, Poppa Shockquot;:
Shock= Defibrillate
Everybody= Epinephine
Little= Lidocaine
Big= Bretylium
Momma= MgSO4
Poppa= Pocainamide

[ID 306]
Vfib/Vtach drugs used according to ACLS

quot;Every Little Boy Must Prayquot;:
Epinephrine
Lidocaine
Bretylium
Magsulfate
Procainamide
Midnight Medic Paramedic in Texas

Hi Yield [ID 470]
Diabetic ketoacidosis management
F*¢KING:
Fluids (crytalloids)
Urea (check it)
Creatinine (check it)/ Catheterize
K+ (potassium)
Insulin (5u/hour. Note: sliding scale no longer recommended in the UK)
Nasogastic tube (if patient comatose)
Glucose (once serum levels drop to 12)
Graeme Little University College London

[ID 349]
Coma causes checklist
AEIOU TIPS:
Acidosis/ Alcohol
Epilepsy
Infection
Overdosed
Uremia
Trauma to head
Insulin: too little or or too much
Pyschosis episode
S troke occurred
Midnight Medic Paramedic in Texas

Hi Yield [ID 1735]
Meningicoccal meningitis: complications
SAD REP:
S epsis/ S hock/ S ubdural effusion
Ataxia/ Abscess (brain)
DIC/ Deafness
Retardation
Epilepsy
Paralysis

Hi Yield [ID 1734]
Miosis: causes of pin-point pupils
CPR ON SLIME:
Clonidine
Phenothiazines
Resting (deep sleep)
Opiates
Narcotics
S troke (pontine hemorrhage)
Lomotil (diphenoxylate)
Insecticides
Mushrooms/ Muscarinic (inocybe, clitocybe)
Eye drops

[ID 1733]
Neurological focal deficits

10 S's:
S ugar (hypo, hyper)
S troke
S eizure (Todd's paralysis)
S ubdural hematoma
S ubarachnoid hemorrhage
S pace occupying lesion (tumor, avm, aneurysm, abscess)
S pinal cord syndromes
S omatoform (conversion reaction)
S clerosis (MS)
S ome migraines

Hi Yield [ID 2607]
Unconciousness: differential
FISH SHAPED:
Fainted
Illness/ Infantile febrile convulsions
S hock
Head injuries
S troke (CVE)
Heart problems
Asphxia
Poisons
Epilepsy
Diabetes
B Sylvester Surrey Ambulance Service (UK)

Hi Yield [ID 1874]
Coma and signicantly reduced conscious state causes: causes
COMA:
CO2 and CO excess
Overdose: TCAs, Benzos, EtOH, insulin, paracetamol, etc.
Metabolic: BSL, Na+, K+, Mg2+, urea, ammonia, etc.
Apoplexy: stroke, SAH, extradural, subdural, Ca, meningitis, encephalitis, cerebral abscess, etc.
Steve Gust HMO, Gove District Hospital, NT Australia

[ID 221]
Malignant hyperthermia treatment
quot;S ome Hot Dude Better Give Iced Fluids Fast!quot; (Hot dude = hypothermia):
S top triggering agents
Hyperventilate/ Hundred percent oxygen
Dantrolene (2.5mg/kg)
Bicarbonate
Glucose and insulin
IV Fluids and cooling blanket
Fluid output monitoring/ Furosemide/ Fast heart [tachycardia]

Hi Yield [ID 933]
RLQ pain: differential
APPENDICITIS:
Appendicitis/ Abscess
PID/ Period
Pancreatitis
Ectopic/ Endometriosis
Neoplasia
Diverticulitis
Intussusception
Crohns Disease/ Cyst (ovarian)
IBD
Torsion (ovary)
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
S tones

Medicalmnemonics

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