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How Hailo fuels its growth using NoSQL storage and analytics - Dave Gardner (Hailo)
- 1. Hailo and NoSQL David Gardner, Architect at Hailo JAXLONDON2013
- 3. What this talk is about 1. Why choose NoSQL 2. A whistle-stop tour of Cassandra 3. Adoption of Cassandra at Hailo JAXLONDON2013
- 4. What is Hailo? Hailo is The Taxi Magnet. Use Hailo to get a cab wherever you are, whenever you want. JAXLONDON2013
- 8. Facts and figures • The world’s highest-rated taxi app – over 11,000 five-star reviews • Over 500,000 registered passengers • A Hailo hail is accepted around the world every 4 seconds • Hailo operates in 15 cities on 3 continents from Tokyo to Toronto in nearly 2 years of operation JAXLONDON2013
- 9. Hailo is growing • Hailo is a marketplace that facilitates over $100M in run-rate transactions and is making the world a better place for passengers and drivers • Hailo has raised over $50M in financing from the world's best investors including Union Square Ventures, Accel, the founder of Skype (via Atomico), Wellington Partners (Spotify), Sir Richard Branson, and our CEO's mother, Janice JAXLONDON2013
- 11. “NoSQL DBs trade off traditional features to better support new and emerging use cases” Andy Gross, Riak http://www.slideshare.net/argv0/riak-use-cases-dissecting-the-solutions-to-hard-problems JAXLONDON2013
- 12. What are we trading off? • More widely used, tested and documented software • Ad-hoc querying • Talent pool with direct experience JAXLONDON2013
- 13. What do we get back in return? • High availability • Scalability • Operational simplicity JAXLONDON2013
- 15. Amazon Dynamo + Consistent hashing Vector clocks * Gossip protocol Hinted handoff Read repair http://www.allthingsdistributed.com/files/ amazon-dynamo-sosp2007.pdf Google Big Table Columnar SSTable storage Append-only Memtable Compaction http://labs.google.com/papers/bigtableosdi06.pdf JAXLONDON2013
- 16. tokens are integers from 0 to 2127 three replicas (RF=3) coordinator node Client JAXLONDON2013
- 17. Consistency level (CL) How many replicas must respond to declare success? Level Description ONE 1st Response QUORUM N/2 + 1 replicas LOCAL_QUORUM N/2 + 1 replicas in local data centre EACH_QUORUM N/2 + 1 replicas in each data centre ALL All replicas JAXLONDON2013
- 18. Big Table • • • • • • Sparse column based data model SSTable disk storage Append-only commit log Memtable (buffer and sort) Immutable SSTable files Compaction http://research.google.com/archive/bigtable-osdi06.pdf http://www.slideshare.net/geminimobile/bigtable-4820829 JAXLONDON2013
- 19. Name Plus timestamp, used for Last Write Wins (LWW) conflict resolution Value Column JAXLONDON2013
- 20. we can have millions of columns Name Name Name Value Value Value Column Column Column JAXLONDON2013
- 22. Column Family Row Key Column Column Column Row Key Column Column Column Row Key Column Column Column we can have billions of rows JAXLONDON2013
- 23. buffers writes and sorts data Memtable Write flush on time or size trigger Memory Disk Commit Log SSTable SSTable immutable JAXLONDON2013
- 25. Hailo launched in London in November 2011 • Launched on AWS • Two PHP/MySQL web apps plus a Java backend • Mostly built by a team of 3 or 4 backend engineers • MySQL multi-master for single AZ resilience JAXLONDON2013
- 26. Why Cassandra? • A desire for greater resilience – “become a utility” Cassandra is designed for high availability • Plans for international expansion around a single consumer app Cassandra is good at global replication • Expected growth Cassandra scales linearly for both reads and writes • Prior experience I had experience with Cassandra and could recommend it JAXLONDON2013
- 27. The path to adoption • Largely unilateral decision by developers – a result of a startup culture • Replacement of key consumer app functionality, splitting up the PHP/MySQL web app into a mixture of global PHP/Java services backed by a Cassandra data store • Launched into production in September 2012 – originally just powering North American expansion, before gradually switching over Dublin and London JAXLONDON2013
- 28. One year on... • Further breakdown of functionality into Go/Java SOA • Migrating all online databases to Cassandra JAXLONDON2013
- 30. “Cassandra just works” Dom W, Senior Engineer JAXLONDON2013
- 31. Use cases 1. Entity storage 2. Time series data JAXLONDON2013
- 33. Considerations for entity storage • Do not read the entire entity, update one property and then write back a mutation containing every column • Only mutate columns that have been set • This avoids read-before-write race conditions JAXLONDON2013
- 34. JAXLONDON2013
- 37. JAXLONDON2013
- 38. Considerations for time series storage • Choose row key carefully, since this partitions the records • Think about how many records you want in a single row • Denormalise on write into many indexes JAXLONDON2013
- 39. Analytics • With Cassandra we lost the ability to carry out analytics eg: COUNT, SUM, AVG, GROUP BY • We use Acunu Analytics to give us this abilty in real time, for preplanned query templates • It is backed by Cassandra and therefore highly available, resilient and globally distributed • Integration is straightforward (HTTP POST) JAXLONDON2013
- 41. AQL SELECT SUM(accepted), SUM(ignored), SUM(declined), SUM(withdrawn) FROM Allocations WHERE timestamp BETWEEN '1 week ago' AND 'now’ AND driver='LON123456789’ GROUP BY timestamp(day) JAXLONDON2013
- 42. Get a picture of driver supply SELECT COUNT DISTINCT(driverId) FROM driverLocs WHERE timestamp BETWEEN '1 day ago' AND 'now' GROUP BY timestamp(hour) SELECT COUNT FROM driverLocs WHERE timestamp BETWEEN '1 day ago' AND 'now' GROUP BY latitude(0.01), longitude(0.01) JAXLONDON2013
- 43. JAXLONDON2013
- 45. “Allows a team of 2 to achieve things they wouldn’t have considered before Cassandra existed” Chris H, Operations Engineer JAXLONDON2013
- 46. JAXLONDON2013
- 47. 6 machines per region 3 regions us-east-1 eu-west-1 us-east-1 eu-west-1 Operational Cluster clusters Stats Cluster 3 (stats cluster is a long story) ap-southeast-1 JAXLONDON2013
- 49. Stats Cluster AWS VPCs with Open VPN links 3 AZs per region m1.large machines ~ 1TB/node Provisoned IOPS EBS Operational Cluster ~ 200GB/node JAXLONDON2013
- 50. Backups • SSTable snapshot • Used to upload to S3, but this was taking >6 hours and consuming all our network bandwidth • Now take EBS snapshot of the data volumes JAXLONDON2013
- 51. Encryption • Requirement for NYC launch • We use dmcrypt to encrypt the entire EBS volume • Chose dmcrypt because it is uncomplicated • Our tests show a 1% performance hit in disk performance, which concurs with what Amazon suggest JAXLONDON2013
- 52. Datastax Ops Centre is a quick win JAXLONDON2013
- 53. Multi DC • Something that Cassandra makes trivial • Would have been very difficult to accomplish active-active inter-DC replication with a team of 2 without Cassandra • Rolling repair needed to make it safe (we use LOCAL_QUORUM) • We schedule “narrow repairs” on different nodes in our cluster each night JAXLONDON2013
- 54. Compression • Our stats cluster was running at ~1.5TB per node • We didn’t want to add more nodes • With compression, we are now back to ~600GB • Easy to accomplish • `nodetool upgradesstables` on a rolling schedule JAXLONDON2013
- 56. “The days of the quick and dirty are over” Simon V, EVP Operations JAXLONDON2013
- 57. Technically, everything is fine… • Our COO feels that C* is “technically good and beautiful”, a “perfectly good option” • Our EVPO says that C* reminds him of a time series database in use at Goldman Sachs that had “very good performance” …but there are concerns JAXLONDON2013
- 58. People who can attempt to query MySQL People who can attempt to query Cassandra JAXLONDON2013
- 59. JAXLONDON2013
- 61. There might be a gulf in experience JAXLONDON2013
- 62. 10 Average years experience per team member MySQL Cassandra JAXLONDON2013
- 63. Lesson learned • Have an advocate - get someone who will sell the vision internally • Learn the theory - teach each team member the fundamentals • Make an effort to get everyone on board JAXLONDON2013
- 64. Things can drift into failure JAXLONDON2013
- 65. JAXLONDON2013
- 66. JAXLONDON2013
- 67. JAXLONDON2013
- 68. JAXLONDON2013
- 69. JAXLONDON2013
- 70. Lesson learned • Be pro-active with Cassandra, even if it seems to be running smoothly • Peer-review data models, take time to think about them • Big rows are bad - use cfstats to look for them • Mixed workloads can cause problems - use cfhistograms and look out for signs of data modeling problems • Think about the compaction strategy for each CF JAXLONDON2013
- 72. Lessons learned • EBS is nearly always the cause of Amazon outages • EBS is a single point of failure (it will fail everywhere in your cluster) • EBS is slow • EBS is expensive • EBS is unnecessary! JAXLONDON2013
- 73. Management need to know the trade offs JAXLONDON2013
- 74. Lessons learned • Keep the business informed – explain the tradeoffs in simple terms • Sing from the same hymn sheet • Make sure there solutions in place for every use case from the beginning JAXLONDON2013
- 75. People who can attempt to query MySQL People who can attempt to query Cassandra JAXLONDON2013
- 77. We like Cassandra • Solid design • HA characteristics • Easy multi-DC setup • Simplicity of operation JAXLONDON2013
- 78. Lessons for successful adoption • Have an advocate, sell the dream • Learn the fundamentals, get the best out of Cassandra • Invest in tools to make life easier • Keep management in the loop, explain the trade offs JAXLONDON2013
- 79. The future • We will continue to invest in Cassandra as we expand globally • We will hire people with experience running Cassandra • We will focus on expanding our reporting facilities • We aspire to extend our network (1M consumer installs, wallet) beyond cabs • We will continue to hire the best engineers in London, NYC and Asia JAXLONDON2013