SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 34
Downloaden Sie, um offline zu lesen
10/14/13
	


Diversity And Classification of
Flowering Plants:
Monocots

Michael G. Simpson

Monocotyledons 
(Monocotyledonae, Monocots,
Liliidae)	


•  Monophyletic group 	

•  Comprise 22% of all angiosperms	

•  Relationships to other “basal” angiosperms
unclear at present	

•  aroids, lilies, gingers, orchids, irises, palms,
grasses	


Apomorphies of the Monocots	

•  sieve tube plastids with cuneate (wedgeshaped) proteinaceous inclusions
•  atactostele stem vasculature
•  parallel leaf venation
•  single cotyledon
•  NOTE: a trimerous flower merosity is not a
Monocot apomorphy

1
10/14/13
	


Apomorphies of the Monocots	

•  sieve tube plastids with cuneate (wedge-shaped)
proteinaceous inclusions

•  No monocot has true vascular cambium that
produces wood	


Apomorphies of the Monocots	

•  atactostele stem vasculature

Apomorphies of the Monocots	

•  parallel leaf venation (penni-parallel in some)

2
10/14/13
	


Apomorphies of the Monocots	

•  single cotyledon

ALISMATALES
Alismataceae
Aponogetonaceae
Araceae (including Lemnaceae)
Butomaceae
Cymodoceaceae
Hydrocharitaceae
Juncaginaceae
Limnocharitaceae
Posidoniaceae
Potamogetonaceae
Ruppiaceae
Scheuchzeriaceae
Tofieldiaceae
Zosteraceae
	


3
10/14/13
	


ALISMATALES
Araceae - Arum family
(Arum, a name used by Theophrastus).
111 genera / 2980 species

The Araceae are distinguished from related
families in having bifacial leaves, a spadix of
numerous, small flowers with a subtending spathe,
endospermous seeds, and raphide crystals.
P 2+2,3+3,(2+2),(3+3) or 0 [4+4,(4+4)] A 4,6,8 or
(4,6,8) [1-12] G (3) [1-(∞)] superior, hypanthium
absent.
	


Araceae - Arum family
•  Members of the family have distributions in
tropical and subtropical regions.
•  Economic importance includes many taxa
important food sources (rootstocks, leaves, or
fruits) in the tropics, e.g., Alocasia, Colocasia
esculenta (taro), Monstera; some species are
cultivated ornamentals, e.g., Anthurium, Caladium
(elephant's ear), Dieffenbachia (dumb cane),
Monstera, Philodendron, Zantedeschia (calla-lily).
•  Amorphophallus titanum is unique in having the
largest inflorescences of any flowering plant.

ARACEAE	

• 
• 
• 
• 
• 

Colocasia “gabi” or “taro” 	

Alocasia	

Caladium “Corazon de Maria”	

Dieffenbachia “dumb cane”	

Anthurium	


Aglaonema commutatum

A. modestum	


4
10/14/13
	


Amorphophallus titanum	

Largest inflorescence in world	


Arisaema triphyllum Jack-in-the-pulpit	


Wolffia sp. Watermeal	

Smallest flower in world	

Lemna minuscula	

Duckweed	


5
10/14/13
	


Pistia stratiotes Water-lettuce	


Monstera deliciosa	


Monstera deliciosa	


Monstera deliciosa	


6
10/14/13
	


Pothos sp.	


Xanthosoma sagittifolium	


Xanthosoma sagittifolium	

Zantedeschia aethiopica Calla-lily	


7
10/14/13
	


Zantedeschia aethiopica Calla-lily	


ASPARAGALES
•  Very large order!	

•  Apomorphy: phytomelan in seed coat
(lost in some taxa)	


8
10/14/13
	


ASPARAGALES
Agapanthaceae* [Alliaceae]

Hyacinthaceae* [Asparagaceae]

Agavaceae* [Asparagaceae]

Hypoxidaceae

Alliaceae*

Iridaceae

Amaryllidaceae [Alliaceae]

Ixioliriaceae

Aphyllanthaceae* [Asparagaceae]

Lanariaceae

Asparagaceae

Laxmanniaceae* [Asparagaceae]

Asphodelaceae* [Xanthorrhoeaceae]

Orchidaceae

Asteliaceae

Ruscaceae* [Asparagaceae]

Blandfordiaceae

(incl. Convallariaceae)

Boryaceae

Tecophilaeaceae

Doryanthaceae

Themidaceae* [Asparagaceae]

Hemerocallidaceae* [Xanthorrhoeaceae]	


Xanthorrhoeaceae*
Xeronemataceae

	


Orchidaceae - Orchid family
(orchis, testicle, from the shape of the root tubers). 700-800
genera / ca. 20,000 species

•  mycorrhizal, mostly perrennial, terrestrial or epiphytic
herbs having trimerous,
•  often resupinate flowers with a showy labellum
•  androecium and gynoecium adnate (termed a column,
gynostegium, or gynostemium)
•  the pollen grains often fused into a 1-several masses
(pollinia), bearing a sticky-tipped stalk, pollinia and
stalk termed a pollinarium, which is the unit of pollen
dispersal during pollination.
P (3+3) A 1-3, when 1 a pollinarium G (3), inferior, with
gynostemium
	


9
10/14/13
	


labellum	


column	


Caladenia longiclavata Australia	


Calopogon - a non-resupinate orchid	


Cattleya sp.	

Cymbidium sp.	


10
10/14/13
	


Dendrobium
phalaenopsis	

Cypripedium sp. Lady’s Slipper	


Dracula chimaera	


Dracula vampira	


Encyclia sp. Cockleshell Orchid	


11
10/14/13
	


Epidendrum sp.	


Ludisia sp.	


Orchis spectabilis	

Oncidium lanceanum	


12
10/14/13
	


Paphiopedilum sp.	


Pseudobulb	


Stanhopea trigrinum	

Thelymitra antennifera Australia	


13
10/14/13
	


Vanilla planifolia- fermented capsules
Vanilla Orchid	


Commelinid Monocots	

Apomorphy: 
UV-fluorescent
organic acids
(including
coumaric, diferulic,
and ferulic acid)
that impregnate the
cell walls.

14
10/14/13
	


ARECALES
Arecaceae (Palmae) - Palm family
(from areca, Portuguese for the betel palm). ca. 190 genera / ca. 2,000 species.

The Arecaceae are distinctive in having a rhizomatous, lianous, or
usually arborescent stem, with large, sheathing, plicate leaves, a
fleshy, usually drupaceous fruit, and seeds lacking starch. The
plicate leaves is an apomorphy for the family.
P 3+3 [0,2+2,∞] A 3+3 or (3+3) [3,∞; 0 in female fls.] G 3 or (3)
[1,2,4-10; 0 in male fls.], superior.

Arecaceae
	

•  Leaves- acrocaulis; simple, pinnate,
bipinnate, costapalmate, palmate	

•  Pseudopetiole	

•  Crownshaft	

•  Rhizomatous, lianous, herbs, trees	


	


Fruit a drupe	


reduplicate vs. induplicate	


15
10/14/13
	


• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 

Cocos nucifera- coconut	

Phoenix dactylifera- date palm	

Elaeis oleifera- oil palm	

Metryoxylon- sago palms	

Copernicia cerifera- wax palm	

Areca catechu- as a stimulant	


Archontophoenix cunnighamiana King Palm	


16
10/14/13
	


Syagrus romanzoffianum Queen Palm	


Chamaerops humilis Mediterranean Palm	


Calamus Rattan Palm	


Jubea chilensis	


17
10/14/13
	


Nypa fruticans - a rhizomatous palm	


Licuala peltata	


Phoenix canariensis	

Canary I. Palm	


Phoenix dactylifera	

Date Palm	


18
10/14/13
	


Rhopalostylis sapida	


ZINGIBERALES - Ginger Group	

Apomorphies:	

Penni-parallel venation
Supervolute leaf “ptyxis”
(1/2 of leaf rolled within the other)

Diaphraghmed air chambers
Silica cells
Inferior ovary	


19
10/14/13
	


midrib	


Zingiberaceae - Ginger family
(from a pre-Gr. name, possibly from India). 50 genera / 1,200 species

The Zingiberaceae are distinguished from related families
of the Zingiberales in having distichous, usually ligulate
leaves with a single, dithecal stamen and a petaloid
labellum derived from two staminodes.
P (3+3) A 1 fertile + 2 + (2) petaloid staminodes G (3), inferior.

20
10/14/13
	


Zingiberaceae - Ginger family
(from a pre-Gr. name, possibly from India). 50 genera / 1,200 species

Economic importance includes the source of important spice plants,
e.g., Curcuma spp., including C. domestica (turmeric), Elettaria

Musaceae	


Strelitziaceae	


cardamomum (cardamom), and Zingiber spp., including Z. officinale
(ginger); some species are grown as cultivated ornamentals, e.g.,
Alpinia and Hedychium.

Zingiberaceae	


ZINGIBERACEAE
	

•  1 style, clasped
by anther (like
Schistosoma)	

•  Fruit capsule	


21
10/14/13
	


inner tepal	


Outer tepal	

Connate staminodes	


Alpinia Shell Ginger	


Hedychium	


Hedychium	


22
10/14/13
	


filament	

staminodes 	

Inner tepals	


Ovary 	

Outer tepals	


Hedychium	


Nicolaia elatior	


Cannaceae - Canna-Lily family
(Gr. canna, a reed). 1 genus (Canna) / 25 species

The Cannaceae are distinguished from related
families of the Zingiberales in having usually
distichous leaves and flowers with one petaloid,
monothecal stamen associated with 1-4[5]
petaloid staminodes.
P 3+3 A 1, petaloid  monothecal + 1-4 petaloid
staminodes G (3), inferior.

23
10/14/13
	


Musaceae	


Cannaceae	


Canna sp. Cannaceae	


staminodes	

Inner tepal	

Outer tepal	


Canna sp. Cannaceae	


Canna sp. Cannaceae	


24
10/14/13
	


Canna sp. Cannaceae	


staminode	

half staminode	

style/stigma	


•  Fruit capsule	

•  Canna sp.	


half anther	


25
10/14/13
	


26
10/14/13
	


Cyperaceae - Sedge family

Cyperaceae - Sedge family

(Gr. for several species of Cyperus). 98 genera / 4,350 species

(Gr. for several species of Cyperus). 98 genera / 4,350 species

The Cyperaceae are distinctive in being herbs with usually
3-sided, solid-pithed stems, closed-sheathed, often tristichous
leaves, the inflorescence a “sedge spikelet,” consisting of a
central axis bearing many sessile, distichous or spiral bracts,
each subtending a single, reduced unisexual or bisexual
flower, with perianth absent or reduced to bristles or scales,
usually 3 stamens, and a 2–3-carpellate ovary, the fruit a 2- or
3-sided achene.

Economic importance is limited, with some
species used as mats, thatch, weaving material, or writing
material (Cyperus papyrus, papyrus, the culm pith of which
was historically used to make paperlike scrolls), a few used
as ornamental cultivars (e.g., Cyperus involucratus, umbrella
plant), and some species, such as the nutsedges, being
noxious weeds.

P 6 or 0 [1-∞] A 3 [1-6+] G (2-3)[(4)], superior.

Glomerule	


27
10/14/13
	


involucral	

bracts 	

 spikelet 	


perigynia	

enclosing	

ovaries 	


female	

spikelet 	


Carex praegracilis 	

Cyperus involucratus Umbrella Sedge 	


28
10/14/13
	


spikelet: 	

bracts 	

distichous 	


Cyperus sp. 	


Cyperus involucratus	


29
10/14/13
	


Poaceae/ Graminae - Grass family
(after Poa, Gr. name for a grass). 668 genera / 9,500 species

STEMS: hollow-pithed
LEAVES: open-sheathed, distichous, with a ligule at inner
junction with blade
INFLORESCENCE: grass spikelet
= axis + two basal glumes + 1-∞ florets
Floret = short lateral axis + lemma + palea + flower
FLOWER: P 2-3 lodicules A 2-3 (pendulous) G (2-3)
FRUIT: caryopsis (grain).

POACEAE
	

•  Spikelet – basic inflorescence, made up of
florets, subtended by 2 bracts called glumes	

•  Floret – flower, each subtended by even
more glumes called lemma and palea, unior bisexual	

•  Rachilla – axis of spikelet	


POACEAE
	

•  Lemma – outer, flowering glume	

•  Palea – inner bract, between flower and
rachilla	

•  Lodicules – modified perianth	

•  Stamens in 3 whorls	


30
10/14/13
	


DISTRIBUTION: worldwide.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE:
1) agricultural grains (most important food in world):
barley (Hordeum)
corn (Zea)
oats (Avena)
rice (Oryza)
rye (Secale)
wheat (Triticum);
2) alcoholic beverages: beer, whiskey, gin
3) forage and grazing plants;
4) important components of many ecosystems, such as
grasslands and savannahs.

POACEAE
	

• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 

Oryza sativa “rice”	

Zea mays “corn”	

Triticum “wheat”	

Avena “oats”	

Hordeum “barley”	

Saccharum “sugar cane”	

Panicum	

Axonopus	

Eleusine	

Digitaria	

Paspalum	


31
10/14/13
	


distichous	

leaf	

arrangement	


open sheath	


ligule	


32
10/14/13
	


Bamboos	


Fruit: Grain	


33
10/14/13
	


Cynodon dactylon	

Bermuda Grass	


Pennisetum setaceum	


Melinis repens	


34

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Lamiaceae
LamiaceaeLamiaceae
Lamiaceae
 
poaceae
poaceaepoaceae
poaceae
 
Apocynaceae family
Apocynaceae familyApocynaceae family
Apocynaceae family
 
Verbenaceae
VerbenaceaeVerbenaceae
Verbenaceae
 
Euphorbiaceae ppt
Euphorbiaceae pptEuphorbiaceae ppt
Euphorbiaceae ppt
 
Combretaceae
CombretaceaeCombretaceae
Combretaceae
 
Moraceae
MoraceaeMoraceae
Moraceae
 
Cucurbitaceae & apaiceae
Cucurbitaceae & apaiceaeCucurbitaceae & apaiceae
Cucurbitaceae & apaiceae
 
1.magnoliaceae
1.magnoliaceae1.magnoliaceae
1.magnoliaceae
 
Poaceae
PoaceaePoaceae
Poaceae
 
LBYHUMA SHRUBS
LBYHUMA SHRUBSLBYHUMA SHRUBS
LBYHUMA SHRUBS
 
Lamiaceae & nyctaginaceae
Lamiaceae & nyctaginaceaeLamiaceae & nyctaginaceae
Lamiaceae & nyctaginaceae
 
Family Brassicaceae
Family BrassicaceaeFamily Brassicaceae
Family Brassicaceae
 
Economic importance of Malvaceae ,Solanaceae ,Euphorbiaceae and Musaceae
Economic importance of Malvaceae ,Solanaceae ,Euphorbiaceae and MusaceaeEconomic importance of Malvaceae ,Solanaceae ,Euphorbiaceae and Musaceae
Economic importance of Malvaceae ,Solanaceae ,Euphorbiaceae and Musaceae
 
Brassica family
Brassica familyBrassica family
Brassica family
 
Cucurbitaceae
CucurbitaceaeCucurbitaceae
Cucurbitaceae
 
Poaceae
PoaceaePoaceae
Poaceae
 
Family lamiaceae
Family lamiaceaeFamily lamiaceae
Family lamiaceae
 
Order Poales
Order PoalesOrder Poales
Order Poales
 
Philippine diversity of Family Lamiaceae
Philippine diversity of Family LamiaceaePhilippine diversity of Family Lamiaceae
Philippine diversity of Family Lamiaceae
 

Andere mochten auch

Review of Related Literature
Review of Related LiteratureReview of Related Literature
Review of Related LiteratureJasper Obico
 
Vascular plants diversity.pptx
Vascular plants diversity.pptxVascular plants diversity.pptx
Vascular plants diversity.pptxJasper Obico
 
Related Literature and Related Studies
Related Literature and Related StudiesRelated Literature and Related Studies
Related Literature and Related StudiesJenny Reyes
 
Bio101 3rd postlab edited from Kuya Paolo Regal
Bio101 3rd postlab edited from Kuya Paolo RegalBio101 3rd postlab edited from Kuya Paolo Regal
Bio101 3rd postlab edited from Kuya Paolo RegalGirliefan Wrighter
 
Evolution of plants and non vascular
Evolution of plants and non vascularEvolution of plants and non vascular
Evolution of plants and non vascularJasper Obico
 
Lesson 13 bio101 (c)Dr. Evangelista
Lesson 13 bio101 (c)Dr.  EvangelistaLesson 13 bio101 (c)Dr.  Evangelista
Lesson 13 bio101 (c)Dr. EvangelistaGirliefan Wrighter
 
Transport in plants
Transport in plantsTransport in plants
Transport in plantsJasper Obico
 
Banana, Ensete and Boesenbergia Genomics - Schwarzacher, Heslop-Harrison, Har...
Banana, Ensete and Boesenbergia Genomics - Schwarzacher, Heslop-Harrison, Har...Banana, Ensete and Boesenbergia Genomics - Schwarzacher, Heslop-Harrison, Har...
Banana, Ensete and Boesenbergia Genomics - Schwarzacher, Heslop-Harrison, Har...Pat (JS) Heslop-Harrison
 
Ex 6 10 post lab bio 101 lab
Ex 6 10 post lab bio 101 labEx 6 10 post lab bio 101 lab
Ex 6 10 post lab bio 101 labJasper Obico
 
Lect4 research methodology
Lect4 research methodologyLect4 research methodology
Lect4 research methodologyJasper Obico
 
Lec5 research proposal writing
Lec5 research proposal writingLec5 research proposal writing
Lec5 research proposal writingJasper Obico
 
Research Process- Objective, Hypothesis (Lec2)
Research Process- Objective, Hypothesis (Lec2)Research Process- Objective, Hypothesis (Lec2)
Research Process- Objective, Hypothesis (Lec2)Jasper Obico
 
Chapter 15. Plant Growth and Development
Chapter 15. Plant Growth and DevelopmentChapter 15. Plant Growth and Development
Chapter 15. Plant Growth and DevelopmentDr Uma Prasanna Pani
 
How to Write a Research Paper
How to Write a Research Paper How to Write a Research Paper
How to Write a Research Paper Jamaica Olazo
 

Andere mochten auch (20)

Review of Related Literature
Review of Related LiteratureReview of Related Literature
Review of Related Literature
 
Vascular plants diversity.pptx
Vascular plants diversity.pptxVascular plants diversity.pptx
Vascular plants diversity.pptx
 
Related Literature and Related Studies
Related Literature and Related StudiesRelated Literature and Related Studies
Related Literature and Related Studies
 
Bio101 3rd postlab edited from Kuya Paolo Regal
Bio101 3rd postlab edited from Kuya Paolo RegalBio101 3rd postlab edited from Kuya Paolo Regal
Bio101 3rd postlab edited from Kuya Paolo Regal
 
Guia zingiberales ebook (1)
Guia zingiberales ebook (1)Guia zingiberales ebook (1)
Guia zingiberales ebook (1)
 
Evolution of plants and non vascular
Evolution of plants and non vascularEvolution of plants and non vascular
Evolution of plants and non vascular
 
Proposal format2
Proposal format2Proposal format2
Proposal format2
 
Roots
RootsRoots
Roots
 
Stem
StemStem
Stem
 
Lesson 13 bio101 (c)Dr. Evangelista
Lesson 13 bio101 (c)Dr.  EvangelistaLesson 13 bio101 (c)Dr.  Evangelista
Lesson 13 bio101 (c)Dr. Evangelista
 
How To Master The Thesis Writing?
How To Master The Thesis Writing?How To Master The Thesis Writing?
How To Master The Thesis Writing?
 
Transport in plants
Transport in plantsTransport in plants
Transport in plants
 
Banana, Ensete and Boesenbergia Genomics - Schwarzacher, Heslop-Harrison, Har...
Banana, Ensete and Boesenbergia Genomics - Schwarzacher, Heslop-Harrison, Har...Banana, Ensete and Boesenbergia Genomics - Schwarzacher, Heslop-Harrison, Har...
Banana, Ensete and Boesenbergia Genomics - Schwarzacher, Heslop-Harrison, Har...
 
ppt
pptppt
ppt
 
Ex 6 10 post lab bio 101 lab
Ex 6 10 post lab bio 101 labEx 6 10 post lab bio 101 lab
Ex 6 10 post lab bio 101 lab
 
Lect4 research methodology
Lect4 research methodologyLect4 research methodology
Lect4 research methodology
 
Lec5 research proposal writing
Lec5 research proposal writingLec5 research proposal writing
Lec5 research proposal writing
 
Research Process- Objective, Hypothesis (Lec2)
Research Process- Objective, Hypothesis (Lec2)Research Process- Objective, Hypothesis (Lec2)
Research Process- Objective, Hypothesis (Lec2)
 
Chapter 15. Plant Growth and Development
Chapter 15. Plant Growth and DevelopmentChapter 15. Plant Growth and Development
Chapter 15. Plant Growth and Development
 
How to Write a Research Paper
How to Write a Research Paper How to Write a Research Paper
How to Write a Research Paper
 

Ähnlich wie Monocots bio20 fs2013.ppt

Ähnlich wie Monocots bio20 fs2013.ppt (20)

Sim plant
Sim plantSim plant
Sim plant
 
Solanaceae.pptx
Solanaceae.pptxSolanaceae.pptx
Solanaceae.pptx
 
0a47027e11f077f56a78e42016376fb2 (1).pdf
0a47027e11f077f56a78e42016376fb2 (1).pdf0a47027e11f077f56a78e42016376fb2 (1).pdf
0a47027e11f077f56a78e42016376fb2 (1).pdf
 
Medicinal plant systematics i
Medicinal plant systematics iMedicinal plant systematics i
Medicinal plant systematics i
 
Euphorbiaceae
EuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
 
Herbal Cultivation session 2
Herbal Cultivation session 2Herbal Cultivation session 2
Herbal Cultivation session 2
 
lamiaceae-210216102828.pdf
lamiaceae-210216102828.pdflamiaceae-210216102828.pdf
lamiaceae-210216102828.pdf
 
Caryophyllaceae.pptx
Caryophyllaceae.pptxCaryophyllaceae.pptx
Caryophyllaceae.pptx
 
Liliaceae
LiliaceaeLiliaceae
Liliaceae
 
Eudicots summer2013 [compatibility mode]
Eudicots summer2013 [compatibility mode]Eudicots summer2013 [compatibility mode]
Eudicots summer2013 [compatibility mode]
 
Euphorbiaceae
EuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
 
Ch7c (Botany Lecture)
Ch7c (Botany Lecture)Ch7c (Botany Lecture)
Ch7c (Botany Lecture)
 
solanaceae-210216103500.pdf
solanaceae-210216103500.pdfsolanaceae-210216103500.pdf
solanaceae-210216103500.pdf
 
: Family Annonaceae
: Family Annonaceae: Family Annonaceae
: Family Annonaceae
 
Capparidaceae.pptx
Capparidaceae.pptxCapparidaceae.pptx
Capparidaceae.pptx
 
FAMILY APIACEAE
FAMILY APIACEAEFAMILY APIACEAE
FAMILY APIACEAE
 
apocynaceaefamily-200928073659.pdf
apocynaceaefamily-200928073659.pdfapocynaceaefamily-200928073659.pdf
apocynaceaefamily-200928073659.pdf
 
Family palmae
Family palmaeFamily palmae
Family palmae
 
Anacardiaceae and Gramineae
Anacardiaceae and GramineaeAnacardiaceae and Gramineae
Anacardiaceae and Gramineae
 
Apocynaceae family
Apocynaceae familyApocynaceae family
Apocynaceae family
 

Mehr von Jasper Obico

Genetics mendelian.ppt
Genetics mendelian.pptGenetics mendelian.ppt
Genetics mendelian.pptJasper Obico
 
Evolution of plants and non vascular.pptx
Evolution of plants and non vascular.pptxEvolution of plants and non vascular.pptx
Evolution of plants and non vascular.pptxJasper Obico
 
Plant diversity.ppt
Plant diversity.pptPlant diversity.ppt
Plant diversity.pptJasper Obico
 
Evolution and systematics.ppt
Evolution and systematics.pptEvolution and systematics.ppt
Evolution and systematics.pptJasper Obico
 
Molecular genetics.ppt
Molecular genetics.pptMolecular genetics.ppt
Molecular genetics.pptJasper Obico
 
Ecology fs2013.ppt
Ecology fs2013.pptEcology fs2013.ppt
Ecology fs2013.pptJasper Obico
 
Evolution of plants and non vascular
Evolution of plants and non vascularEvolution of plants and non vascular
Evolution of plants and non vascularJasper Obico
 
Reproductive structures
Reproductive structuresReproductive structures
Reproductive structuresJasper Obico
 
Vascular plant organs
Vascular plant organsVascular plant organs
Vascular plant organsJasper Obico
 
Evolution with phylogeny
Evolution with phylogenyEvolution with phylogeny
Evolution with phylogenyJasper Obico
 
Plant growth and development [compatibility mode]
Plant growth and development [compatibility mode]Plant growth and development [compatibility mode]
Plant growth and development [compatibility mode]Jasper Obico
 
Molecular genetics
Molecular geneticsMolecular genetics
Molecular geneticsJasper Obico
 
Sample final draft
Sample final draftSample final draft
Sample final draftJasper Obico
 
Bio 199 schedule ss 2011 12 rev
Bio 199 schedule ss 2011 12 revBio 199 schedule ss 2011 12 rev
Bio 199 schedule ss 2011 12 revJasper Obico
 

Mehr von Jasper Obico (19)

Genetics mendelian.ppt
Genetics mendelian.pptGenetics mendelian.ppt
Genetics mendelian.ppt
 
Evolution of plants and non vascular.pptx
Evolution of plants and non vascular.pptxEvolution of plants and non vascular.pptx
Evolution of plants and non vascular.pptx
 
Plant diversity.ppt
Plant diversity.pptPlant diversity.ppt
Plant diversity.ppt
 
Evolution and systematics.ppt
Evolution and systematics.pptEvolution and systematics.ppt
Evolution and systematics.ppt
 
Molecular genetics.ppt
Molecular genetics.pptMolecular genetics.ppt
Molecular genetics.ppt
 
Ecology fs2013.ppt
Ecology fs2013.pptEcology fs2013.ppt
Ecology fs2013.ppt
 
Evolution of plants and non vascular
Evolution of plants and non vascularEvolution of plants and non vascular
Evolution of plants and non vascular
 
Reproductive structures
Reproductive structuresReproductive structures
Reproductive structures
 
Vascular plant organs
Vascular plant organsVascular plant organs
Vascular plant organs
 
Plant systematics
Plant systematicsPlant systematics
Plant systematics
 
Evolution with phylogeny
Evolution with phylogenyEvolution with phylogeny
Evolution with phylogeny
 
Plant growth and development [compatibility mode]
Plant growth and development [compatibility mode]Plant growth and development [compatibility mode]
Plant growth and development [compatibility mode]
 
Respiration
RespirationRespiration
Respiration
 
Plant genetics
Plant geneticsPlant genetics
Plant genetics
 
Molecular genetics
Molecular geneticsMolecular genetics
Molecular genetics
 
Evolution
EvolutionEvolution
Evolution
 
Photosynthesis
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
Photosynthesis
 
Sample final draft
Sample final draftSample final draft
Sample final draft
 
Bio 199 schedule ss 2011 12 rev
Bio 199 schedule ss 2011 12 revBio 199 schedule ss 2011 12 rev
Bio 199 schedule ss 2011 12 rev
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen

Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptx
Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptxBuilding AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptx
Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptxUdaiappa Ramachandran
 
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )Brian Pichman
 
Designing A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URLDesigning A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URLRuncy Oommen
 
UiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdf
UiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdfUiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdf
UiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdfDianaGray10
 
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just MinutesAI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just MinutesMd Hossain Ali
 
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdfMachine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdfAijun Zhang
 
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1DianaGray10
 
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation DevelopersUiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation DevelopersUiPathCommunity
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7DianaGray10
 
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?IES VE
 
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBXVoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBXTarek Kalaji
 
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDEADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDELiveplex
 
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding TeamAdam Moalla
 
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...Aggregage
 
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...Will Schroeder
 
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfJamie (Taka) Wang
 
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™Adtran
 
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptxCybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptxGDSC PJATK
 
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and Hazards
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and HazardsComputer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and Hazards
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and HazardsSeth Reyes
 
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystemBird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystemAsko Soukka
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptx
Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptxBuilding AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptx
Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptx
 
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
 
Designing A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URLDesigning A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URL
 
UiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdf
UiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdfUiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdf
UiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdf
 
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just MinutesAI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
 
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdfMachine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
 
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
 
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation DevelopersUiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
 
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
 
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBXVoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
 
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDEADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE
 
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
 
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
 
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
 
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
 
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
 
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptxCybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
 
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and Hazards
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and HazardsComputer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and Hazards
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and Hazards
 
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystemBird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
 

Monocots bio20 fs2013.ppt

  • 1. 10/14/13 Diversity And Classification of Flowering Plants: Monocots Michael G. Simpson Monocotyledons (Monocotyledonae, Monocots, Liliidae) •  Monophyletic group •  Comprise 22% of all angiosperms •  Relationships to other “basal” angiosperms unclear at present •  aroids, lilies, gingers, orchids, irises, palms, grasses Apomorphies of the Monocots •  sieve tube plastids with cuneate (wedgeshaped) proteinaceous inclusions •  atactostele stem vasculature •  parallel leaf venation •  single cotyledon •  NOTE: a trimerous flower merosity is not a Monocot apomorphy 1
  • 2. 10/14/13 Apomorphies of the Monocots •  sieve tube plastids with cuneate (wedge-shaped) proteinaceous inclusions •  No monocot has true vascular cambium that produces wood Apomorphies of the Monocots •  atactostele stem vasculature Apomorphies of the Monocots •  parallel leaf venation (penni-parallel in some) 2
  • 3. 10/14/13 Apomorphies of the Monocots •  single cotyledon ALISMATALES Alismataceae Aponogetonaceae Araceae (including Lemnaceae) Butomaceae Cymodoceaceae Hydrocharitaceae Juncaginaceae Limnocharitaceae Posidoniaceae Potamogetonaceae Ruppiaceae Scheuchzeriaceae Tofieldiaceae Zosteraceae 3
  • 4. 10/14/13 ALISMATALES Araceae - Arum family (Arum, a name used by Theophrastus). 111 genera / 2980 species The Araceae are distinguished from related families in having bifacial leaves, a spadix of numerous, small flowers with a subtending spathe, endospermous seeds, and raphide crystals. P 2+2,3+3,(2+2),(3+3) or 0 [4+4,(4+4)] A 4,6,8 or (4,6,8) [1-12] G (3) [1-(∞)] superior, hypanthium absent. Araceae - Arum family •  Members of the family have distributions in tropical and subtropical regions. •  Economic importance includes many taxa important food sources (rootstocks, leaves, or fruits) in the tropics, e.g., Alocasia, Colocasia esculenta (taro), Monstera; some species are cultivated ornamentals, e.g., Anthurium, Caladium (elephant's ear), Dieffenbachia (dumb cane), Monstera, Philodendron, Zantedeschia (calla-lily). •  Amorphophallus titanum is unique in having the largest inflorescences of any flowering plant. ARACEAE •  •  •  •  •  Colocasia “gabi” or “taro” Alocasia Caladium “Corazon de Maria” Dieffenbachia “dumb cane” Anthurium Aglaonema commutatum A. modestum 4
  • 5. 10/14/13 Amorphophallus titanum Largest inflorescence in world Arisaema triphyllum Jack-in-the-pulpit Wolffia sp. Watermeal Smallest flower in world Lemna minuscula Duckweed 5
  • 6. 10/14/13 Pistia stratiotes Water-lettuce Monstera deliciosa Monstera deliciosa Monstera deliciosa 6
  • 7. 10/14/13 Pothos sp. Xanthosoma sagittifolium Xanthosoma sagittifolium Zantedeschia aethiopica Calla-lily 7
  • 8. 10/14/13 Zantedeschia aethiopica Calla-lily ASPARAGALES •  Very large order! •  Apomorphy: phytomelan in seed coat (lost in some taxa) 8
  • 9. 10/14/13 ASPARAGALES Agapanthaceae* [Alliaceae] Hyacinthaceae* [Asparagaceae] Agavaceae* [Asparagaceae] Hypoxidaceae Alliaceae* Iridaceae Amaryllidaceae [Alliaceae] Ixioliriaceae Aphyllanthaceae* [Asparagaceae] Lanariaceae Asparagaceae Laxmanniaceae* [Asparagaceae] Asphodelaceae* [Xanthorrhoeaceae] Orchidaceae Asteliaceae Ruscaceae* [Asparagaceae] Blandfordiaceae (incl. Convallariaceae) Boryaceae Tecophilaeaceae Doryanthaceae Themidaceae* [Asparagaceae] Hemerocallidaceae* [Xanthorrhoeaceae] Xanthorrhoeaceae* Xeronemataceae Orchidaceae - Orchid family (orchis, testicle, from the shape of the root tubers). 700-800 genera / ca. 20,000 species •  mycorrhizal, mostly perrennial, terrestrial or epiphytic herbs having trimerous, •  often resupinate flowers with a showy labellum •  androecium and gynoecium adnate (termed a column, gynostegium, or gynostemium) •  the pollen grains often fused into a 1-several masses (pollinia), bearing a sticky-tipped stalk, pollinia and stalk termed a pollinarium, which is the unit of pollen dispersal during pollination. P (3+3) A 1-3, when 1 a pollinarium G (3), inferior, with gynostemium 9
  • 10. 10/14/13 labellum column Caladenia longiclavata Australia Calopogon - a non-resupinate orchid Cattleya sp. Cymbidium sp. 10
  • 11. 10/14/13 Dendrobium phalaenopsis Cypripedium sp. Lady’s Slipper Dracula chimaera Dracula vampira Encyclia sp. Cockleshell Orchid 11
  • 12. 10/14/13 Epidendrum sp. Ludisia sp. Orchis spectabilis Oncidium lanceanum 12
  • 14. 10/14/13 Vanilla planifolia- fermented capsules Vanilla Orchid Commelinid Monocots Apomorphy: UV-fluorescent organic acids (including coumaric, diferulic, and ferulic acid) that impregnate the cell walls. 14
  • 15. 10/14/13 ARECALES Arecaceae (Palmae) - Palm family (from areca, Portuguese for the betel palm). ca. 190 genera / ca. 2,000 species. The Arecaceae are distinctive in having a rhizomatous, lianous, or usually arborescent stem, with large, sheathing, plicate leaves, a fleshy, usually drupaceous fruit, and seeds lacking starch. The plicate leaves is an apomorphy for the family. P 3+3 [0,2+2,∞] A 3+3 or (3+3) [3,∞; 0 in female fls.] G 3 or (3) [1,2,4-10; 0 in male fls.], superior. Arecaceae •  Leaves- acrocaulis; simple, pinnate, bipinnate, costapalmate, palmate •  Pseudopetiole •  Crownshaft •  Rhizomatous, lianous, herbs, trees Fruit a drupe reduplicate vs. induplicate 15
  • 16. 10/14/13 •  •  •  •  •  •  Cocos nucifera- coconut Phoenix dactylifera- date palm Elaeis oleifera- oil palm Metryoxylon- sago palms Copernicia cerifera- wax palm Areca catechu- as a stimulant Archontophoenix cunnighamiana King Palm 16
  • 17. 10/14/13 Syagrus romanzoffianum Queen Palm Chamaerops humilis Mediterranean Palm Calamus Rattan Palm Jubea chilensis 17
  • 18. 10/14/13 Nypa fruticans - a rhizomatous palm Licuala peltata Phoenix canariensis Canary I. Palm Phoenix dactylifera Date Palm 18
  • 19. 10/14/13 Rhopalostylis sapida ZINGIBERALES - Ginger Group Apomorphies: Penni-parallel venation Supervolute leaf “ptyxis” (1/2 of leaf rolled within the other) Diaphraghmed air chambers Silica cells Inferior ovary 19
  • 20. 10/14/13 midrib Zingiberaceae - Ginger family (from a pre-Gr. name, possibly from India). 50 genera / 1,200 species The Zingiberaceae are distinguished from related families of the Zingiberales in having distichous, usually ligulate leaves with a single, dithecal stamen and a petaloid labellum derived from two staminodes. P (3+3) A 1 fertile + 2 + (2) petaloid staminodes G (3), inferior. 20
  • 21. 10/14/13 Zingiberaceae - Ginger family (from a pre-Gr. name, possibly from India). 50 genera / 1,200 species Economic importance includes the source of important spice plants, e.g., Curcuma spp., including C. domestica (turmeric), Elettaria Musaceae Strelitziaceae cardamomum (cardamom), and Zingiber spp., including Z. officinale (ginger); some species are grown as cultivated ornamentals, e.g., Alpinia and Hedychium. Zingiberaceae ZINGIBERACEAE •  1 style, clasped by anther (like Schistosoma) •  Fruit capsule 21
  • 22. 10/14/13 inner tepal Outer tepal Connate staminodes Alpinia Shell Ginger Hedychium Hedychium 22
  • 23. 10/14/13 filament staminodes Inner tepals Ovary Outer tepals Hedychium Nicolaia elatior Cannaceae - Canna-Lily family (Gr. canna, a reed). 1 genus (Canna) / 25 species The Cannaceae are distinguished from related families of the Zingiberales in having usually distichous leaves and flowers with one petaloid, monothecal stamen associated with 1-4[5] petaloid staminodes. P 3+3 A 1, petaloid monothecal + 1-4 petaloid staminodes G (3), inferior. 23
  • 24. 10/14/13 Musaceae Cannaceae Canna sp. Cannaceae staminodes Inner tepal Outer tepal Canna sp. Cannaceae Canna sp. Cannaceae 24
  • 25. 10/14/13 Canna sp. Cannaceae staminode half staminode style/stigma •  Fruit capsule •  Canna sp. half anther 25
  • 27. 10/14/13 Cyperaceae - Sedge family Cyperaceae - Sedge family (Gr. for several species of Cyperus). 98 genera / 4,350 species (Gr. for several species of Cyperus). 98 genera / 4,350 species The Cyperaceae are distinctive in being herbs with usually 3-sided, solid-pithed stems, closed-sheathed, often tristichous leaves, the inflorescence a “sedge spikelet,” consisting of a central axis bearing many sessile, distichous or spiral bracts, each subtending a single, reduced unisexual or bisexual flower, with perianth absent or reduced to bristles or scales, usually 3 stamens, and a 2–3-carpellate ovary, the fruit a 2- or 3-sided achene. Economic importance is limited, with some species used as mats, thatch, weaving material, or writing material (Cyperus papyrus, papyrus, the culm pith of which was historically used to make paperlike scrolls), a few used as ornamental cultivars (e.g., Cyperus involucratus, umbrella plant), and some species, such as the nutsedges, being noxious weeds. P 6 or 0 [1-∞] A 3 [1-6+] G (2-3)[(4)], superior. Glomerule 27
  • 28. 10/14/13 involucral bracts spikelet perigynia enclosing ovaries female spikelet Carex praegracilis Cyperus involucratus Umbrella Sedge 28
  • 29. 10/14/13 spikelet: bracts distichous Cyperus sp. Cyperus involucratus 29
  • 30. 10/14/13 Poaceae/ Graminae - Grass family (after Poa, Gr. name for a grass). 668 genera / 9,500 species STEMS: hollow-pithed LEAVES: open-sheathed, distichous, with a ligule at inner junction with blade INFLORESCENCE: grass spikelet = axis + two basal glumes + 1-∞ florets Floret = short lateral axis + lemma + palea + flower FLOWER: P 2-3 lodicules A 2-3 (pendulous) G (2-3) FRUIT: caryopsis (grain). POACEAE •  Spikelet – basic inflorescence, made up of florets, subtended by 2 bracts called glumes •  Floret – flower, each subtended by even more glumes called lemma and palea, unior bisexual •  Rachilla – axis of spikelet POACEAE •  Lemma – outer, flowering glume •  Palea – inner bract, between flower and rachilla •  Lodicules – modified perianth •  Stamens in 3 whorls 30
  • 31. 10/14/13 DISTRIBUTION: worldwide. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: 1) agricultural grains (most important food in world): barley (Hordeum) corn (Zea) oats (Avena) rice (Oryza) rye (Secale) wheat (Triticum); 2) alcoholic beverages: beer, whiskey, gin 3) forage and grazing plants; 4) important components of many ecosystems, such as grasslands and savannahs. POACEAE •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  Oryza sativa “rice” Zea mays “corn” Triticum “wheat” Avena “oats” Hordeum “barley” Saccharum “sugar cane” Panicum Axonopus Eleusine Digitaria Paspalum 31