1. 10/14/13
REVIEW
1
A
1
B
1
C
0
Outgroup 0
2
1
0
0
0
3
1
0
1
0
4
1
0
1
0
5
1
0
1
0
EVOLUTION OF PLANTS
OBICO JJA, Instructor
Department of Biology
1

2. 10/14/13
amyloplasts (starch
grains):
alpha-1,4-glucopyranoside
cell wall
thylakoids
granum
stroma
chloroplasts
chloroplast:
chlorophyll a & b
grana
starch
Elodea (Hydrocharitaceae Alismatales)
HAPLOID (n)
MulticelledStage
(Adu lt)
HAPLOID (n)
MulticelledStage
(Adu lt)
mitosis
mitosis
HAPLONTI
C
Isogamy
Sp
ores
(n)
Gamete
(n)
HAPLONTI
C
Oogamy
Zygote
(2n )
erm
Egg Sp
(n)
(n )
Sp
ores
(n)
fertilzation
i
meiosis
A
Gamete
(n)
fertilzation
i
meiosis
B
Zygote
(2n )
2

3. 10/14/13
Charales - oogamy
oogonium
Coleochaete
Nitella
Chara
The Land Plants
=Embryophyta (embryophytes)
CELL #1
plasma
membrane
CELL #2
plasmodesmata
middle lamella
cellulosic cell wall
The first colonization of plants on land during the
Silurian period, ca. 400 million years ago.
} Land Plants now dominate the earth.
}
cell wall:
cellulosic
plasmodesmata (in some Green Plants)
3

4. 10/14/13
Two possible hypotheses:
GAMETOPHYTE
(n)
mitosis
Spores
(n)
Archegonium Antheridium
(n)
(n)
produce
meiosis
Sporocyte
(2n)
HAPLODIPLONTIC
("Alternation of
Gen erations")
Sporangium
(2n)
Egg
(n)
Sperm
(n)
} lost by reduction and modification
in the Angiosperms
and some Gnetales
(Sperm non-flagellate in Conifers,
Gnetales, and Angiosperms)
fertilization
SPOROPHYTE
(2n )
Zygote
mitosis
Embryo
(2n)
mitosis
(2n)
4

5. 10/14/13
5

6. 10/14/13
antheridiu
m
antheridiu
m
sperm cells
Mnium (moss)
Marchantia (liverwort)
egg cell
neck
archegonium
“Bryophytes” paraphyletic
Marchantia (liverwort)
6

7. 10/14/13
Mosses
Hornworts
Liverworts
“Bryophytes”
Liverworts Hepaticae
Two basic forms:
-thalloid
-leafy
Asterella sp. 1
7

8. 10/14/13
Bazannia
a leafy liverwort
Asterella sp. 2
Conocephalum sp.
Fossombronia sp.
8

9. 10/14/13
pore
pore
gemmae
elaters
gemma cup
sporophyte
Marchantia
spores
Marchantia
stomate
9

10. 10/14/13
Hornworts
(Anthocerotae)
Hornworts
10

11. 10/14/13
Mosses
(Musci)
peristome teeth
operculum
calyptra
spores
peristome
tooth
operculum
GAMETOPHYTE
(n)
mature capsule
(sporangium)
mitosis
germinating
spore
protonema
Spores
(n)
Archegonium Antheridium
(n)
(n)
produce
antheridia
sporophyte
(2n)
meiosis
Sporocyte
(2n)
HAPLODIPLONTIC
("Alternation of
Gen erations")
Sporangium
(2n)
SPOROPHYTE
(2n )
embryo
(2n)
Zygote
mitosis
Embryo
(2n)
archegonia
Sperm
(n)
and some Gnetales
(Sperm non-flagellate in Conifers,
Gnetales, and Angiosperms)
fertilization
costa
archegonial
neck
Egg
(n)
} lost by reduction and modification
in the Angiosperms
mitosis
(2n)
gametophyte
(n)
11

12. 10/14/13
peristome teeth
operculum
calyptra
spores
peristome
tooth
operculum
mature capsule
(sporangium)
germinating
spore
protonema
peristome teeth
operculum
antheridia
calyptra
sporophyte
(2n)
spores
peristome
tooth
operculum
mature capsule
(sporangium)
germinating
spore
costa
archegonial
neck
protonema
antheridia
sporophyte
(2n)
embryo
(2n)
archegonia
costa
archegonial
neck
embryo
(2n)
gametophyte
(n)
archegonia
gametophyte
(n)
spore
(n)
protonema
spore
(n)
12

13. 10/14/13
spore
(n)
protonema
spore
(n)
protonema
spore
(n)
gametophyte (n)
protonema
gametophyte (n)
spore
(n)
protonema
gametophyte (n)
fertilization
archegonium
antheridium
sporophyte (2n)
archegonium
antheridium
13

14. 10/14/13
spore
(n)
protonema
gametophyte (n)
meiosis
fertilization
sporophyte (2n)
archegonium
Sphagnum Peat Moss
antheridium
Sphagnum Peat Moss
14