1. 10/14/13
Diversity And Classification of
Flowering Plants:
Eudicots: Asterids
Michael G. Simpson
Asterids
Ovules unitegmic, tenuinucellate
• Very large, diverse group
• 10 orders, many families
• Putative apomorphies:
– iridoid compounds
– sympetalous corolla
– ovules: unitegmic (one integument),
tenuinucellate (megasporangium 1-cell thick)
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2. 10/14/13
ASTERIDS
CORNALES
Cornaceae
Curtissiaceae
Grubbiaceae
Hydrangeaceae
Hydrostachyaceae
Loasaceae
ERICALES
Actinidiaceae
Balsaminaceae
Clethraceae
Cyrillaceae
Diapensiaceae
Ebenaceae
EUASTERIDS I
GENTIANALES
Apocynaceae
Gelsmiaceae
Gentianaceae
Loganiaceae
Rubiaceae
LAMIALES
Acanthaceae
Bignoniaceae
Byblidaceae
Calceolariaceae
Carlemanniaceae
Gesneriaceae
Lamiaceae
Lentibulariaceae
Martyniaceae
Oleaceae
Orobanchaceae
Paulowniaceae
Pedaliaceae
Phyrmaceae
Plantaginaceae
Schlegeliaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Stilbaceae
Tetrachondraceae
Verbenaceae
SOLANALES
Convolvulaceae
Hydroleaceae
Montiniaceae
Solanaceae
Sphenocleaceae
Ericaceae
Fouquieriaceae
Lecythidaceae
Maesaceae
Marcgraviaceae
Myrsinaceae
Pentaphylacaceae
Polemoniaceae
Primulaceae
Roridulaceae
Sapotaceae
Sarraceniaceae
Styracaceae
Symplocaceae
Tetrameristaceae
Theaceae
Theophrastaceae
EUASTERIDS II
Bruniaceae
Columelliaceae
Eremosynaceae
Escalloniaceae
Paracryphiaceae
Polyosmaceae
Sphenostemonaceae
Tribelaceae
APIALES
Apiaceae
Araliaceae
Aralidiaceae
Griseliniaceae
Mackinlayaceae
Melanophyllaceae
Myodocarpaceae
Pennantiaceae
Pittosporaceae
Torricelliaceae
AQUIFOLIALES
Aquifoliaceae
Cardiopteridaceae
Helwingiaceae
Phyllonmaceae
Stemonuraceae
ASTERALES
Alseuosmiaceae
Argophyllaceae
Asteraceae
Calyceraceae
Campanulaceae
Goodeniaceae
EUASTERIDS I
Boraginaceae
Cordiaceae*
Ehretiaceae*
Heliotropaceae*
Hydrophyllaceae*
Lennoaceae*
Icacinaceae
Oncothecaceae
Vahliaceae
GARRYALES
Eucommiaceae
Garryaceae
Menyanthaceae
Pentaphragmataceae
Phellinaceae
Rousseaceae
Stylidiaceae
DIPSACALES
Adoxaceae
Caprifoliaceae*
Diervillaceae*
Dipsacaceae*
Linnaeaceae*
Morinaceae*
Valerianaceae*
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3. 10/14/13
Apocynaceae, s.l. - Dogbane/Milkweed family (Greek
for "away from dog," in reference to past use of some taxa as a dog
poison). 411 genera / 4,650 species.
The Apocynaceae, s.l.
• 5-merous perianth/androecium,
• the gynoecium usually with 2 carpels,
• ovaries distinct in some taxa with styles connate
(in Asclepiadoids androecium adnate to single stigma
forming a gynostegium and pollen fused to form pollinia,
each half derived from an adjacent anther),
K (5) C (5) A 5 or (5) G (2) [(-8)], superior, rarely halfinferior.
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4. 10/14/13
•
•
•
•
APOCYNACEAE
Allamanda “yellow bell”
Plumeria “kalachuchi”
Nerium oleander “adelfa”
Thevetia “false yellow bell”
retinaculum
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5. 10/14/13
pollinium
Rubiaceae — Coffee family
(after rubia, name used by Pliny for madder)
630 genera / 10,200 species.
Leaves simple, entire, usually decussate leaves
connate stipules, the stipules often with mucilagesecreting colleters
2 ovaries,
2 styles,
1 stigma
usually a cyme,
Flowers bisexual, the perianth dichlamydeous, perianth
and androecium often 4 –5-merous (calyx absent in
some),
ovary usually inferior
ovules with a funicular obturator,
K (4-5) [0] C (4-5) [(3,8-10)] A 4-5 [3,8-10] G (2)
[(3-5+)], usually inferior, rarely superior.
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6. 10/14/13
Rubiaceae — Coffee family
(after rubia, name used by Pliny for madder)
630 genera / 10,200 species.
worldwide distribution, more concentrated in tropical
regions.
Cinchona, the source of quinine used to treat malaria,
Coffea arabica and other species, the source of coffee,
Pausinystalia johimbe, the source of the sexual stimulant
yohimbine,
some timber trees, fruiting plants, dye plants (such as
Rubia, madder), and ornamental cultivars (e.g., Pentas,
among others).
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7. 10/14/13
Lamiaceae (=Labiatae) - Mint family
(Lamium, gullet, after the shape of the corolla tube or old Latin name
used by Pliny). 251 genera / 6,700 species.
often aromatic with ethereal oils
with usually 4-sided stems, opposite [or whorled] leaves
verticillaster or thyrse inflorescence [flowers solitary and axillary
in some], and zygomorphic [rarely actinomorphic],
usually bilabiate flowers
deeply 4-lobed ovary (by formation of false septa) and
gynobasic style
K (5) C (5) [(4)] A 4 or 2 [+2 staminodes] G (2), superior,
hypanthium absent.
Mentha, mint;
Ocimum, basil;
Rosmarinus, rosemary;
Salvia, sage;
Thymus, thyme
Leaves opposite; stems 4-sided
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8. 10/14/13
Inflorescence a thyrse or verticillaster (usu.)
Flowers zygomorphic; corolla sympetalous, bilabiate
Fruit a schizocarp of nutlets
carpels 2; style gynobasic
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9. 10/14/13
Ocimum basilicum BASIL
Rosmarinus officinalis ROSEMARY
Salvia apiana
WHITE SAGE
enantiostylous flowers
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10. 10/14/13
Solanaceae - Nightshade family
(Latin for sleeping or comforter, after narcotic properties of
some). 94 genera / 2,950 species.
internal phloem,
spiral leaves
usually actinomorphic, 5-merous perianth and
androecium (corolla plicate in bud),
usually bicarpellate, syncarpous gynoecium, and usually
numerous ovules per carpel,
the fruit a berry, drupe, or capsule.
K (5) C (5) [(4),(6)] A 5 [4 or 2+2 staminodes] G
(2) [(3-5)], superior, hypanthium absent.
Members of the family have mostly worldwide
distributions, concentrated in South America.
Capsicum (peppers),
Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato),
Physalis philadelphica (tomatillo),
Solanum tuberosum (potato),
Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco);
alkaloids from various taxa have medicinal properties
(e.g., atropine from Atropa belladona),
hallucinogenic properties (e.g., Datura, Jimson weed)
deadly poisons (e.g., Datura, Solanum spp.)
known carcinogens (e.g., Nicotiana tabacum); some used
as ornamental cultivars, others are noxious weeds.
Flowers actinomorphic,
plicate (in bud)
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Flowers
ac+nomorphic,
plicate
(in
bud)
Fruit a berry or capsule
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Physalis ixocarpa Tomatillo
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13. 10/14/13
Asteraceae (Compositae)
Characteristics:
Inflorescence a head (capitulum):
subtended by inflorescence bracts: involucral
bracts or phyllaries, collectively termed the
involucre.
Calyx modified as pappus.
Stamens syngenesious.
K pappus C 5 A (5) G(2), inferior, 1 basal ovule
Fruit an achene.
Argyroxiphium
sandwicense,
Silversword
Maui
Asteraceae (=Compositae) Sunflower family
(after Aster, meaning star). 1,528 genera / 22,750 species.
a head (capitulum) subtended by an involucre of phyllaries,
--bilabiate, disk, or ray/ligulate, (heads of many taxa a mixture of
central disk flowers and peripheral ray flowers),
with the calyx, termed a pappus, modified as scales, awns, or
capillary bristles (or absent),
the androecium syngenesious,
inferior ovary with a single, basal ovule,
the fruit a multiple of achenes.
Argyroxiphium sandwicense, Silversword
Maui
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14. 10/14/13
Asteraceae (=Compositae) Sunflower family
(after Aster, meaning star). 1,528 genera / 22,750 species.
K 0-∞ (pappus)
C (5) [(4)] or (3) in some ray flowers
Asteraceae: floral variation
Three types of flowers:
1) Bilabiate: zygomorphic (bilateral) with 2 lips
2) Ray (ligulate): zygomorphic (bilateral) with 1
lobe
3) Disk: actinomorphic (radial), usu. 5-lobed
A (5) [(4)]
G (2), inferior, hypanthium absent.
Five types of heads:
1) discoid, with only disk flowers;
2) disciform, with central disk flowers and
marginal, eligulate female flowers;
3) radiate, with central (bisexual or male) disk
flowers and peripheral (female or sterile) ray
flowers;
4) ligulate, with all ray flowers (typically with
5-toothed corolla apices);
5) bilabiate, with all bilabiate flowers.
Bilabiate flower
posterior
lip
anterior
lip
Acourtia microcephala
Trixis
californica
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15. 10/14/13
anthers
connate
disk
ligulate / ray
Ray flowers (heads ligulate = all rays)
syngenesious
Disk flower: heads discoid
disk
corolla
ligulate
corolla
Rafinesquia neomexicana
Malacothrix
californica
Chaenac;s
gabriuscula
Psathyrotes
ramosissima
Palafoxia arida
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16. 10/14/13
Disk flowers: heads disciform
(2 types of disk fls.,
same or different heads)
male
heads
Heads radiate: inner disk outer ray fls.
disk
flowers
ray
flowers
female
heads
Ambrosia
chamissonis
Encelia
farinosa
Involucre morphology
Some heads are chaffy
ovary
disk
flower
Xylorhiza orcuttii
one whorl
chaff
:
bracts
subtending
flowers
Senecio
vulgaris
two
whorls
Coreopsis
mari;ma
many
whorls
Encelia
californica
Encelia californica
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Involucre morphology
Phyllaries spiny
Phyllaries
spiny
squarrose
Pappus:
modified calyx
beak
Circium
vulgare
Silybum
marianum
Pappus: modified calyx
capillary
bristles,
borne
atop
beak
capillary
bristles:
barbellate
capillary
bristles:
plumose
ASTERACEAE
• Anthers 3-5, united à syngenesious
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18. 10/14/13
ASTERACEAE
• Gynoecium
bicarpellate
• Uniloculate
• Inferior
• Uniovulate
• Placentation basal
• Fruit achene with
coma or tuft of hairà
cypsela
ASTERACEAE
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Helianthus “sunflower”
Chrysanthemum
Vernonia
Wedelia
Tagetes
ASTERACEAE
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Cosmos
Eupatorium
Ageratum
Gerbera “daisy”
Blumea “sambong”
Taraxacum “dandelion”
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