1. Chapter 13 Section 1
Objectives;
1. Describe how new sources of
energy and consumer products
transformed the standard of living for
all social classes in many European
countries.
2. Summarize how working-class
leaders used Marx’s ideas to form
socialist parties.
2. I. The Second Industrial
Revolution
a. Material growth from the Second
Industrial Revolution.
i. Steel, chemicals, electricity, and oil were
the new industrial frontiers.
3. b. Between 1870-1914 steel
replaced iron.
i. New methods for shaping steel
make it possible to build lighter,
smaller, and faster machines,
engines, railroads, and more.
ii. 1913 G.B., France, Belgium, and
Germany were producing 32 million
tons of steel a year.
4. c. Electricity was quite valuable
because it was convertible into
heat, light, or motion.
i. Hydroelectric power stations and
coal-fired steam generating
plants allowed houses and
factories to have a single,
common power source.
5. d. Electricity gave birth to many
inventions.
i. Light bulb- Thomas Edison and
Joseph Swan.
ii. Telephone- Alexander Graham
Bell.
iii. Radio waves- Guglielmo
Marconi
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. e. By 1880s streetcars and subways
powered by electricity appeared in
Europe.
i. Electricity also changed the factory.
1. Factories never had to stop production.
f. Internal-combustion engine
provided a new power source for
transportation.
i. Ocean liners, airplanes, and the
automobile.
11.
12.
13. g. Increased sales of
manufactured goods caused
industrial production to grow.
i. Wages will increase.
ii. Reduced Transportation costs
caused prices to fall.
iii. Department stores put
consumer goods up for sale.
14. h. Some European countries did not
benefit from the Second
Industrial Revolution.
i. Spain, Portugal, Russia, Austria-
Hungary, and Balkans provided the
industrialized nations with food and
raw materials.
ii. Europe dominated the world
economy by 1900.
15. II. Organizing the Working Classes
a. Industrial workers formed socialist political
parties and unions to improve working
conditions.
b. 1848 Marx published The Communist
Manifesto.
i. They were appalled by industrial working
conditions and blamed capitalism.
ii. They proposed a new social system.
iii. One form of Marxist socialism was called
communism.
c. Marx believed world history was a history
of class struggle between the oppressing
owners and the oppressed workers.
16.
17. d. Marx believed the two
classes were hostile to the
other (bourgeoisie and
proletariat).
i. He predicted this conflict
would result in a revolution
and create a dictatorship.
1. This would create a society
without classes and conflict.
18. e. Working class leaders
formed parties based on
Marx’s ideas.
i. German Social Democratic
Party (SPD).
ii. SPD delegates worked to
pass laws for improving
conditions of the working
class.
19. f. Socialist parties emerged in
other European states.
i. In 1889 various socialist leaders
formed the Second
International, an association of
socialist groups dedicated to
fighting worldwide capitalism.
20. ii. Marxist parties divided over their
goals, however. Pure Marxists
looked to overthrow capitalism
violently.
iii.Other Marxists, called revisionists,
rejected this revolutionary
program and argued to work with
other parties for reforms.
21. g. Trade unions also worked for
evolutionary, not revolutionary,
change.
i. In G.B. in the 1870s unions won the
right to strike.
ii. Workers used the strike to achieve
other reforms.
22. h. By 1900 two million workers
were in British trade unions.
i. By 1914 there were four
million, and trade unions had
made great progress in many
European countries toward
improving conditions for the
workers.
