1. AGRICULTURE AND BIOPRODUCTS
THANKS TO PETE DESAI
“Knowledge Based Economy” a new Driver
Great Opportunity for Agriculture
Tremendous Prospects for Plant Science
2. The 20th Century:
CCoonnvveerrggeennccee
Century of Physics & Chemistry
EEnntteerrttaaiinnmmeenntt
IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn
TTeecchhnnoollooggyy
CCoommmmuunniiccaattiioonn
Mathematics
Mechanics
Quantum Mechanics
Chemistry / Physics
Material Science
Electronics
Microbiology
EEnneerrggyy
FFoooodd // AAAgggrrriiicccuuullltttuuurrreee
IInndduussttrriiaall MMaatteerriiaallss
TTrraannssppoorrttaattiioonn PPhhaarrmmaacceeuuttiiccaallss
IInnssttrruummeennttss
Co-evolution and convergence of different scientific disciplines create many
new application opportunities with large societal benefits, both economic and
scientific.
3. CCoonnvveerrggeennccee
The 21st Century: Century of
Biotechnology, Physics & Chemistry
EEnntteerrttaaiinnmmeenntt
IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn
TTeecchhnnoollooggyy
CCoommmmuunniiccaattiioonn
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Mathematics
Mechanics
Quantum Mechanics
Chemistry / Physics
Material Science
Electronics
Microbiology
EEnneerrggyy
FFoooodd // AAAgggrrriiicccuuullltttuuurrreee
IInndduussttrriiaall MMaatteerriiaallss
TTrraannssppoorrttaattiioonn PPhhaarrmmaacceeuuttiiccaallss
IInnssttrruummeennttss
Co-evolution and convergence of different scientific disciplines create many
new application opportunities with large societal benefits, both economic and
scientific.
5. Did you know
Canada
Sales Per Year
Automobiles $ 47 Billion
Residential Housing $ 13 Billion
Computers $ 1.2 Billion
USA
Wall-Mart $ 339 Billion
Exxon $ 333 Billion
6. Did You Know
FOOD GROCERIES EXPENDITURE
Canada $ 64 Billion
USA $ 600+ Billion
7. FOOD for THOUGHT #1
Agriculture is a BIG Business
The pie is bigger than we ALL think
“THINK BIG”
8. The Age of Biology is beginning…
Unit of Heredity
(G. Mendel)
DNA structure DNA sequencing HGP
DNA is heredity
material
Corn hybrids
Genetic
code
First
transgenic
plants
First
commercial
biotech crops
1865 1920s 1944 1953 1965 1977 1982 1990 1994
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Million bp sequenced
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999
2000
• Over 6000 million bp sequenced
• 6 multi cellular genomes
• 60 microbial genomes
• Gene expression arrays, proteomics,
regulation cascades, HTS, SNPs….
• Over 100 million acres biotech crops
10. Improved primary production = renewable resources
Genomics to identify genes and regulation
of expression…
Chromosomes
Genes
DNA
Sequences
A
T
C
A
G
C
T
G
A
Proteomics
Metabolism
Regulation
Computer databases
Improved understanding of genes, gene function, and metabolic regulation
Improved primary production = renewable resources
11. Renewable resources are sustainable (Primary
energy capture to multiple uses)…
SOLAR ENERGY Ecological cycles
Fossil
Fuels
CO2
Energy, Food,
Feed, Fiber,
& Chemicals
Consumption
& Processing
> 1 million years
Photosynthesis
High energy
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Lipids & Oils
Oxygen chemical bonds
& carbon skeletons
Metabolites
Many chemicals
12. Traditional biomass approaches are
insufficient to meet demand…
Renewable Resources
T
FORESTRY
TYPICAL BIOMASS
Bioenergy Platform
R
Residues
A
D CROP
I Residues
T
I
O PROCESS
N Residues
A
Hemi-
cellulose
Other
Cellulose
Lignin BIOFUELS
BIOPOWER
BIOPRODUCTS
L
MUNICIPAL
Waste
High energy compounds
Novel building blocks
- carbon skeletons
- novel polymers
recycling Processing
METHODS
Designed
SOURCES
NEW FUTURE APPROACHES
13. A vision for renewable resources...
Demand
National security
Environmental footprint
Rural development
Economic sustainability
5-fold
5-fold
again Supplied from
Renewables
Fossil fuel use
is kept about flat
Supplied from
Fossil Fuels
TODAY 2020 2050
Source: Renewable Resources Vision 2020
14. World Energy Use = 382 Quads
or 65 million Btu/yr/capita
Facts and Figures: World Energy Use…
BY TYPE: BY REGION:
Renewables Far East
Nuclear
7%
Petroleum
40%
8%
Natural Gas
23%
Coal 22%
Africa
Middle East
E. Europe/F. Soviet
W. Europe
Canada & Mexico
C. & S. America
US
0 50 100 150
Quadrillion Btus
World Energy Use = 382 Quads
or 65 million Btu/yr/capita
Source: USDOE
15. Total renewable energy
use in the US = 7.5 Quads
(<8% total consumption)
US Renewable Energy…
Total renewable energy
use in the US = 7.5 Quads
(<8% total consumption) Today only ~4% of US
energy comes from
Ethanol Fuel
1.5%
Geothermal
5%
Solar & Wind
1.5%
Hydroelectric
47%
biomass
Today only ~3% of US
chemicals and
materials come from
biomass
Wood and
Waste 45%
16. Canada: reserves and time left…
Known reserves:
Crude oil = 4.7 B bbls
Nat gas = 61 T cu ft
Coal = 9.5 B tons
125
100
Proven Total projected
75
Y-axis is # YEARS
until reserves are gone
50
At current rates of domestic
consumption plus export 25
0
Crude oil Nat gas Coal
17. Vision 2020 roadmap identifies several areas
and the need to integrate research...
Key areas for integrated research
Plant
Science
Genomics
Enzymes
Metabolism
Composition
Production
Unit costs Yield
Consistency
Infrastructure
Designer plants
Processing
Economics
Separations
Conversion
Bio-catalysts
Infrastructure
Utilization
(Materials)
Economics
Functionality
Performance
Novel uses
Utilization
(Demand)
Price/value
Performance
Perception
Science and technology impact
Source: Plant/Crop-Based Renewable Resources Roadmap
18. Methanol, H2
Bioenergy
Evolution of the bio-refinery?
Grains
Stover
Other/
Waste
Feed
Many derivatives
Biomass
Marine B
Oil I
Process O
R
• Edible E
• Industrial F
I
Glycerol N
+ fatty acids E
R
Y
Residue
Recycling
Gasification
Fiber
Gluten
(Protein)
Starch
Products
Dextrose
B
I
O
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
I
N
G
HFCS
Organic acids
Amino acids
Levulinate
Xylose
Polyols
Chemicals
Butanol
Ethanol
BioFuels
22. Use of biotech to modify existing
components…
Typical wood: (or stalks/fiber)
Cellulose (1,4-glucan) – tensile strength
Lignin (phenolic polymers) – rigidity
Hemicellulose (mixed polysaccharides)
Down regulated
via anti-sense
Typical processing involves
removing lignin from
cellulosic components.
Not only was lignin down,
growth of the trees was
significantly enhanced.
From: Hu et al, (1999) Nature Biotechnology, 17, pp 808-812.
23. Spider silk proteins…
Seven known protein types
Repetitive amino acid arrays
“Flagelliform” silk
Highly elastic (200% extension)
“Frame dragline” silk
Strength = 300,000 lbs/sq inch
Lighter than steel or petro-polymers
Aerospace
Structural engineering
Ballistic protection
Novel fibers for communications
24. Advances in renewables
Functional materials
New materials
Novel genes
Functional materials
Sea shells contain in interesting
materials…
Natural polymers such as
polyaspartate will become more
prominent as a future source of
renewable resources.
Bio-mineralization is
under genetic control
Biomimetics
New materials
This may turn out to be
the least valuable material Advances in renewables
• Nanoscale biopolymers for semiconductors
25. Millions of diverse species
Billions of diverse genes
Pharmaceuticals
Nutraceuticals
Advances in renewables
Functional materials
New materials
Genes, proteins, chemicals
The marine environment has a vast array
of functional chemicals and polymers…
Millions of diverse species
Pharmaceuticals
Nutraceuticals
Genes, proteins, chemicals
Novel genes
Functional materials
Biomimetics
New materials
Billions of diverse genes
Advances in renewables
26. Pulp & paper quality
Degree of lignification
Enzyme modification of fibers
Gasification of residues
• Methanol – fuels cells
• Base chemical molecules
Growth rate: productivity
Pest protection
Stress tolerance
Wood quality
Bio-diversity:
• Fungi
• Lichens/mosses
• Microbes
• Groundcover
• Insects
Advanced management
• Remote sensing
Forestry bioresources…
Advanced management
• Remote sensing
Growth rate: productivity
Pest protection
Stress tolerance
Wood quality
Bio-diversity:
• Fungi
• Lichens/mosses
• Microbes
• Groundcover
• Insects
Pulp & paper quality
Degree of lignification
Enzyme modification of fibers
Gasification of residues
• Methanol – fuels cells
• Base chemical molecules
27. Polylactic acid (PLA) from
grown carbon...
D
E Dimerization
X
T Lactic
Controlled
polymerization
R
Fermentation
O
S
E
Acid
Lactide Polylactide
NatureWorks® process
PLA Resins
• Melt processable
• Specific Mol Wts
• Polymer types
Thermoplastic &
other markets
29. Improved primary production = renewable resources
Genomics to identify genes and regulation
of expression…
Chromosomes
Genes
DNA
Sequences
A
T
C
A
G
C
T
G
A
Proteomics
Metabolism
Regulation
Computer databases
Improved understanding of genes, gene function, and metabolic regulation
Improved primary production = renewable resources
30. Traits that are on the horizon...
Crop protection.
– New approaches via natural genes….
Crop performance.
– Fertilizer use efficiency, stress tolerance….
Compositional quality.
– Focus on feed moving to food (more slowly)
Nutraceutical & health related.
– Antioxidants, edible vaccines….
Industrial renewable resources.
– Raw materials inputs, few novel products.
31. The next generation will involve selecting
technology to fit consumer needs...
Structural Genomics
Functional Genomics
Germplasm Base
T
D
N Genes
A Mapping
Sequencing
Expression
Proteomics R
Informational Science A
Bioinformatics I
T
Gene Shuffling S
MAB
Transgenics
Designer
Crops
Grown
Set of Future
Consumer
Needs
Food &
Materials
Manufacture
Separations
Processing
Harvest
IP Store
32. Viable businesses will be
more integrated but along
a different dimension
What changes can you
implement to increase
the probability for future
sustainable development.
Achieving sustainable development will
require business sectors to reform new sets...
Emerging arena of
“Health and Well-being”
PHARMA
FOOD
PROCESSING
RESOURCE
PRODUCTION
(agriculture)
Viable businesses will be
more integrated but along
a different dimension
CHEMICALS
Emerging arena of
“Sustainable Industry”
MATERIALS
What changes can you
implement to increase
the probability for future
sustainable development.
33. The Value Chain
Wealth Creation
Technology Germplasm Seeds Grower Grain Primary Secondary Retailing
Handling Processing Processing
CONSUMER
34. The Value Chain
Agriculture industry must form new systems to create,
capture and deliver the value from the technology.
TTeecchhnnoollooggyy GGeerrmmppllaassmm SSeeeeddss GGrroowweerr GGrraaiinn PPrriimmaarryy SSeeccoonnddaarryy RReettaaiilliinngg
HHaannddlliinngg PPrroocceessssiinngg PPrroocceessssiinngg
Future focus on “output” traits will drive greater
co-ordination between all points in the value-chain.
35. Success Factors for Bio-Based
Economy
Consistent Supply Perceived
or Add Real Value
Functionality
Property
Create a New Innovative Product
Excellent Science
Resources to Commercialize
36. Success Factors for Bio-Based
Economy
Short Term Quick HITS FOCUS,
Focus. focus on WINNERS Need the
Biomass equivalent of:
- Ethylene
- Oil
It could be SUGARS from Biomass
not Valuable commodity - Food
37. FOOD for THOUGHT #2
NO one can do it alone
Major Successes will be through
Multi Disciplinary
“TEAM APPROACH”