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Nuclear chemistry and radiation

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James H. Workman
James H. Workman

Lecture notes I use with high school sophomores when teaching nuclear chemistry

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Nuclear Chemistry
Radioactivity ,[object Object],[object Object]
Nuclear Reactions vs. Normal Chemical Changes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Types of Radiation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Alpha Decay ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Balancing Nuclear Equations
Equation for Alpha Decay ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Beta Decay ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Writing An Equation for Beta Decay
Other Nuclear Particles ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
Half Life The time required for half of the nuclei in a sample of a specific isotope to undergo radioactive decay.
Half Lives for Radioactive Elements Radioactive Parent Stable Daughter Half life Potassium 40 Argon 40 1.25 billion yrs Rubidium 87 Strontium 87 48.8 billion yrs Thorium 232 Lead 208 14 billion years Uranium 235 Lead 207 704 million years Uranium 238 Lead 206 4.47 billion years Carbon 14 Nitrogen 14 5730 years
Half Life and radioactive dating
Half-Life Decay of 20.0 mg of 15 O. What remains after 3 half-lives? After 5 half-lives?
Learning Check! ,[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Gamma (  ) Radiation
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Positron Emission
Why radiation is dangerous Radiation ionizes atoms in cell tissue and causes chemical reactions akin to decomposition / combustion. disrupts nucleotide sequences (your DNA is mutated)
Why radiation is dangerous
Measuring Radiation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Measuring Radiation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Measuring Radiation Damage ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Dosage in REMS Biological Effect : 25    notable change in blood cell components  100  radiation sickness - nausea, vomiting, decrease in white blood cell count, diarrhea, dehydration, prostration, hemorrhaging and loss of hair  200  the same as above but more pronounced in a shorter period of time  400  ½ of any population exposed to this dosage will be dead in 60 days  600  all exposed to this level will be dead in one week 
 
Chernobyl Anyone near the Chernobyl plant when it melted down received 400 rems also immediately. The day after 1 rem/hr was found in the nearest city. Normal background radiation is 1,000 times lower than this
 
Detecting radiation
Detecting radiation
Protection from radiation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Nuclear Fuel Uranium “Yellow Cake” U 3 O 8
Fission Neutron
Fission Chain Reaction
Representation of a fission process.
Nuclear Fission
Diagram of a nuclear power plant.
 
Nuclear Fission & POWER ,[object Object],[object Object]
Fusion ,[object Object]
Nuclear Fusion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Energy
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Fusion
Nuclear Fusion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Artificial Nuclear Reactions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Artificial Nuclear Reactions ,[object Object],[object Object]
Transuranium Elements ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Nuclear Medicine: Imaging Thyroid imaging using Tc-99m
Food Irradiation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Nuclear chemistry and radiation

  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.  
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.  
  • 14.  
  • 15. Half Life The time required for half of the nuclei in a sample of a specific isotope to undergo radioactive decay.
  • 16. Half Lives for Radioactive Elements Radioactive Parent Stable Daughter Half life Potassium 40 Argon 40 1.25 billion yrs Rubidium 87 Strontium 87 48.8 billion yrs Thorium 232 Lead 208 14 billion years Uranium 235 Lead 207 704 million years Uranium 238 Lead 206 4.47 billion years Carbon 14 Nitrogen 14 5730 years
  • 17. Half Life and radioactive dating
  • 18. Half-Life Decay of 20.0 mg of 15 O. What remains after 3 half-lives? After 5 half-lives?
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22. Why radiation is dangerous Radiation ionizes atoms in cell tissue and causes chemical reactions akin to decomposition / combustion. disrupts nucleotide sequences (your DNA is mutated)
  • 23. Why radiation is dangerous
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 26.
  • 27. Dosage in REMS Biological Effect : 25    notable change in blood cell components  100  radiation sickness - nausea, vomiting, decrease in white blood cell count, diarrhea, dehydration, prostration, hemorrhaging and loss of hair  200  the same as above but more pronounced in a shorter period of time  400  ½ of any population exposed to this dosage will be dead in 60 days  600  all exposed to this level will be dead in one week 
  • 28.  
  • 29. Chernobyl Anyone near the Chernobyl plant when it melted down received 400 rems also immediately. The day after 1 rem/hr was found in the nearest city. Normal background radiation is 1,000 times lower than this
  • 30.  
  • 33.
  • 34. Nuclear Fuel Uranium “Yellow Cake” U 3 O 8
  • 37. Representation of a fission process.
  • 39. Diagram of a nuclear power plant.
  • 40.  
  • 41.
  • 42.
  • 43.
  • 44.
  • 45.
  • 46.
  • 47.
  • 48.
  • 49. Nuclear Medicine: Imaging Thyroid imaging using Tc-99m
  • 50.