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Ch03:demand, supply, and market equilibrium
1.
CHAPTERCHAPTER 3 Prepared by:
Fernando QuijanoPrepared by: Fernando Quijano and Yvonn Quijanoand Yvonn Quijano © 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium
2.
CHAPTER3:CHAPTER3: 2 of© 2004
Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair Firms and Households: The Basic Decision-Making Units • A firm is an organization that transforms resources (inputs) into products (outputs). Firms are the primary producing units in a market economy. • An entrepreneur is a person who organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of a firm, taking a new idea or a new product and turning it into a successful business. • Households are the consuming units in an economy.
3.
CHAPTER3:CHAPTER3: 3 of© 2004
Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair Input Markets and Output Markets: The Circular Flow • The circular flow of economic activity shows how firms and households interact in input and output markets.
4.
CHAPTER3:CHAPTER3: 4 of© 2004
Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair Input Markets and Output Markets: The Circular Flow • Product or output markets are the markets in which goods and services are exchanged. • Input markets are the markets in which resources—labor, capital, and land—used to produce products, are exchanged.
5.
CHAPTER3:CHAPTER3: 5 of© 2004
Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair Input Markets and Output Markets: The Circular Flow • Goods and services flowGoods and services flow clockwise. Firms provideclockwise. Firms provide goods and services;goods and services; households supply laborhouseholds supply labor services.services. • Payments (usually money)Payments (usually money) flow in the oppositeflow in the opposite direction (counterclockwise)direction (counterclockwise) as the flow of laboras the flow of labor services, goods, andservices, goods, and services.services.
6.
CHAPTER3:CHAPTER3: 6 of© 2004
Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair Input Markets and Output Markets: The Circular Flow • Input or factor markets are the markets in which the resources used to produce products are exchanged. They include: • The labor market, in which households supply work for wages to firms that demand labor.
7.
CHAPTER3:CHAPTER3: 7 of© 2004
Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair Input Markets and Output Markets: The Circular Flow • Input or factor markets are the markets in which the resources used to produce products are exchanged. They include: • The capital market, in which households supply their savings, for interest or for claims to future profits, to firms that demand funds to buy capital goods.
8.
CHAPTER3:CHAPTER3: 8 of© 2004
Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair Input Markets and Output Markets: The Circular Flow • Input or factor markets are the markets in which the resources used to produce products are exchanged. They include: • The land market, in which households supply land or other real property in exchange for rent.
9.
CHAPTER3:CHAPTER3: 9 of© 2004
Prentice Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair Input Markets and Output Markets: The Circular Flow • Inputs into the production process are also called factors of production.
10.
CHAPTER3:CHAPTER3: 10 © 2004 Prentice
Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair Demand in Product/Output Markets • The price of the product in question. • The income available to the household. • A household’s decision about the quantity of a particular output to demand depends on:
11.
CHAPTER3:CHAPTER3: 11 © 2004 Prentice
Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair Demand in Product/Output Markets • The household’s amount of accumulated wealth. • The prices of other products (substitutes and complements) available to the household. • A household’s decision about the quantity of a particular output to demand depends on:
12.
CHAPTER3:CHAPTER3: 12 © 2004 Prentice
Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair Demand in Product/Output Markets • The household’s tastes and preferences. • The household’s expectations about future income, wealth, and prices. • A household’s decision about the quantity of a particular output to demand depends on:
13.
CHAPTER3:CHAPTER3: 13 © 2004 Prentice
Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair Demand in Product/Output Markets • Quantity demanded is the amount (number of units) of a product that a household would buy in a given time period if it could buy all it wanted at the current market price.
14.
CHAPTER3:CHAPTER3: 14 © 2004 Prentice
Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair Changes in Quantity Demanded Versus Changes in Demand • The most important relationship in individual markets is that between market price and quantity demanded.
15.
CHAPTER3:CHAPTER3: 15 © 2004 Prentice
Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair Changes in Quantity Demanded Versus Changes in Demand • We use the ceteris paribus or “all else equal” device, to examine the relationship between the quantity demanded of a good per period of time and the price of that good, while holding income, wealth, other prices, tastes, and expectations constant.
16.
CHAPTER3:CHAPTER3: 16 © 2004 Prentice
Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair Changes in Quantity Demanded Versus Changes in Demand • Changes in price affect the quantity demanded per period. • Changes in income, wealth, other prices, tastes, or expectations affect demand.
17.
CHAPTER3:CHAPTER3: 17 © 2004 Prentice
Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair Price and Quantity Demanded: The Law of Demand • A demand schedule is a table showing how much of a given product a household would be willing to buy at different prices. • Demand curves are usually derived from demand schedules. PRICE (PER CALL) QUANTITY DEMANDED (CALLS PER MONTH) $ 0 30 0.50 25 3.50 7 7.00 3 10.00 1 15.00 0 ANNA'S DEMAND SCHEDULE FOR TELEPHONE CALLS
18.
CHAPTER3:CHAPTER3: 18 © 2004 Prentice
Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair Price and Quantity Demanded: The Law of Demand • The demand curve is a graph illustrating how much of a given product a household would be willing to buy at different prices. PRICE (PER CALL) QUANTITY DEMANDED (CALLS PER MONTH) $ 0 30 0.50 25 3.50 7 7.00 3 10.00 1 15.00 0 ANNA'S DEMAND SCHEDULE FOR TELEPHONE CALLS
19.
CHAPTER3:CHAPTER3: 19 © 2004 Prentice
Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair Price and Quantity Demanded: The Law of Demand • The law of demand states that there is a negative, or inverse, relationship between price and the quantity of a good demanded and its price. • This means that demand curves slope downward.
20.
CHAPTER3:CHAPTER3: 20 © 2004 Prentice
Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair Other Determinants of Household Demand • Income is the sum of all households wages, salaries, profits, interest payments, rents, and other forms of earnings in a given period of time. It is a flow measure. • Wealth, or net worth, is the total value of what a household owns minus what it owes. It is a stock measure.
21.
CHAPTER3:CHAPTER3: 21 © 2004 Prentice
Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair Other Determinants of Household Demand • Normal Goods are goods for which demand goes up when income is higher and for which demand goes down when income is lower. • Inferior Goods are goods for which demand falls when income rises.
22.
CHAPTER3:CHAPTER3: 22 © 2004 Prentice
Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair Other Determinants of Household Demand • Substitutes are goods that can serve as replacements for one another; when the price of one increases, demand for the other goes up. • Perfect substitutes are identical products.
23.
CHAPTER3:CHAPTER3: 23 © 2004 Prentice
Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair Other Determinants of Household Demand • Complements are goods that “go together”; a decrease in the price of one results in an increase in demand for the other, and vice versa.
24.
CHAPTER3:CHAPTER3: 24 © 2004 Prentice
Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair Shift of Demand Versus Movement Along a Demand Curve • A change in demand is not the same as a change in quantity demanded. • A higher price causes lower quantity demanded and a move along the demand curve DA. • Changes in determinants of demand, other than price, cause a change in demand, or a shift of the entire demand curve, from DA to DB.
25.
CHAPTER3:CHAPTER3: 25 © 2004 Prentice
Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair A Change in Demand Versus a Change in Quantity Demanded To summarize: Change in price of a good or service leads to Change in quantity demanded (Movement along the curve). Change in income, preferences, or prices of other goods or services leads to Change in demand (Shift of curve).
26.
CHAPTER3:CHAPTER3: 26 © 2004 Prentice
Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair The Impact of a Change in Income • Higher income decreases the demand for an inferior good • Higher income increases the demand for a normal good
27.
CHAPTER3:CHAPTER3: 27 © 2004 Prentice
Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair The Impact of a Change in the Price of Related Goods • Price of hamburger rises • Demand for complement good (ketchup) shifts left • Demand for substitute good (chicken) shifts right • Quantity of hamburger demanded per month falls
28.
CHAPTER3:CHAPTER3: 28 © 2004 Prentice
Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair From Household Demand to Market Demand • Demand for a good or service can be defined for an individual household, or for a group of households that make up a market. • Market demand is the sum of all the quantities of a good or service demanded per period by all the households buying in the market for that good or service.
29.
CHAPTER3:CHAPTER3: 29 © 2004 Prentice
Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair From Household Demand to Market Demand • Assuming there are only two households in the market, market demand is derived as follows:
30.
CHAPTER3:CHAPTER3: 30 © 2004 Prentice
Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair Supply in Product/Output Markets • Supply decisions depend on profit potential. • Profit is the difference between revenues and costs.
31.
CHAPTER3:CHAPTER3: 31 © 2004 Prentice
Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair • A supply schedule is a table showing how much of a product firms will supply at different prices. • Quantity supplied represents the number of units of a product that a firm would be willing and able to offer for sale at a particular price during a given time period. PRICE (PER BUSHEL) QUANTITY SUPPLIED (THOUSANDS OF BUSHELS PER YEAR) $ 2 0 1.75 10 2.25 20 3.00 30 4.00 45 5.00 45 CLARENCE BROWN'S SUPPLY SCHEDULE FOR SOYBEANS Supply in Product/Output Markets
32.
CHAPTER3:CHAPTER3: 32 © 2004 Prentice
Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair Price and Quantity Supplied: The Law of Supply • AA supply curvesupply curve is a graph illustrating howis a graph illustrating how much of a product a firm will supply permuch of a product a firm will supply per period of time at different prices.period of time at different prices. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 10 20 30 40 50 Thousands of bushels of soybeans produced per year Priceofsoybeansperbushel($) PRICE (PER BUSHEL) QUANTITY SUPPLIED (THOUSANDS OF BUSHELS PER YEAR) $ 2 0 1.75 10 2.25 20 3.00 30 4.00 45 5.00 45 CLARENCE BROWN'S SUPPLY SCHEDULE FOR SOYBEANS
33.
CHAPTER3:CHAPTER3: 33 © 2004 Prentice
Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair Price and Quantity Supplied: The Law of Supply • The law of supply states that there is a positive relationship between price and quantity of a good supplied. • This means that supply curves typically have a positive slope. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 10 20 30 40 50 Thousands of bushels of soybeans produced per year Priceofsoybeansperbushel($)
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Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair Other Determinants of Supply • The price of the good or service. • The cost of producing the good, which in turn depends on: • The price of required inputs (labor, capital, and land), • The technologies that can be used to produce the product, • The prices of related products.
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Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair • A higher price causesA higher price causes higher quantityhigher quantity suppliedsupplied, and a, and a move alongmove along thethe demand curve.demand curve. • A change in determinantsA change in determinants of supply other than priceof supply other than price causes ancauses an increase inincrease in supplysupply, or a, or a shiftshift of theof the entire supply curve, fromentire supply curve, from SSAA toto SSBB.. Shift of Supply Versus Movement Along a Supply Curve
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Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair • In this example, since the factor affecting supply is not the price of soybeans but a technological change in soybean production, there is a shift of the supply curve rather than a movement along the supply curve. • The technological advance means that more output can be supplied for at any given price level. Shift of Supply Curve for Soybeans Following Development of a New Seed Strain
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Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair To summarize: Change in price of a good or service leads to Change in quantity supplied (Movement along the curve). Change in costs, input prices, technology, or prices of related goods and services leads to Change in supply (Shift of curve). Shift of Supply Versus Movement Along a Supply Curve
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Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair From Individual Supply to Market Supply • The supply of a good or service can be defined for an individual firm, or for a group of firms that make up a market or an industry. • Market supply is the sum of all the quantities of a good or service supplied per period by all the firms selling in the market for that good or service.
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Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair From Individual Supply to Market Supply • As with market demand, market supply is the horizontal summation of individual firms’ supply curves.
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Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair Market Equilibrium • Market equilibrium is the condition that exists when quantity supplied and quantity demanded are equal. • At equilibrium, there is no tendency for the market price to change.
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Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair Market Equilibrium • Only in equilibrium is quantity supplied equal to quantity demanded. • At any price levelAt any price level other thanother than PP00, such as, such as PP11, quantity supplied, quantity supplied does not equaldoes not equal quantity demanded.quantity demanded.
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Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair Excess Demand • Excess demand, or shortage, is the condition that exists when quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied at the current price. • When quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied, price tends to rise until equilibrium is restored.
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Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair Excess Supply • Excess supply, or surplus, is the condition that exists when quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded at the current price. • When quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded, price tends to fall until equilibrium is restored.
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Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair Changes in Equilibrium • Higher demand leads to higher equilibrium price and higher equilibrium quantity. • Higher supply leads to lower equilibrium price and higher equilibrium quantity.
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Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair Changes in Equilibrium • Lower demand leads to lower price and lower quantity exchanged. • Lower supply leads to higher price and lower quantity exchanged.
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Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair Relative Magnitudes of Change • The relative magnitudes of change in supply and demand determine the outcome of market equilibrium.
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Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair Relative Magnitudes of Change • When supply and demand both increase, quantityWhen supply and demand both increase, quantity will increase, but price may go up or down.will increase, but price may go up or down.
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Hall Business Publishing© 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/ePrinciples of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray FairKarl Case, Ray Fair Review Terms and Concepts capital marketcapital market complements, complementary goodscomplements, complementary goods demand curvedemand curve demand scheduledemand schedule entrepreneurentrepreneur equilibriumequilibrium excess demand or shortageexcess demand or shortage excess supply or surplusexcess supply or surplus factors of productionfactors of production firmfirm householdshouseholds perfect substitutesperfect substitutes product or output marketsproduct or output markets profitprofit quantity demandedquantity demanded quantity suppliedquantity supplied shift of a demand curveshift of a demand curve substitutessubstitutes supply curvesupply curve supply schedulesupply schedule wealth or net worthwealth or net worth incomeincome inferior goodsinferior goods input or factor marketsinput or factor markets labor marketlabor market land marketland market law of demandlaw of demand law of supplylaw of supply market demandmarket demand market supplymarket supply movement along amovement along a demand curvedemand curve normal goodsnormal goods
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