HISTORY OF STONE AGE

1. MESOLITHIC AGE

2. SAT Vocabulary
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Source
Isotope
Disintegrate
Fossils
acclimate
Emerge
Migrate
Nomad
Austere
Boisterous
Credence
Dearth
Esthetic
Fallacy
Gregarious
Harry
laconic
Neologism
Obfuscate
Paragon

3. Archaeology: The study of past societies
through the examination of artifacts.
Artifacts are anything that people modify or use. They can include:
Tools and Weapons
Jewelry
Art and Sculpture
Human Remains
Pottery
Ancient Ruins

4. History
The study of the past by written artifacts.
Time before writing.
So, we have to rely on archeology
to understand what happened.

5. The study of human life and culture
The remains of plants and animals.
By studying fossils archaeologists and anthropologists can learn about what
people ate, what animals they had around, and their way of life.
Carbon dating The paragon of dating, it can be used to date organic artifacts, or any
thing that lived.
All living things have a radioactive isotope of Carbon called Carbon 14 from the sun.
Carbon 14 disintegrates by half in 5730 years (±40 years).
Scientists can measure how much Carbon 14 an artifact has today.
So, they can tell how old it is.

7. Thermoluminescence dating
This method measurements back 200,000
years.
It measures the light given off by electrons
trapped in the soil surrounding fossils
and artifacts.
Microscopic and biological analyses of organic
remains—such as blood, hairs, and plant
tissues left on rocks, tools, and weapons—give
archeologists more information.
Analysis has shown that blood molecules may
survive millions of years.

8. Thermoluminescence dating
It is useful in telling archeologists more
about humans, their use of tools, and the
animals they killed.
Ancient deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is
providing new information on human
evolution.
The analysis of plant remains on stone
tools yields evidence on the history of
farming.

9. 60 Million years Ago
The age of giant reptiles comes to an end, when a comet hits.

10. Paleo: Old
Lithic: Stone
AGE
250,000 BC – 10,000 BC
.
Humans used simple stone
tools.
Around 40,000 BC , someone
put a rock on a stick to make
a spear, high tech in the
Paleolithic age.
.

11. AGE
Lucky humans lived in caves.
They had laconic and austere lives .

12. By 10,000 BCE, they made fire by friction.
Fire cooked food, gave warmth, and allowed greater migration.

13. AGE
Fire was critical for humans to acclimate and migrate.
The Ice Age ( 100000 8000 BCE) had extremely fridge
weather.

14. AGE
They lived in small gregarious family groups called clans.
They had to find and hunt food (a hunter and gathering
society).
Once food became dearth, they moved on to the next
place ( Nomadic society).

15. AGE
Division of labor
Women usually gathered food and took care of
the camp. Gathering supplied the majority of
the food.

16. AGE
Division of labor
Most likely, women ruled the camps (a
matriarchal society).

17. AGE
Division of labor
Usually, men hunted. Woolly Mammoths were the biggest game.
mammoth hunt - Yahoo! Search Results.flv

19. Hunters would ambush, surround and harry herds of
mammoths , so that the titanic game might stampede
off cliffs.
6 - Mammoth Journey 3.avi.flv

20. COLBY SITE
MAMMOTH KILL SITE
NORTH CENTRAL WYOMING USA

21. AGE
Artists recorded life on cave walls.

22. AGE
Lascaux France has famous esthetic examples
of cave art.

23. AGE
Altamira, Spain.

25. Patagonia, Argentina

26. Ennedi, Sahara desert

28. Altamira
Catal Huyuk
Lascaux
Olduvai Gorge
Stonehenge

29. They even imagined death.

30. They buried their dead with artifacts
and believed in religion and magic.

31. The first gods were women (Mother Earth goddess) , which
gives credence to the theory of Paleolithic matriarchal rule.

32. Neolithic Female Figures

33. The Ice Ages ends
(20,000 BC-8,000BCE).
The world became warmer (Cause).
(Effect) More trees grew.
A plethora of Trees (Cause).
Humans invent tools using wood. (Effect)

34. MESOLITHIC AGE
Middle Stone Age 10,000-8,000 BCE
People moved out of the caves and built huts

35. MESOLITHIC AGE
They invented wooden bows and arrows for hunting, boats for fishing.

36. MESOLITHIC AGE
They still used stone tools like these
fishing hooks.

37. MESOLITHIC AGE
They domesticated wolves, that became dogs. Clans grew
larger..

38. MESOLITHIC AGE
People made pottery
to store food.

39. MESOLITHIC AGE
and jewelry!

40. MESOLITHIC AGE
Still they retained nomadic lives. They hunted, fished out,
and gathered all the food in an area, then moved on to a new
place.

41. MESOLITHIC AGE
Hunting yields improved with techniques.
Before We Ruled the Earth 2 Of 2 -Mastering the Beasts (2 5).flv

42. REVOLUTION
8000-1000 BCE
V. Gordon Childe coined
the neologism “The Neolithic Revolution” in 1932.

43. AGE
8000-1000 BCE
New Stone Age.
The most crucial inventions were farming and large scale

44. AGE
5000-1000 BC
New Stone Age.
People no longer had to migrate as nomads. The Agricultural
Revolution let people live in villages and cities.

45. AGE
Systematic Agriculture has
two parts, farming and
animal domestication.
Neolithic humans tamed
many animals as livestock
(cows, sheep, pigs, goats,
ass).

46. .
AGE
Systematic agriculture gave
humans a steady food supply.
In time, individual farmers
produced surpluses (extra
food).

47. Men took over the work of farming. Men became the primary food-providers.
Women became the family caregiver. Society transformed into a maledominated (patriarchal) institution in most places

48. .
AGE
War raids and stealing ones neighbors food stuff increased greatly.
Then as now its always easier to steal then to assiduously work to
make things.

49. .
AGE
Megaliths were built as calendars and
altars to an expanding pantheon of gods and
goddesses.
Job specialization: priest/magician class
expands.

50. In England, Stonehenge was probably finished
around 2500 BC

51. As a calendar it marked the spring and fall equinoxes and the summer and winter
soloists. It let people know when to plant seeds.

52. Bloody human sacrifice marks it as
an alter to the gods.
The Grain-King story is from Neolithic England.
Some special individual (whom embodied male fertility) would be
sacrificed for the good of the community.
Without human sacrifice, the crops would not grow.

53. Religions became much more complex.
A new young Seed King would be put in his place,
to be sacrificed the following
Spring.
Eventually, magical symbols and rituals replaced
human sacrifice.

54. •
•
•
•
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Human figure, from Ain Ghazal,
Jordan, c. 6750-6250 BC
Plaster, painted and inlaid with
shell and bitumen, 3’6’’ (Louvre)
Houses built of irregularly
shaped stones, plastered and
painted
Ritually buried
Function unknown
Beginning of monumental
sculpture in the ancient Near
East

55. Human sacrifice in the First
Dynasty DR. KATE SPENCE

56. Religions became much more complex.
The Grain Kings became the first priests, and who better than the war/raid leader
to fill the role?
In most places, animal and plant sacrifice replaced human sacrifice to the Gods.
This lead to the first real division of society, into ruler and ruled.

57. .
AGE
Society needed more organization, and a social class of rulers began.

58. .
AGE
The food surplus (Cause) allowed some people to develop different
skills and jobs.
(Effect) Job specialization: People became full time weavers,
potters, jewelry, tool and weapon makers.

59. .
AGE
People built
permanent
structures out of
stone and brick.
Job specialization: stone mason, brick

60. Towns and cities of
stone began to
emerge.
AGE

62. .
AGE
Çatal Hüyük 7,000 BC

63. was a brick and stone city almost 100,000 square meters.
Its population of 5,000 to 8,000 people included farmers,
artisans, craftsmen, and traders.

64. .
AGE
Here is a typical
house in Çatal Hüyük.
You entered home
threw the roof!

65. .
AGE
In Israel, Jericho
was founded
around 11,000
BCE.
Over time, 20
towns and cities
were built on top
of each other.

66. Some artifacts dating to around 8000 BC.

67. The discovery of copper. working marks the end of
the stone age.

68. Copper
The first metal used
was copper. This is a
natural metal that can
be easily cast into
tools, jewelry, and
weapons.
Bronze Age
Later, copper was
mixed with tin to
make bronze a much
stronger alloy.

69. Bronze Age
Later, copper was
mixed with tin to
make bronze. Bronze
is much stronger than
copper.

70. The first civilizations developed where the people were thickest.
These were in river valleys, the first in Mesopotamia,
Other river valleys include The Nile in Egypt, the Indus Valley in India,
and the Yellow River in China.
These places became known as Cradles of Civilization.

71. NEXT TIME

72. Using Key Terms
1. People who combined copper and tin to make tools are said to have entered the
_____.
2. The _____ of animals provided humans with a steady source of meat, milk, and
wool.
3. The rise of cities, growth of governments, and development of religion are
characteristics of _____ .
4. The “modern” type of Homo sapiens is called _____.
5. Lucy was an ____________.
6. The study of past societies by the analysis of the artifacts they have left
behind is called _____.
7. The period of time before writing was developed is called _____.
8. The _____appear to be the first early people to bury their dead.
9. The _____designates the period when humans used simple stone tools.
10. Humans and other creatures that walk upright are called _____.
11. Remains of human and animal bones preserved in the earth’s crust are _____.
12. Skilled workers and craftsmen who made jewelry and
weapons were the first _____ .

73. Reviewing Key Facts
13. Science and Technology Explain how radiocarbon dating
of fossils and artifacts differs from thermoluminescence
dating.
14. History List the defining characteristics of the Paleolithic
Age.
15. Culture What do the cave paintings found in both Lascaux,
France, and Altamira, Spain, indicate about Paleolithic
humans and their culture?
16. Society Give four outcomes, or results, of the settlement
of humans in villages and towns.
17. History What is the Bronze Age and when did it occur?
18. Economics Discuss early trade among different groups
of people.
19. Society Describe the types of shelter and housing that were
used by Paleolithic peoples.
20. History What is the most significant development of the
Neolithic Age?
21. Science and Technology What factors would lead scientists
to choose DNA analysis, rather than carbon or thermoluminescence
dating, to determine the age of fossils and other
archaeological remains?
22. Culture What evidence has led historians to believe that
Neolithic peoples had religious beliefs?

74. Analyzing Visuals
8. Examine the photo of Skara
Brae . What does the village’s
ocean location tell you about
the way its Stone Age
inhabitants lived?
The walled city of Skara Brae in
Scotland built about 5,000 years ago.

75. Critical Thinking
6. Describe changing gender roles throughout Paleolithic
societies.
7. Sequencing Information Create a cause and effect diagram
to show how changes during the Neolithic Revolution led to
the emergence of civilization.

76. is located on the Salisbury Plain in England
4000 years ago it most likely looked like this.

78. Agricultural surplus. . . . Advanced civilization.
POLITICS
Rise of cities.
POLITICS
Government
(monarchy) and
written laws
ECONOMY
Public works projects
(temples, roads, etc.)
SOCIAL
Writing (first was
cuneiform in Sumer);
art & architecture
Culture:
The way of life of a
group of people
ECONOMY
Job specialization
and social classes.
SOCIAL
Complex religion;
priests take an active
role.

79. 60 Million years Ago
Giving mammals a chance to evolve. Among the mammals are
the primates who like to swing about in trees.
CAUSE Comet
Effect Mammals evolve

80. 5 million years ago
One of the species of primates leaves the trees. They get up
on their hind legs and begin using their hands to carry things.

81. 5 million years ago
As they no longer swing around in trees. Their thumb grows longer and then
it becomes opposable.

82. 2.5 -3.5 million years ago
A breakthrough occurs, the first artifact.

83. Something learned that flint could be shaped by other harder
rocks.

85. Hominids: Living creatures that walk upright on two feet and use tools.
1903-1972
1913-1996
Louis and Mary Leakey spent most of their lives searching for fossils of early
hominids. They worked at Olduvai Gorge in East Africa. They discovered the
first australopithecus fossil. They named her Lucy.

86. As hominids came down from the trees,
their diet changed from herbivores to carnivores. CAUSE
This allowed the big jaw muscles to relax and the
cranial cavity to expand.
EFFECT

88. Hominids: Living creatures that walk upright on two feet
and use tools.
Kenyanthropus platyops—the flat-faced man of Kenya— about
3.5-4.5 million years old.
lived in East Africa between 3-4 million years ago
made simple stone tools.
Homo erectus, “upright man,” lived 1.5 million years ago.
Made use of larger and more varied tools, perhaps fire.
First hominids to leave Africa and migrate into Europe and
Asia.

89. About 250,000 years ago, Homo sapiens emerged
in Africa (Knowing Man).
Two groups:
Neanderthals and Homo sapiens sapiens
Found in the Neander Valley in Germany.
100,000 to 30,000 years ago, they used advanced
stone tools and buried their dead.
They had larger brains and stronger bodes than us.
Their fate has obfuscated archeologists, some
argue that they were killed off by Homo Sapiens
Sapiens; others that both interblended.
One fallacy states that they live on as “bigfoot” or
the “Yeti”.
Homo Sapiens
Sapiens
Neanderthals

90. Modern human beings lived in Africa 250,000 years ago.
By 10,000 BCE, they had migrated throughout the world.
Asia and North
America were
connected by the
Bering land bridge
from 100,000 to
8000 BCE. The
water level was
low because of the
Ice Age.

91. All humans today, whether they are Europeans, Asians, Americans, Australian Aborigines, or
Africans, belong to the same subgroup of human beings.
There is only one race! The human race!
Asia and North
America were
connected by the
Bering land bridge
from 100,000 to
8000 BCE . The
water level was
low because of the
Ice Age.

92. Hominids: Living creatures that walk upright on two feet.