This document analyzes changes in land use and the encroachment of agriculture on forest reserves in Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Loei Province, Thailand between 1997-2010 using satellite imagery. The methodology involved classifying land use from Landsat images in 1997, 2001, 2005, and THEOS data in 2010, validating with field surveys. The results showed forest area decreased 15.28 sq km while agriculture increased 27.93 sq km over this period, demonstrating ongoing encroachment on the forest reserve despite protection measures.
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An application of theos data for the encroachment of agriculture on forest reserve in the phu luang wildlife sanctuary loei province
1. LOGO
An Application of THEOS Data for the
Encroachment of Agriculture on
Forest Reserve in the Phu Luang
Wildlife Sanctuary, Loei Province
Rasamee Suwanwerakamtorn
Regional Centre for Geo-Informatics and Sp
ace Technology,
Northeast Thailand, Khon Kaen University
2. Topics
1. Background
2. Objective
3. Description of the Study Area
4. Data sources
5. Methodology
6. Result and Discussions
Regional Centre for Geo-Informatics and Space Technology, Khon Kaen University, Northeast Thailand
3. Background
Although the controlling and preventive measures
are enforced rigidly to minimize the encroachment
on forest reserves in Phu Luang wildlife sanctuary
(PWLS) which is one of a form of maintaining forest
area for wildlife habitat.
The forest area is still continuously encroached
upon due to a population around wildlife sanctuary
increase.
Regional Centre for Geo-Informatics and Space Technology, Khon Kaen University, Northeast Thailand
4. Background
To enhance the efficiency of the protection,
regeneration and utilization of forest resources, the
information about the change is still needed.
These include an inventory periodical monitoring
and the causes of changes.
With the advent of high resolution satellite data,
the updated and multi-temporal information to detect
the changes can be obtained.
Regional Centre for Geo-Informatics and Space Technology, Khon Kaen University, Northeast Thailand
5. Objective
The purpose of this study is
to monitor the change for the
encroachment of agriculture on forest
reserve with the use of multi - temporal
satellite data.
Regional Centre for Geo-Informatics and Space Technology, Northeast Thailand
6. Description of the Study Area
The study area is
Phu Luang Wildlife
Sanctuary and two
kilometers buffer
zone.
Its coverage area is
about 1,313 square
kilometers.
It is located in
Regional Centre for Geo-Informatics and Space Technology, Northeast Thailand
7. Description of the Study Area
The main forest are
evergreen and
deciduous forests.
The mean annual
rainfall of the area is
about 1,200 – 1,400
mm.
Regional Centre for Geo-Informatics and Space Technology, Northeast Thailand
8. Data sources
LS_1997 LS_2001
1. 3 Multi-temporal Landsat data
acquired in 1997, 2001, 2005 and
THEOS data acquired in 2010
which corresponded to the dry
season.
2.Topographic maps of the Royal
Thai Survey Department at the
LS_2005 TH_2010 scale 1:50,000 which were used for
geo-referencing and supplement
information.
3. Land use map in 1998 and 2005
from Regional Centre for Geo-
Informatic, Northeast Thailand
Regional Centre for Geo-Informatics and Space Technology, Northeast Thailand
9. Methodology
LS_1997 LS_2001 1. Pre-Processing
The three TM scene was
georeferenced using the
ground control points selected
from the topographic map and
a nearest neighbor
interpolation algorithm was
performed.
We used a color composite
LS_2005 TH_2010
image of the 2 scene which
three bands which are 4-5-3
(RGB). The result image allow
us to distinguish the areas with
different land use patterns.
Regional Centre for Geo-Informatics and Space Technology, Northeast Thailand
10. Methodology
LS 1998 LS 2001 LS 2005 TH 2010
2. Visual interpretation
Landuse type is
classified based on
color, texture and
pattern of the imagery.
Landuse 1998 Landuse 2001 Landuse 2005 Landuse 2010
Regional Centre for Geo-Informatics and Space Technology, Northeast Thailand
11. Methodology
3. Post Classification
Field survey was
carried out for
increasing a map
accuracy.
15. Methodology
Image Enhancement
Visual interpretation
Post Classification
Field Survey
Revised data
Land use 1997 from
LANDSAT TM
Assessment accuracy Land use 2005 from
Land use 2001 from LANDSAT TM
LANDSAT TM
Land use 2010 from
THEOS
The encroachment of agriculture
on forest reserve map
Regional Centre for Geo-Informatics and Space Technology, Northeast Thailand
16. Methodology
4. Encroachment of Agriculture on Forest Reserve Analysis
Landuse 1998 Landuse 2001 Landuse 2005 Landuse 2010
Regional Centre for Geo-Informatics and Space Technology, Northeast Thailand
17. Result and Discussions
Landuse 1998 Landuse 2001
Landuse in PLWS and its buffer
Landuse 2005 Landuse 2010
Regional Centre for Geo-Informatics and Space Technology, Northeast Thailand
18. Result and Discussions
The result showed that the forest had depleted
gradually 15.28 square kilometers from 497.15
square kilometers in 1997 to 481.87 square
kilometers in 2010.
The agriculture have increased 27.93 square
kilometers from 301.93 square kilometers in 1997 to
323.01 square kilometers in 2010.
Landuse 1998 Landuse 2001 Landuse 2005 Landuse 2010
19. Result and Discussions
Landuse in the Wildlife Sanctuary and its 2 km buffer 1998 Landuse in the Wildlife Sanctuary and its 2 km buffer 2001
Area of Landuse in Area of Landuse in
Area of Landuse in Area of Landuse out Area of Landuse in Area of Landuse out
Landuse Wildlife Sanctuary Wildlife Sanctuary
Wildlife Sanctuary Wildlife Sanctuary Landuse Wildlife Sanctuary Wildlife Sanctuary
and its buffer and its buffer
Area Percent Area Percenta Area Percenta Area Percent Area Percenta Area Percent
(sq.km.) age (sq.km.) ge (sq.km.) ge (sq.km.) age (sq.km.) ge (sq.km.) age
Hill Hill
evergreen 254. 28.3 260. 257. evergreen 247.5 251.4
forest 66 9 2.86 0.71 60 52 forest 6 27.60 3.88 0.96 4 19.35
Pine Forest 6.65 0.74 0.00 0.00 6.65 6.65 Pine Forest 7.26 0.81 0.03 0.01 7.29 0.56
Dry or semi- Dry or
evergreen 186. 20.8 190. 188. semi-
forest 82 3 1.64 0.41 71 46 evergreen 186.9 188.4
Mixed forest 0 20.84 1.50 0.37 0 14.50
deciduous 28.1 34.4 34.0 Mixed
forest 3 3.14 5.87 1.46 1 0 deciduous
Dry forest 27.76 3.09 6.14 1.52 33.90 2.61
diptercarp 20.8 14.6 35.9 35.5 Dry
forest 9 2.33 7 3.64 9 6 diptercarp
Bamboo 10.0 12.3 12.1 forest 18.37 2.05 14.68 3.64 33.05 2.54
forest 4 1.12 2.14 0.53 3 8 Bamboo
Forest 72.3 11.5 84.8 83.8 forest 11.48 1.28 2.36 0.59 13.84 1.06
plantation Forest
4 8.07 1 2.86 5 5 plantation 61.73 6.88 12.31 3.06 74.04 5.70
Grass land 11.1 11.3 11.2 Grass land 12.87 1.43 0.09 0.02 12.96 1.00
4 1.24 0.06 0.01 3
Rock out 0
Rock out crop 2.21 0.25 0.01 0.00 2.22 0.17
crop 2.21 0.25 0.01 0.00 2.25 2.22 Agricultural 318.2 354.6 672.8
Agricultural 301. 33.6 357. 88.7 Geo-Informatics and Space Technology, Northeast Thailand
Regional Centre for 667. 659. land
land 0 35.48 2 88.05 2 51.77
20. Result and Discussions
Landuse in the Wildlife Sanctuary and its 2 km buffer 2005 Landuse in the Wildlife Sanctuary and its 2 km buffer 2010
Landuse Area of Landuse Area of Landuse in Area of Landuse in
Area of Landuse in Area of Landuse Area of Landuse
out Wildlife Sanctuary Wildlife Sanctuary and its
Wildlife Sanctuary in out
Wildlife Sanctuary and its buffer buffer
Wildlife Sanctuary Wildlife Sanctuary
Area Area Area
% % % Landuse Area Area Area
(sq.km.) (sq.km) (sq.km) % % %
(sq.k) (sq.k) (sq.km.)
Hill evergreen 246. 27. 1.5 250.1 19. Hill evergreen 243.
forest 16 44 4.01 8 7 22 forest 9 27.1
Pine Forest 1 9 4.63 1.15 248.54 19.12
0.8 0.0 0.5
7.22 0 0.04 3 7.26 6 Pine Forest 7.52 0.84 0.03 0.01 7.55 0.58
Dry or semi- Dry or semi- 185.
evergreen 186. 20. 0.8 187.8 14. evergree 7 20.7
forest 12 75 1.74 8 6 43 n forest 8 1 1.47 0.36 187.25 14.41
Mixed Mixed
deciduous 27.7 3.1 1.4 2.5 deciduou 27.1
forest 9 0 5.68 4 33.47 7 s forest 7 3.03 5.33 1.32 32.50 2.50
Dry diptercarp 17.6 1.9 13.3 3.2 2.3 Dry diptercarp 17.4
forest forest 9 1.95 12.89 3.20 30.38 2.34
5 7 7 7 31.02 8
Bamboo 12.5
Bamboo 11.8 1.3 0.6 1.0 forest 1 1.39 1.85 0.46 14.36 1.10
forest 0 1 2.46 2 14.26 9
Forest
Forest 59.2 6.6 2.8 5.4 plantatio 53.8
plantation 3 0 9.33 8 68.56 2 n 1 6.00 11.05 2.74 64.86 4.99
Grass land 13.1 1.4 0.0 1.0 Grass land 13.8
2 1.54 0.10 0.02 13.92 1.07
4 6 0.10 6 13.24 2
Rock out crop 2.22 0.25 0.01 0.00 2.23 0.17
Rock out crop 0.2 0.0 0.1
21. Result and Discussions
Table 3 Landuse in The PLWS. 1998 and 2001 and its changes
Landuse Landuse change in The PLWS Landuse change out The PLWS
Area (sq.km.) change Area (sq.km.) change
Area Area
Percentage Percentage
(sq.km.) (sq.km.)
Hill evergreen
forest 254.66 247.56 -7.1 -0.79 2.86 3.88 0.62 0.15
Pine Forest 6.65 7.26 0.61 0.07 0.00 0.03 -0.01 -0.07
Dry or semi-
evergreen forest 186.82 186.90 0.08 0.01 1.64 1.50 -0.27 -0.07
Mixed deciduous
forest 28.13 27.76 -0.37 -0.04 5.87 6.14 -0.35 -0.09
Dry diptercarp
forest 20.89 18.37 -2.52 -0.28 14.67 14.68 -0.48 -0.12
Bamboo forest 10.04 11.48 1.44 0.16 2.14 2.36 -0.61 -0.15
Forest plantation 72.34 61.73 -10.61 -1.18 11.51 12.31 1.72 0.43
Grass land 11.14 12.87 1.73 0.19 0.06 0.09 0.00 0.00
Rock out crop 2.21 2.21 0 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00
Agricultural land 301.93 318.20 16.27 1.81 357.23 354.62 -0.81 -0.20
Urban and built
up land 2.10 2.29 0.19 0.02 5.16 5.61 0.21 0.05
Water body 0.14 0.33 0.19 0.02 1.57 1.51 -0.02 0.00
sum 896.9
896.95 5 - - 402.75 402.75 - -
Regional Centre for Geo-Informatics and Space Technology, Northeast Thailand
22. Result and Discussions
Table 4 Landuse in The PLWS. 2001 and 2005 and its changes
Landuse Landuse change in The PLWS Landuse change out The PLWS
Area (sq.km.) change Area (sq.km.) change
Area Area
Percentage Percentage
(sq.km.) (sq.km.)
Hill evergreen
forest 247.56 246.16 -1.40 -0.16 3.88 4.01 0.13 0.03
Pine Forest 7.26 7.22 -0.04 0.00 0.03 0.04 0.01 0.00
Dry or semi-
evergreen
forest 186.9 186.12 -0.78 -0.09 1.5 1.74 0.24 0.06
Mixed
deciduous
forest 27.76 27.79 0.03 0.00 6.14 5.68 -0.46 -0.11
Dry
diptercarp
forest 18.37 17.65 -0.72 -0.08 14.68 13.37 -1.31 -0.33
Bamboo
forest 11.48 11.8 0.32 0.04 2.36 2.46 0.10 0.02
Forest
plantation 61.73 59.23 -2.50 -0.28 12.31 9.33 -2.98 -0.74
Grass land 12.87 13.14 0.27 0.03 0.09 0.1 0.01 0.00
Rock out crop 2.21 2.21 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00
Agricultural Regional Centre for Geo-Informatics and Space Technology, Northeast Thailand
land 318.2 322.92 4.72 0.53 354.62 358.73 4.11 1.02
23. Result and Discussions
Table 5 Landuse in The PLWS. 2005 and 2010 and its changes
Landuse Landuse change in The PLWS Landuse change out The PLWS
Area (sq.km.) change Area (sq.km.) change
Area Area
Percentage Percentage
(sq.km.) (sq.km.)
Hill evergreen
forest 247.56 246.16 -1.40 -0.16 3.88 4.01 0.13 0.03
Pine Forest 7.26 7.22 -0.04 0.00 0.03 0.04 0.01 0.00
Dry or semi-
evergreen forest
186.9 186.12 -0.78 -0.09 1.5 1.74 0.24 0.06
Mixed deciduous
forest
27.76 27.79 0.03 0.00 6.14 5.68 -0.46 -0.11
Dry diptercarp
forest
18.37 17.65 -0.72 -0.08 14.68 13.37 -1.31 -0.33
Bamboo forest 11.48 11.8 0.32 0.04 2.36 2.46 0.10 0.02
Forest plantation 61.73 59.23 -2.50 -0.28 12.31 9.33 -2.98 -0.74
Grass land 12.87 13.14 0.27 0.03 0.09 0.1 0.01 0.00
Rock out crop 2.21 2.21 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00
Agricultural land 318.2 322.92 4.72 0.53 354.62 358.73 4.11 1.02
Urban and built
up land
2.29 2.39 0.10 0.01 5.61 5.8 0.19 0.05
Water body 0.33 0.31 -0.02 0.00 1.51 1.48 -0.03 -0.01
sum
896.95 896.95 - - 402.75 402.75 - -
Regional Centre for Geo-Informatics and Space Technology, Northeast Thailand
24. Landuse change (1) in PLWS (2) its buffer
and (3) in PLWS and its buffer
Result and Discussions
(1) (2)
The result showed that the forest
(3) had depleted gradually 15.28
square kilometers from 497.15
square kilometers in 1997 to 481.87
square kilometers in 2010.
The agriculture have increased
27.93 square kilometers from
301.93 square kilometers in 1997 to
323.01 square kilometers in 2010.
Regional Centre for Geo-Informatics and Space Technology, Northeast Thailand
25. Result and Discussions
2001-2005 2005 and 2010
1998 and 2001
1998
and
2001
The Encroachment of Agriculture on Forest map
Regional Centre for Geo-Informatics and Space Technology, Northeast Thailand
26. Result and Discussions
THEOS LANDSAT LANDSAT
2010 2005 2001
1 Field crop Forest plantation Forest
increased decreased plantation
2 Dry or semi- Dry or semi-
Field crop
evergreen evergreen
increased
forest forest
decreased
Regional Centre for Geo-Informatics and Space Technology, Northeast Thailand
27. Result and Discussions
THEOS LANDSAT LANDSAT
2010 2005 2001
3 Field crop Forest Forest
increased plantation plantation
decreased
4 Field crop Forest Forest
increased plantation plantation
decreased
Regional Centre for Geo-Informatics and Space Technology, Northeast Thailand
28. Result and Discussions
THEOS LANDSAT LANDSAT
2010 2005 2001
5 Field crop
Bamboo forest Bamboo
decreased forest
increased
6 Field crop Forest Forest
increased decreased
Regional Centre for Geo-Informatics and Space Technology, Northeast Thailand
29. Result and Discussions
THEOS LANDSAT LANDSAT
2010 2005 2001
7 Field crop Forest Forest
increased plantation plantation
decreased
8 Paddy field Dry Dry
increased dipterocarp dipterocarp
forest forest
decreased
Regional Centre for Geo-Informatics and Space Technology, Northeast Thailand