1. LivingLiving
StandardsStandards
Why can’t I have
what he’s got?
OR
Is it possible for everyone
to have the same
standard of living (in a
country and around the
world)?

2. Standard of LivingStandard of Living
 standard of livingstandard of living refers torefers to
thethe quality and quantity ofquality and quantity of
goods and services availablegoods and services available
to peopleto people, and the way these, and the way these
goods and services aregoods and services are
distributed within adistributed within a
populationpopulation
 generally measuresgenerally measures
economic welfareeconomic welfare
 Other measures such asOther measures such as
access and quality of healthaccess and quality of health
care, educational standardscare, educational standards
and social rights are oftenand social rights are often
used as wellused as well
 One aspect ofOne aspect of Quality ofQuality of
LifeLife

3. Quality of LifeQuality of Life
 Indicator of how good life is for the citizens of aIndicator of how good life is for the citizens of a
given areagiven area physically, psychologically, andphysically, psychologically, and
sociallysocially. Includes:. Includes:

WealthWealth

Personal safetyPersonal safety

HealthHealth

NutritionNutrition

Status of women and childrenStatus of women and children

Poverty linePoverty line

Freedom of expressionFreedom of expression

Economic freedomEconomic freedom

Right to a safe and clean environmentRight to a safe and clean environment

4. Developed NationsDeveloped Nations
 industrialized, peopleindustrialized, people
well-housed, healthy,well-housed, healthy,
and educatedand educated

infrastructureinfrastructure – such– such
things as transportationthings as transportation
and communication links,and communication links,
electric-power distributionelectric-power distribution
systems, schools, andsystems, schools, and
hospitals – are wellhospitals – are well
developed – known asdeveloped – known as
“First World”“First World”

Examples: Canada, USA,Examples: Canada, USA,
most European nationsmost European nations

5. Developing / UnderdevelopedDeveloping / Underdeveloped
 Poor infrastructurePoor infrastructure::
few schools, doctors,few schools, doctors,
and hospitals; roadsand hospitals; roads
were mainly unpaved,were mainly unpaved,
few railways, fewfew railways, few
people withpeople with
telephones, only citiestelephones, only cities
with electrical powerwith electrical power
 known as “Thirdknown as “Third
World”World”

6. UN Human Development IndexUN Human Development Index
(HDI)(HDI)
 Living Standards Measure of countriesLiving Standards Measure of countries
 Comparative measure of:Comparative measure of:
1.1. Adult literacy (people who can read) rateAdult literacy (people who can read) rate
• percentage of the population 15 years and older who canpercentage of the population 15 years and older who can
read and writeread and write
2.2. life expectancy ratelife expectancy rate
• Average number of years a person or population canAverage number of years a person or population can
expect to liveexpect to live
3.3. per capita GDP (gross domestic product)per capita GDP (gross domestic product)
• GDP - total value of all goods and services produced in aGDP - total value of all goods and services produced in a
country in one year.country in one year.
• divide this # by the # of people in a country, you get thedivide this # by the # of people in a country, you get the
average GDP per personaverage GDP per person, or, or per capitaper capita
http://www.infoplease.com/world/statistics/mostlivable-leastlivable-countries-2007.htmlhttp://www.infoplease.com/world/statistics/mostlivable-leastlivable-countries-2007.html

7. ““Most Livable” Countries, 2007Most Livable” Countries, 2007
1.1.IcelandIceland
2.2.NorwayNorway
3.3.AustraliaAustralia
4.4.CanadaCanada
5.5.IrelandIreland
6.6.SwedenSweden
7.7.SwitzerlandSwitzerland
8.8.JapanJapan
9.9.NetherlandsNetherlands
10.10.FranceFrance
11.11.FinlandFinland
12.12.United StatesUnited States
13.13.SpainSpain
14.14.DenmarkDenmark
15.15.AustriaAustria
16.16.United KingdomUnited Kingdom 17.17.
BelgiumBelgium 18.18.LuxembourgLuxembourg
19.19.New ZealandNew Zealand
20.20.ItalyItaly
21.21.GermanyGermany
22.22.IsraelIsrael
23.23.GreeceGreece
24.24.SingaporeSingapore
25.Korea, Rep. Of25.Korea, Rep. Of
26.26.SloveniaSlovenia
27.27.CyprusCyprus
28.28.PortugalPortugal
29.29.Brunei DarussalamBrunei Darussalam 30.30.
BarbadosBarbados
2008: http://origin-hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/

8. ““Least Livable” Countries, 2007Least Livable” Countries, 2007
1.1.Sierra LeoneSierra Leone
2.2.Burkina FasoBurkina Faso
3.3.Guinea-BissauGuinea-Bissau
4.4.NigerNiger
5.5.MaliMali
6.6.MozambiqueMozambique
7.7.Central African RepublicCentral African Republic
8.8.ChadChad
9.9.EthiopiaEthiopia
10.10.Congo, Dem. Rep. of theCongo, Dem. Rep. of the
11.11.BurundiBurundi
12.12.Côte d'IvoireCôte d'Ivoire
13.13.ZambiaZambia
14.14.MalawiMalawi
15.15.BeninBenin
16.16.AngolaAngola
17.17.RwandaRwanda
18.18.GuineaGuinea
19.19.TanzaniaTanzania
20.20.NigeriaNigeria
21.21.EritreaEritrea
22.22.SenegalSenegal
23.23.GambiaGambia
24.Uganda24.Uganda
25.Yemen25.Yemen
26.Togo26.Togo
27.Zimbabwe27.Zimbabwe
28.Timor-Leste28.Timor-Leste
29.Djibouti29.Djibouti
30.Kenya30.Kenya

9. Human Development IndicatorsHuman Development Indicators
 Other than those used inOther than those used in
the HDI, other humanthe HDI, other human
development indicatorsdevelopment indicators
include:include:
 Education ratesEducation rates

The percentage of theThe percentage of the
population who attend orpopulation who attend or
attended some sort ofattended some sort of
formal educationformal education
 Fertility RatesFertility Rates

The average number ofThe average number of
children that would be bornchildren that would be born
to a woman over herto a woman over her
lifetimelifetime

10. Human Development IndicatorsHuman Development Indicators
 Infant mortality ratesInfant mortality rates

Reported number of infantsReported number of infants
dying under 5 years of age,dying under 5 years of age,
per 1,000 live birthsper 1,000 live births
 DiseaseDisease

Prevalence of disease in anPrevalence of disease in an
area such asarea such as HIV/AIDSHIV/AIDS ––
PandemicPandemic

Pandemic: an epidemic thatPandemic: an epidemic that
occurs over a wide geographicoccurs over a wide geographic
areaarea

worst in developing countries likeworst in developing countries like
Africa where lack of educationAfrica where lack of education
and access to medical suppliesand access to medical supplies
and treatments cause the diseaseand treatments cause the disease
to keep spreading at a rapid rateto keep spreading at a rapid rate

11. Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC’s)Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC’s)
 most countries at themost countries at the
bottom of the HDI arebottom of the HDI are
in debt to thein debt to the
developed nationsdeveloped nations
 countries that are so incountries that are so in
debt to developeddebt to developed
countries thatcountries that most ofmost of
its gross nationalits gross national
product is used to payproduct is used to pay
interest on those debtsinterest on those debts

12. Newly Industrialized CountriesNewly Industrialized Countries
 known as “Secondknown as “Second
World”World”
 countries between 2countries between 2
categoriescategories
 countries in thecountries in the
transition stagetransition stage
between developingbetween developing
and developedand developed
nations.nations.
 Most have rapidlyMost have rapidly
growing economies.growing economies.
 Example: ChinaExample: China

13. Additional Challenges inAdditional Challenges in
Developing CountriesDeveloping Countries
 Poverty Cycle – TrapPoverty Cycle – Trap
 Health ChallengesHealth Challenges
 Lack of education andLack of education and
employment, especially foremployment, especially for
womenwomen
 Discrimination against WomenDiscrimination against Women
 Armed Conflict i.e. Rwanda,Armed Conflict i.e. Rwanda,
Darfur; land minesDarfur; land mines
 Child LabourChild Labour
 Access to Clean DrinkingAccess to Clean Drinking
WaterWater
 Natural Disasters – i.e.Natural Disasters – i.e.
tsunamitsunami

14. Causes of PovertyCauses of Poverty
 Armed ConflictsArmed Conflicts

Disrupt attempts at aidDisrupt attempts at aid
and developmentand development
(farming, infrastructure,(farming, infrastructure,
industry)industry)
 Natural DisastersNatural Disasters

Limited ResourcesLimited Resources
inhibit the constructioninhibit the construction
of adequate housing,of adequate housing,
infrastructure, andinfrastructure, and
mechanismsmechanisms

15. Causes of PovertyCauses of Poverty
 Lack ofLack of
EducationEducation

Cannot findCannot find
jobs that willjobs that will
support a familysupport a family
 Lack ofLack of
EmploymentEmployment

IncomeIncome
inequalities andinequalities and
too few jobs fortoo few jobs for
low incomelow income
groupsgroups

16. Causes of PovertyCauses of Poverty
 High birthratesHigh birthrates

EnormousEnormous
demand ondemand on
scarce resourcesscarce resources

StarvationStarvation

DiseaseDisease
 Low Levels ofLow Levels of
LiteracyLiteracy

Cannot find jobsCannot find jobs
that will support athat will support a
familyfamily

17. Causes of PovertyCauses of Poverty
 High Debt BurdenHigh Debt Burden

Provide lower standardsProvide lower standards

Reduced wagesReduced wages

Undercutting their ownUndercutting their own
resources in order toresources in order to
compete economically incompete economically in
the global marketthe global market
 Infectious DiseasesInfectious Diseases

Death of significantDeath of significant
portions of theportions of the
populationpopulation

Strain on resourcesStrain on resources

Reliance on foreign aidReliance on foreign aid

18. NEW Cause: Climate ChangeNEW Cause: Climate Change
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=CLoprwEFerov=CLoprwEFero

19. Illiteracy and
limited education;
particularly of
girls and women
Poor
Nutrition /
Lack of food
security
Environmental
degradation
Unhealthy human
behaviour
Low Status of
women / gender
inequity
Inadequate
access to
health services
Social unrest
and armed
conflict
Inadequate
access to safe
water and
sanitation
Squatter
settlements and
poor housing
Rapid population
growth and rural-
urban migration
Poverty and
inequity
MAJOR
DETERMINANTS OF
HEALTH
In Developing
Countries

20. The root of most health issues:The root of most health issues:
WATERWATER
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=uYsZOI8gftU&feature=related

21. Baby born to
malnourished /
impoverished
mother
Marry young;
few job
opportunities;
limited social
influence
Family
in debt due
to low wages
(can lead
to break-up
of family
& abuse) Baby’s
development is
slowed
Poor nutrition
and
medical care
Physical and
mental
development are
slowed
Poor
performance
in school
Low
Literacy Level
(little / no
education)
Reduced
likelihood of
economic
success (low job
skills)
Limited diet,
poor general
health
Children go to
work instead
of school OR
Child becomes an
uneducated,
unskilled worker
unable to earn a
living wage
When adult – need to
send children to work
to help support family
Also – Natural Disaster
and/or Armed Conflict
= Loss of Resources
= Enhanced Vulnerability to Poverty
Poverty Cycle in Developing Countries

22. The Vulnerable Ones: Women and ChildrenThe Vulnerable Ones: Women and Children
 the burden of poverty createsthe burden of poverty creates
particular hardships for womenparticular hardships for women
and children because manyand children because many
developing societies havedeveloping societies have
male-dominated societiesmale-dominated societies
wherewhere females and childrenfemales and children
have lower status than menhave lower status than men
 often haveoften have no legal rights, orno legal rights, or
the legal system may allowthe legal system may allow
them to be treated as propertythem to be treated as property
 women may even be killed towomen may even be killed to
satisfy a family’s honorsatisfy a family’s honor
 in some tribal societies, womenin some tribal societies, women
and children may have to eatand children may have to eat
whatever is left after the menwhatever is left after the men
have finished their meals – canhave finished their meals – can
lead tolead to malnutritionmalnutrition

23. Women – Developing WorldWomen – Developing World
 woman in a developing countrywoman in a developing country
may have to work over 12may have to work over 12
hours a day to ensure thehours a day to ensure the
survival of her familysurvival of her family
 often left to support family whenoften left to support family when
men migrate (move) in searchmen migrate (move) in search
of workof work
 education – often a luxuryeducation – often a luxury
restricted to malesrestricted to males
 only 1/3 of girls in rural India goonly 1/3 of girls in rural India go
to school – compared w/ ½to school – compared w/ ½
boysboys
 feeling: education wasted onfeeling: education wasted on
girlsgirls
 many families keep girls @many families keep girls @
home to look after the youngerhome to look after the younger
children and help w/ choreschildren and help w/ chores
until they are married and moveuntil they are married and move
into their husband’s villageinto their husband’s village

24. Women – Developing WorldWomen – Developing World
 cultural tradition dictatescultural tradition dictates
that when a woman isthat when a woman is
married she is reborn intomarried she is reborn into
her husband’s family, soher husband’s family, so
there is an incentive tothere is an incentive to
marry youngmarry young
 demographers agree thatdemographers agree that
economic developmenteconomic development
and the fertility rate ofand the fertility rate of
countries are connectedcountries are connected
 decline in # of children adecline in # of children a
woman has frees her towoman has frees her to
improve her life & theimprove her life & the
lives of her childrenlives of her children

25. Women – Developing WorldWomen – Developing World
 better educated women havebetter educated women have
fewer children – tend to marryfewer children – tend to marry
later and have fewer children,later and have fewer children,
usually because they are betterusually because they are better
educated about contraceptioneducated about contraception
and better able to resist familyand better able to resist family
pressure to have more childrenpressure to have more children
 children of educated womenchildren of educated women
also more likely to survivealso more likely to survive
 know more about theknow more about the
importance of immunization,importance of immunization,
clean water, and good nutritionclean water, and good nutrition
 study in Peru – showed infantstudy in Peru – showed infant
mortality rate dropped for everymortality rate dropped for every
year of schooling the motheryear of schooling the mother
hadhad
 key to improving status ofkey to improving status of
women: educationwomen: education
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=_sTMNOVpCB4

26. Women –Women – Example: Women in Niger, AfricaExample: Women in Niger, Africa
 Niger – lies almost entirely in Sahara DesertNiger – lies almost entirely in Sahara Desert

#176 out of 177 on 2004 HDI#176 out of 177 on 2004 HDI

life expectancy: under 49 yrslife expectancy: under 49 yrs

literacy – 14%literacy – 14%

65% of pop’n survive on less than $180/yr65% of pop’n survive on less than $180/yr

uranium - #1 export – recent drop in price hasuranium - #1 export – recent drop in price has
redcued country’s earningsredcued country’s earnings

donor aid has been withheld until the militarydonor aid has been withheld until the military
government returns the government to civiliangovernment returns the government to civilian
rulerule
 women – large role in economy – makingwomen – large role in economy – making
pottery, selling firewood, cloth, etc.pottery, selling firewood, cloth, etc.
 yet in traditional Muslim society –bound toyet in traditional Muslim society –bound to
obey the wishes of male relatives – husbands,obey the wishes of male relatives – husbands,
fathers, brothers, etc.fathers, brothers, etc.
 polygamy (practice of having more than onepolygamy (practice of having more than one
wife) – widespreadwife) – widespread

average marrying age – 15average marrying age – 15

average # of children – 7.4average # of children – 7.4

27. Children in CrisisChildren in Crisis
 Children – often 1st victimsChildren – often 1st victims
of underdevelopmentof underdevelopment
 famine, disease, war, etc –famine, disease, war, etc –
prey on society’s mostprey on society’s most
vulnerable dependentsvulnerable dependents
 even if survive critical 1st 5even if survive critical 1st 5
years – children in someyears – children in some
developing nations havedeveloping nations have
few educationalfew educational
opportunities and are all tooopportunities and are all too
often exploited as childoften exploited as child
labour – some trapped inlabour – some trapped in
sex tradesex trade
 high birth rates in manyhigh birth rates in many
developing areas – ensuresdeveloping areas – ensures
this will continuethis will continue

28. UNICEF - PNRUNICEF - PNR
 UNICEF - since 1990 has published an annualUNICEF - since 1990 has published an annual ProgressProgress
of Nations Report (PNR)of Nations Report (PNR) on the welfare of children thaton the welfare of children that
measures the risk of children in countries worldwide on ameasures the risk of children in countries worldwide on a
scale of zero to 100scale of zero to 100
 Based on 5 factors:Based on 5 factors:
1. mortality rates of children1. mortality rates of children
under age 5under age 5
2.% of children moderately /2.% of children moderately /
severely underweightseverely underweight
3.#s of children who do not3.#s of children who do not
attend primary schoolattend primary school
4.risks from armed conflict4.risks from armed conflict
5.risks from the disease5.risks from the disease
HIV/AIDSHIV/AIDS

29. UNICEF - PNR - ResultsUNICEF - PNR - Results
 Canada, the US, Australia, Japan, & otherCanada, the US, Australia, Japan, & other
highly developed nations had risk scoreshighly developed nations had risk scores
of 5 or below (of no consequence)of 5 or below (of no consequence)
 Africa’s average score: 61Africa’s average score: 61
 world average: 30world average: 30

30. Canada’s Responses toCanada’s Responses to
Development IssuesDevelopment Issues
 Canada –Canada – Foreign Aid PolicyForeign Aid Policy

Gives aid ($, goods & services) to poor (developing)Gives aid ($, goods & services) to poor (developing)
foreign countriesforeign countries
 Official Development Assistance (ODA)Official Development Assistance (ODA)

Program gives financial aid to countries of Africa, Asia,Program gives financial aid to countries of Africa, Asia,
and some in Central / Eastern Europeand some in Central / Eastern Europe
 CIDA – Canadian International DevelopmentCIDA – Canadian International Development
AgencyAgency

CIDA was established in 1968 to administer the bulk ofCIDA was established in 1968 to administer the bulk of
Canada’s official development assistance (ODA)Canada’s official development assistance (ODA)
programprogram

CIDA’s aim is to reduce poverty, promote human rights,CIDA’s aim is to reduce poverty, promote human rights,
and support sustainable developmentand support sustainable development

31. Bilateral AidBilateral Aid
 Aid given directlyAid given directly
from governmentfrom government
to governmentto government

Usually in theUsually in the
form of grants asform of grants as
opposed to loansopposed to loans
andand

goods andgoods and
servicesservices

32. Tied AidTied Aid
 Form of bilateral aidForm of bilateral aid

Loans / grantsLoans / grants
provided to aprovided to a
developing countrydeveloping country
with the requirementwith the requirement
that the recipient usethat the recipient use
the funds to buythe funds to buy
goods or services ingoods or services in
the donor countrythe donor country

The majority of aid isThe majority of aid is
tied aidtied aid

33. Multilateral AidMultilateral Aid
 funding multilateralfunding multilateral
institutions /institutions /
internationalinternational
organizations suchorganizations such
as:as:

UN – i.e. UNICEF,UN – i.e. UNICEF,
WHOWHO

World BankWorld Bank
 Often in form ofOften in form of
cashcash
 Often large-scaleOften large-scale
initiatives likeinitiatives like
building damsbuilding dams

34. Project AidProject Aid
 Money, goods, orMoney, goods, or
services that aservices that a
donor-nationdonor-nation
provides to aprovides to a
developing countrydeveloping country
for a specificfor a specific
projectproject

35. NGOs (Non-GovernmentalNGOs (Non-Governmental
Organizations)Organizations)
 NGOs areNGOs are nnon-on-ggovernmentalovernmental oorganizations are non-rganizations are non-
profit organizations that often conduct humanitarian andprofit organizations that often conduct humanitarian and
development work around the world. NGOs are essentialdevelopment work around the world. NGOs are essential
to poverty relief efforts.to poverty relief efforts.
 Governments such as Canada support NGOS throughGovernments such as Canada support NGOS through
donations, but do not control what NGOs dodonations, but do not control what NGOs do
 Most active in ecological, health, and general welfareMost active in ecological, health, and general welfare
programsprograms
 Examples:Examples:

Red CrossRed Cross

OxfamOxfam

Save the ChildrenSave the Children

GreenpeaceGreenpeace

Amnesty InternationalAmnesty International

Habitat for HumanityHabitat for Humanity

Doctors Without BordersDoctors Without Borders

36. Debt ReductionDebt Reduction
 CanadaCanada
supports thesupports the
idea ofidea of
forgiving all orforgiving all or
part of the debtpart of the debt
developingdeveloping
countries owecountries owe
to internationalto international
banksbanks

37. Debt Reduction cont’Debt Reduction cont’
 Debt has been chockingDebt has been chocking
the world’s weakestthe world’s weakest
economies and blockingeconomies and blocking
economic progress foreconomic progress for
billions of the world’sbillions of the world’s
poorest peoplepoorest people
 Governments borrowedGovernments borrowed
money in the past formoney in the past for
development projectsdevelopment projects
from World Bank / IMF,from World Bank / IMF,
etc.etc.
 Corrupt leaders oftenCorrupt leaders often
stole the proceedsstole the proceeds

38. Debt Reduction cont’Debt Reduction cont’
 To pay off interestTo pay off interest
and principal of theand principal of the
loanloan

Governments haveGovernments have
been forced bybeen forced by
creditors to slashcreditors to slash
their social spendingtheir social spending
and shrink theirand shrink their
public sectorpublic sector

But debt still grows,But debt still grows,
placing the poorestplacing the poorest
countries in a kind ofcountries in a kind of
debt bondagedebt bondage

Many countries of the UNMany countries of the UN
have been encouraging thehave been encouraging the
elimination of these debts or atelimination of these debts or at
least a reduction in theleast a reduction in the
amount owed by developingamount owed by developing
nationsnations

39. Debt Reduction – con’tDebt Reduction – con’t
 Debt ReliefDebt Relief

Easing the obligations of a debtorEasing the obligations of a debtor
nation to repay loansnation to repay loans
 Debt SwapDebt Swap

A new nation or organizationA new nation or organization
takes over a nation’s debt intakes over a nation’s debt in
exchange for some favour by theexchange for some favour by the
debtor nationdebtor nation
 Debt ForgivenessDebt Forgiveness

Cancelling obligations to repayCancelling obligations to repay
debtsdebts
 Debt MoratoriumDebt Moratorium

Postponement of payments onPostponement of payments on
loansloans

40. Canadian InternationalCanadian International
Development Agency (CIDA)Development Agency (CIDA)
 CIDACIDA

Supports foreign aidSupports foreign aid
projects in over 100 of theprojects in over 100 of the
poorest countriespoorest countries
 Manages OfficialManages Official
Development AssistanceDevelopment Assistance
(ODA)(ODA)
 Promotes sustainability inPromotes sustainability in
developing countriesdeveloping countries

41. CIDACIDA
 Focuses on 6 basic principles:Focuses on 6 basic principles:
1.1. basic human needsbasic human needs
2.2. gender equalitygender equality
3.3. infrastructureinfrastructure
4.4. human rightshuman rights
5. environment5. environment
6. democracy / good governance6. democracy / good governance
 Explores 4 socialExplores 4 social
development sectors:development sectors:
1. basic education1. basic education
2. HIV/AIDS2. HIV/AIDS
3. health and nutrition3. health and nutrition
4. child protection4. child protection

42. Does Foreign Aid Work?
 Issues to consider:

Is Aid reaching those who need it?

What do people need most in developing countries?

Who is benefiting most from Foreign Aid?

What are some different ways we could spend the
same amount of money on Foreign Aid and get
different results?
 Afghanistan – Security Issue
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zhtQlBVF8tU
 Phantom Aid
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqjoAFcnCvU
 Malnutrition Solution
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UnwX2U6sqK4&feature=fvw
 Myth: Foreign Aid
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZHyspuEEKg&feature=related