This is a powerpoint I made for my second meeting lecture in Microbiology for Nursing Students.

1. Prepared by: Ms.Irish M. Sequihod

2.  Bacteria and protozoa – were the
first microorganisms observed by
humans
 It took 200 years before man was
able to establish a connection
between microorganism and
infectious disease.
 It was the discovery of microscope
that made microbiology understand
more about the nature of diseases.

3.  Anton van Leeuwenhoek – was
the first person to see live
bacteria and protozoa
 Father of microbiology
 A fabric merchant, surveyor,
wine assayer, and a minor city
official in Delf, Holland
 Ground tiny glass lenses
mounted in metal frames
 Single lens microscopes
 “Animalcules”

4.  Scrapings from teeth
 Ditches and pond water
 Blood and sperm
 Diarrheal stool

5.  A French chemist
 Fermentation
 Grapes (glucose)-yeasts-ethanol
 Disproved the spontaneous
generation
 Aerobes and anaerobes
 Developed the process
pasteurization to kill microbes that
were causing to spoil. Can be used
to kill pathogens in many types of
liquids.
 Involves heating to 55 degree
celsius and holding at that
temperature for several minutes.

6.  He discovered the infectious agents that caused
the silkworm diseases that were crippling the
silk industry in France.
 Germ theory of disease- made contributions that
a certain microorganism can cause a certain
disease.
 Hospital practices to minimize the spread of
disease by pathogens
 Developed vaccines to prevent chicken cholera,
anthrax, and swine erysipelas
 Developed the vaccine to prevent rabies in dogs
and successfully used the vacine to treat human
rabies

7.  German physician
 Contributor to the germ theory
of disease
 He proved that anthrax
bacillus was truly the cause of
anthrax.
 Koch’s postulate
 Discovered that a. bacillus
produces spores capable of
resisting adverse conditions
 Fixing and staining and
photographing bacteria

8.  Developed methods of cultivating bacteria on
solid media.
 R.J. Petri- colleague of robert
 Frua hess- agar (polysaccharide)as solidifying
agent
 Dicovered mycobacterium tuberculosis and
vibrio cholera

9.  Spontaneous generation
– abiogenesis
 Classical notions of
abiogenesis, now more
precisely known
as spontaneous
generation, held that
certain complex, living
organisms are
generated by decaying
organic substances.

10.  John tyndall and Louis Pasteur – were the one
who disproved the abiogenesis theory.
 Rudolf Virchow – was the first who proposed
about biogenesis

11.  A microorganism must be found in all cases of
the disease and must not be present in healthy
animals or humans.
 The microorganism must be isolated from the
diseased animal or human and grown in pure
culture in the laboratory.
 The same disease must be produced when
microorganisms from the pure culture are
inoculated into healthy susceptible laboratory
animals
 The same microorganism must be recovered
from the experimentaly infected animals and
grown again in pure culture

12.  Exeptions
have to grow the pathogen in a
media but not all can grow (viruses,
rickettsias
Some pathogens are species-specific
Synergistics –caused by more than one
organism
Less pathogenic when cultured

13.  In the late 1800s and for the first decade of the
1900s, scientists seized the opportunity to
further develop the germ theory of disease as
enunciated by Pasteur and proved by Koch.
 There emerged a Golden Age of
Microbiology during which many agents of
different infectious diseases were identified.
Many of the etiologic agents of microbial disease
were discovered during that period, leading to
the ability to halt epidemics by interrupting the
spread of microorganisms.

14.  Despite the advances in microbiology, it was
rarely possible to render life-saving therapy to
an infected patient. Then, after World War II,
the antibiotics were introduced to medicine.
The incidence of pneumonia, tuberculosis,
meningitis, syphilis, and many other diseases
declined with the use of antibiotics.

15.  Work with viruses could not be effectively
performed until instruments were developed to
help scientists see these disease agents. In the
1940s, the electron microscope was
developed and perfected. In that decade,
cultivation methods for viruses were also
introduced, and the knowledge of viruses
developed rapidly.
 With the development of vaccines in the 1950s
and 1960s, such viral diseases as polio, measles,
mumps, and rubella came under control.

16.  Modern microbiology reaches into many fields of
human endeavor, including the development of
pharmaceutical products, the use of quality-
control methods in food and dairy product
production, the control of disease-causing
microorganisms in consumable waters, and the
industrial applications of microorganisms.
 Microorganisms are used to produce vitamins,
amino acids, enzymes, and growth supplements.
They manufacture many foods, including
fermented dairy products, as well as other
fermented foods such as pickles, sauerkraut,
breads, and alcoholic beverages.