3. Population
growth
Historical population of India
Census Pop. %±
1951 361,088,000 —
1961 439,235,000 21.6%
1971 548,160,000 24.8%
1981 683,329,000 24.7%
1991 846,387,888 23.9%
2001 1,028,737,436 21.5%
2011 1,210,193,422 17.6%
Age structure
0-14 years: 29.7% (male
187,450,635/female 165,415,758)
15-64 years: 64.9% (male
398,757,331/female 372,719,379)
65 years and over: 5.5% (male
30,831,190/female 33,998,613)
Median age
total: 26.5 years
male: 25.9 years
female: 27.2 years
4. Fertility rate
• 2.58 children
born/woman
• Goa –
the lowest
• Uttar Pradesh –
the highest
Crude birth rate trends in India
(per 1000 people, national average
5. Population
density
Rank City name State/UT Pop.
1 Mumbai Maharashtra 12,478,447
2 Delhi Delhi 11,007,835
3 Bangalore Karnataka 8,425,970
4 Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh 6,809,970
5 Ahmedabad Gujarat 5,570,585
6 Chennai Tamil Nadu 4,681,087
7 Kolkata West Bengal 4,486,679
8 Surat Gujarat 4,462,002
9 Pune Maharashtra 3,115,431
10 Jaipur Rajasthan 3,073,350
urban population: 30% of total population
rate of urbanization: 2.4% annual rate of change
6. Literacy rate
State/UT Code India/State/UT Literate Persons (%) Males (%) Females (%)
10 Bihar 63.82 73.39 53.33
32 Kerala 93.91 96.02 91.98
INDIA 74.04 82.14 65.46
Infant mortality rate
total: 46.07 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth
total population: 67.14 years
male: 66.08 years
female: 68.33 years
8. Genetics
• fewer females since prehistoric times
• tribes and castes – highly differentiated
• Austroasiatic tribals – the earliest settlers in
India (?)
• most population migrated from the northeast
• the Tibeto-Burman tribals – the Austroasiatic
tribals – south China (?)
• the Dravidian tribals – used to be more
widespread but moved to the south
• the upper castes – closer to Central Asian
populations, but not that much in southern India
• “melting pot”
9. 7 billion
• The 7th
billion person
born in Uttar Pradesh,
India, in 2011
• Malthusian theory of the English economist
Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834) stated
that increases in population tend to exceed
increases in the means of subsistence and
that therefore sexual restraint should be
exercised
10. Population growth implications
• unbalanced population (north – south,
urban – rural)
• strategic asset for India: innovation, army,
etc.
• growing demand in
jobs,
schools,
opportunities,
resources.
11. Population growth implications
• gender discrimination – ‘gendercide’, ‘foeticide’
• child marriages (for protection, debt cancellation,
capture, etc.)
• girl = somebody else’s wealth
• migration, ‘trafficking’, of women
• Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.12 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.13 m/f
15-64 years: 1.07 m/f
65 years and over: 0.9 m/f
total population: 1.08 m/f
