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Children and Family Policies
                 across the OECD
              Eurochild’s Annual Conference

                        Cardiff, 1 December 2011


María del Carmen Huerta
Social Policy Division, OECD.
www.oecd.org/els/social/family/
www.oecd.org/social/family/doingbetter
Outline

1.   Family policy objectives and families at risk
2.   Financial support for families with children
3.   Childcare policies
4.   Parental employment
5.   Parenting practices
6.   Summary
1. Family policy objectives and families at risk
Family Policy is key for improving child outcomes

o Family policy goals may complement each other:

     Promoting parental employment

     Reducing family poverty

     Enhancing child development

     Enabling people to have children at preferred time

     Enhancing gender equity
Policy is shaped by work, family and child outcomes…
                     Total fertility Employment Gender pay                          Child            Childcare         PISA reading           Public
                         rate        to population gap1                           poverty2           enrolment             scores3         spending on
                                         ratio                                                        (aged <6)                               family
                                                                                                                                             benefits4,5
                                        Women 15-64,                               mid-late
                           2009*                               2008***                                2008*****              2009           % GDP, 2007
                                          2009**                                    2000s****
OECD Average
                     1.74 (+/- 0.183)    59.6 (+/- 5.52)     16 (+/- 4.1)       12.7 (+/- 3.06)     54.7 (+/- 7.38)     494 (+/- 11.4)       2.2 (+/- 0.46)
(intervals)
Austria                    1.39               66.4                21                  6.2                44.3                  -                  3.1
Belgium                    1.83               56.0                10                 10.0                73.6                 506                 3.1
Denmark                    1.84               73.1                12                  3.7                78.6                 495                 3.7
Finland                    1.86               67.9                21                  4.2                51.0                 536                 2.7
France                     1.99               60.0                12                  8.0                70.8                 496                 3.7
Germany                    1.36               65.2                25                  8.3                60.2                 497                 2.8
Greece                     1.53               48.9                10                 13.2                30.2                 483                 1.3
Hungary                    1.33               49.9                2                   7.2                48.0                 494                 3.3
Italy                      1.41               46.4                1                  15.3                63.6                 486                 1.4
Netherlands                1.79               70.6                17                  9.6                61.3                 508                 2.9
Poland                     1.40               52.8                14                 21.5                26.0                 500                 1.5
Slovak Republic            1.41               52.8                 -                 10.9                37.3                 477                 2.2
Spain                      1.40               53.5                12                 17.3                66.9                 481                 1.6
Sweden                     1.94               70.2                15                  7.0                68.4                 497                 3.1
United Kingdom             1.94               65.6                21                 10.1                64.4                 494                 3.6

                                                              Around the OECD average
     Above the OECD average                                                                                                Below the OECD average
                                                                    (or no data)
  The OECD average is calculated as the unweighted average for OECD countries for which data is available. Countries are categorised in “above” or
  “below” groups if they are at least half a standard deviation above or below the OECD average.


                                                        Source: OECD (2011), Doing Better for Families, OECD, Paris. (www.oecd.org/social/family/doingbetter)
In general, child poverty has showed no improvements




                                                                                  Proportion of
                                                                                  children <18
                                                                                  years old living in
                                                                                  poor households




                                                                                Note: Poverty thresholds are set at
                                                                                50% of the equivalised median
                                                                                household income of the entire
                                                                                population.


                Source: OECD (2011), Doing Better for Families, OECD, Paris. (www.oecd.org/social/family/doingbetter)
Children in jobless households are more likely to be poor
     Poverty rates among households with children by employment status, 2005/08




                              Source: OECD (2011), Doing Better for Families, OECD, Paris. (www.oecd.org/social/family/doingbetter)
Children in sole-parent families are more likely to be poor

        Poverty rates among households with children by family status, 2005/08

       All households with children        Single parents with children                  Couple families with children

  60


  50


  40


  30


  20


  10


   0




                                      Source: OECD (2011), Doing Better for Families, OECD, Paris. (www.oecd.org/social/family/doingbetter)
Risks of poverty are acute in young families
 Equivalised net household income in employed households as a ratio of the total poverty threshold 2008




                                   Source: OECD (2011), Doing Better for Families, OECD, Paris. (www.oecd.org/social/family/doingbetter)
2. Financial Support for Families with Children
The policy mix varies across countries...

Public spending on family benefits in cash, services and tax measures, in % of GDP, 2007




        Source: OECD (2011), Doing Better for Families, OECD, Paris. (www.oecd.org/social/family/doingbetter)
No country with above average spending has above average
                      poverty rates
  Total social spending on children aged 0-17 and child poverty rates
Public spending is concentrated on compulsory schooling




                   Source: OECD (2011), Doing Better for Families, OECD, Paris. (www.oecd.org/social/family/doingbetter)
3. Childcare services
Public investment in childcare can lead to high participation …

 Childcare enrolment, children aged < 6                         Public expenditure on childcare, % GDP

                                                    Denmark
                                                     Belgium
                                                     France
                                                     Sweden
                                                      Spain
                                                       UK
                                                       Italy
                                                    Portugal
                                                  Luxembourg
                                                  Netherlands
                                                    Germany
                                                     Finland
                                                    Hungary
         OECD average =                              Austria
                                                                                                   OECD average =
             58.2%
                                                Czech Republic                                         0.63%
                                                     Ireland
                                                Slovak Republic
    80         60         40   20           0                       0,0     0,2     0,4      0,6     0,8     1,0      1,2     1,4




                                    Source: OECD (2011), Doing Better for Families, OECD, Paris. (www.oecd.org/social/family/doingbetter)
… facilitates maternal employment and reduces poverty




 Source: OECD (2011), Doing Better for Families, OECD, Paris. (www.oecd.org/social/family/doingbetter)
Pre-primary education translates into better oucomes

  • Growing evidence that early childhood programmes
    improve children’s well-being, help learning
    outcomes more equitable, improve social mobility.
  • Results from PISA suggest attending pre-primary
    education is strongly associated with reading
    performance at age 15, even after accounting for
    socio-economic background.
  • Immigrant students and those from disadvantaged
    families are more likely to benefit from high quality
    early education and care.
Use of formal childcare is lower among children in low-income
                             families
    Proportion of children aged < 3 enrolled in formal childcare services, 2008




        Source: OECD (2011), Doing Better for Families, OECD, Paris. (www.oecd.org/social/family/doingbetter)
4. Promoting parental employment
Today most mothers are in paid work

     Maternal employment rates, women with a child under 15, 2008




                        Source: OECD Family Database (www.oecd.org/els/social/family/database), indicator LMF1.2
A barrier to maternal employment is childcare costs
  Families where both parents earn 100% of the average worker earnings




                                   Source: OECD (2011), Doing Better for Families, OECD, Paris. (www.oecd.org/social/family/doingbetter)
A challenge to higher female employment is unpaid work




                   Source: OECD (2011), Doing Better for Families, OECD, Paris. (www.oecd.org/social/family/doingbetter)
Leave entitlements for fathers exist in half the OECD

       Weeks of leave entitlements for fathers, 2008




                      Source: OECD (2011), Doing Better for Families, OECD, Paris. (www.oecd.org/social/family/doingbetter)
5. Parenting practices
Parenting practices are key for child outcomes




                Source: OECD (2011), Doing Better for Families, OECD, Paris. (www.oecd.org/social/family/doingbetter)
Parent’s educational support and student performance
 Parental support at beginning of primary                                             Parental support at age 15
 school
 Score point difference between students whose parents often             Score point difference between students whose parents often
 (weekly or daily) "read books" with the student and those who           (weekly or daily) "discuss books, films or televisions
 do not.                                                                 programmes" and those who do not




                                                 Before accounting for socio-economic background

                                                 After accounting for socio economic background


                          Note: Values that are statistically significant are marked in a darker tone.


                                                                  Source: OECD PISA 2009 database, Tables II.5.3 and II.5.4.
6. Summary
Summary
o Use all policy tools without “gaps”.
o Start to invest early in families with children and
  sustain it throughout childhood and over time.
o Ensure work pays for both parents and help parents
  provide for their own children through a range of
  work/family supports.
o Promoting parenting activities is important for child
  development.
o Promote more evidence-based policy making.
o Policy options in a fiscally constrained world: “social
  spending has to be smart” .
o
More information
• Maria.HUERTA@oecd.org

• OECD Family Database
  www.oecd.org/social/family/database

• OECD Child Well-being Module
  www.oecd.org/social/family/database/CWBM

• OECD (2011), Doing Better for Families
  www.oecd.org/social/family/doingbetter

• OECD (2009), Doing Better for Children
  www.oecd.org/els/social/childwellbeing

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Children and Family Policies across the OECD

  • 1. Children and Family Policies across the OECD Eurochild’s Annual Conference Cardiff, 1 December 2011 María del Carmen Huerta Social Policy Division, OECD. www.oecd.org/els/social/family/ www.oecd.org/social/family/doingbetter
  • 2. Outline 1. Family policy objectives and families at risk 2. Financial support for families with children 3. Childcare policies 4. Parental employment 5. Parenting practices 6. Summary
  • 3. 1. Family policy objectives and families at risk
  • 4. Family Policy is key for improving child outcomes o Family policy goals may complement each other:  Promoting parental employment  Reducing family poverty  Enhancing child development  Enabling people to have children at preferred time  Enhancing gender equity
  • 5. Policy is shaped by work, family and child outcomes… Total fertility Employment Gender pay Child Childcare PISA reading Public rate to population gap1 poverty2 enrolment scores3 spending on ratio (aged <6) family benefits4,5 Women 15-64, mid-late 2009* 2008*** 2008***** 2009 % GDP, 2007 2009** 2000s**** OECD Average 1.74 (+/- 0.183) 59.6 (+/- 5.52) 16 (+/- 4.1) 12.7 (+/- 3.06) 54.7 (+/- 7.38) 494 (+/- 11.4) 2.2 (+/- 0.46) (intervals) Austria 1.39 66.4 21 6.2 44.3 - 3.1 Belgium 1.83 56.0 10 10.0 73.6 506 3.1 Denmark 1.84 73.1 12 3.7 78.6 495 3.7 Finland 1.86 67.9 21 4.2 51.0 536 2.7 France 1.99 60.0 12 8.0 70.8 496 3.7 Germany 1.36 65.2 25 8.3 60.2 497 2.8 Greece 1.53 48.9 10 13.2 30.2 483 1.3 Hungary 1.33 49.9 2 7.2 48.0 494 3.3 Italy 1.41 46.4 1 15.3 63.6 486 1.4 Netherlands 1.79 70.6 17 9.6 61.3 508 2.9 Poland 1.40 52.8 14 21.5 26.0 500 1.5 Slovak Republic 1.41 52.8 - 10.9 37.3 477 2.2 Spain 1.40 53.5 12 17.3 66.9 481 1.6 Sweden 1.94 70.2 15 7.0 68.4 497 3.1 United Kingdom 1.94 65.6 21 10.1 64.4 494 3.6 Around the OECD average Above the OECD average Below the OECD average (or no data) The OECD average is calculated as the unweighted average for OECD countries for which data is available. Countries are categorised in “above” or “below” groups if they are at least half a standard deviation above or below the OECD average. Source: OECD (2011), Doing Better for Families, OECD, Paris. (www.oecd.org/social/family/doingbetter)
  • 6. In general, child poverty has showed no improvements Proportion of children <18 years old living in poor households Note: Poverty thresholds are set at 50% of the equivalised median household income of the entire population. Source: OECD (2011), Doing Better for Families, OECD, Paris. (www.oecd.org/social/family/doingbetter)
  • 7. Children in jobless households are more likely to be poor Poverty rates among households with children by employment status, 2005/08 Source: OECD (2011), Doing Better for Families, OECD, Paris. (www.oecd.org/social/family/doingbetter)
  • 8. Children in sole-parent families are more likely to be poor Poverty rates among households with children by family status, 2005/08 All households with children Single parents with children Couple families with children 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Source: OECD (2011), Doing Better for Families, OECD, Paris. (www.oecd.org/social/family/doingbetter)
  • 9. Risks of poverty are acute in young families Equivalised net household income in employed households as a ratio of the total poverty threshold 2008 Source: OECD (2011), Doing Better for Families, OECD, Paris. (www.oecd.org/social/family/doingbetter)
  • 10. 2. Financial Support for Families with Children
  • 11. The policy mix varies across countries... Public spending on family benefits in cash, services and tax measures, in % of GDP, 2007 Source: OECD (2011), Doing Better for Families, OECD, Paris. (www.oecd.org/social/family/doingbetter)
  • 12. No country with above average spending has above average poverty rates Total social spending on children aged 0-17 and child poverty rates
  • 13. Public spending is concentrated on compulsory schooling Source: OECD (2011), Doing Better for Families, OECD, Paris. (www.oecd.org/social/family/doingbetter)
  • 15. Public investment in childcare can lead to high participation … Childcare enrolment, children aged < 6 Public expenditure on childcare, % GDP Denmark Belgium France Sweden Spain UK Italy Portugal Luxembourg Netherlands Germany Finland Hungary OECD average = Austria OECD average = 58.2% Czech Republic 0.63% Ireland Slovak Republic 80 60 40 20 0 0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 Source: OECD (2011), Doing Better for Families, OECD, Paris. (www.oecd.org/social/family/doingbetter)
  • 16. … facilitates maternal employment and reduces poverty Source: OECD (2011), Doing Better for Families, OECD, Paris. (www.oecd.org/social/family/doingbetter)
  • 17. Pre-primary education translates into better oucomes • Growing evidence that early childhood programmes improve children’s well-being, help learning outcomes more equitable, improve social mobility. • Results from PISA suggest attending pre-primary education is strongly associated with reading performance at age 15, even after accounting for socio-economic background. • Immigrant students and those from disadvantaged families are more likely to benefit from high quality early education and care.
  • 18. Use of formal childcare is lower among children in low-income families Proportion of children aged < 3 enrolled in formal childcare services, 2008 Source: OECD (2011), Doing Better for Families, OECD, Paris. (www.oecd.org/social/family/doingbetter)
  • 19. 4. Promoting parental employment
  • 20. Today most mothers are in paid work Maternal employment rates, women with a child under 15, 2008 Source: OECD Family Database (www.oecd.org/els/social/family/database), indicator LMF1.2
  • 21. A barrier to maternal employment is childcare costs Families where both parents earn 100% of the average worker earnings Source: OECD (2011), Doing Better for Families, OECD, Paris. (www.oecd.org/social/family/doingbetter)
  • 22. A challenge to higher female employment is unpaid work Source: OECD (2011), Doing Better for Families, OECD, Paris. (www.oecd.org/social/family/doingbetter)
  • 23. Leave entitlements for fathers exist in half the OECD Weeks of leave entitlements for fathers, 2008 Source: OECD (2011), Doing Better for Families, OECD, Paris. (www.oecd.org/social/family/doingbetter)
  • 25. Parenting practices are key for child outcomes Source: OECD (2011), Doing Better for Families, OECD, Paris. (www.oecd.org/social/family/doingbetter)
  • 26. Parent’s educational support and student performance Parental support at beginning of primary Parental support at age 15 school Score point difference between students whose parents often Score point difference between students whose parents often (weekly or daily) "read books" with the student and those who (weekly or daily) "discuss books, films or televisions do not. programmes" and those who do not Before accounting for socio-economic background After accounting for socio economic background Note: Values that are statistically significant are marked in a darker tone. Source: OECD PISA 2009 database, Tables II.5.3 and II.5.4.
  • 28. Summary o Use all policy tools without “gaps”. o Start to invest early in families with children and sustain it throughout childhood and over time. o Ensure work pays for both parents and help parents provide for their own children through a range of work/family supports. o Promoting parenting activities is important for child development. o Promote more evidence-based policy making. o Policy options in a fiscally constrained world: “social spending has to be smart” . o
  • 29. More information • Maria.HUERTA@oecd.org • OECD Family Database www.oecd.org/social/family/database • OECD Child Well-being Module www.oecd.org/social/family/database/CWBM • OECD (2011), Doing Better for Families www.oecd.org/social/family/doingbetter • OECD (2009), Doing Better for Children www.oecd.org/els/social/childwellbeing