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IntelliBitz Technologies Training Division 168, Medavakkam Main Road Madipakkam, Chennai 91. PH: +91 044 2247 5106 www.intellibitz.com [email_address]
PHP WEB  PROGRAMMING.
CHAPTER 1 STARTING WITH PHP.
PHP First Steps - Overview ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
PHP and the Web ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
PHP and the Web ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
PHP and the Web ,[object Object],[object Object]
PHP – a server-side language ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What's So Great About PHP? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
PHP in action ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Basic Rules of PHP Programs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Chapter Summary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CHAPTER 2 TEXT AND NUMBERS
Working with Text and Numbers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Text ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Defining Text Strings ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Manipulating Text ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Formatting Text ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
String Functions. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
String Functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
String functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
String functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
String functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
String functions. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
String functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
String functions. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
String functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
String functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
String functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
String functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
String functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
String functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
String functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
String functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
String functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
String functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
String functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
String functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
String functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
String functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
String functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
String functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
String functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Type specifiers  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Numbers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Variables ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Operating on Variables ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Number functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Number functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Number functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Number functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Number functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Number functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Number functions ,[object Object],[object Object]
Chapter Summary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Chapter Summary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Chapter Summary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CHAPTER 3 Making Decisions and Looping
Making Decisions and Looping ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Understanding true and false ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Control statements ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Making Decisions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
If statement ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],if (expr) statement
If statements ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],<?php if ($a > $b)     echo &quot;a is bigger than b&quot;; ?>  <?php if ($a > $b) {     echo &quot;a is bigger than b&quot;;     $b = $a; } ?>
If else statement ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],<?php if ($a > $b) {     echo &quot;a is bigger than b&quot;; } else {     echo &quot;a is NOT bigger than b&quot;; } ?>
else if ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],<?php if ($a > $b) {     echo &quot;a is bigger than b&quot;; } elseif ($a == $b) {     echo &quot;a is equal to b&quot;; } else {     echo &quot;a is smaller than b&quot;; } ?>
elseif statement ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
while()  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],while (expr) statement <?php $i = 1; while ($i <= 10) {     echo $i++;   } /* the printed value would be $i before the increment (post-increment) */ ?>
do while ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],<?php $i = 0; do {     echo $i; } while ($i > 0); ?>
for statement ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],for (initialise;  test condition;  increment value) statement for ($i = 1; $i <= 10; $i++) {   echo $i; } for ($i = 1; ; $i++) { if ($i > 10) { break; } echo $i; }
for loop ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],$i = 1; for (; ; ) {     if ($i > 10) {         break;     }     echo $i;     $i++; } for ($i = 1, $j = 0; $i <= 10; $j += $i, print $i, $i++);
foreach loop ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],foreach (array_expression as $value) statement foreach (array_expression as $key => $value) statement
foreach ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],<?php $arr = array(1, 2, 3, 4); foreach ($arr as &$value) {     $value = $value * 2; } // $arr is now array(2, 4, 6, 8) foreach($arr as $key =>$val){ print”$key=$val”; } ?>
foreach ,[object Object],[object Object]
break ,[object Object],[object Object],$i = 0;  while (++$i) {     switch ($i) {     case 5:         echo &quot;At 5<br />&quot;;         break 1;  /* Exit only the switch. */     case 10:         echo &quot;At 10; quitting<br />&quot;;         break 2;  /* Exit the switch and the while. */     default:         break;     } }
continue ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],$i = 0; while ($i++ < 5) {     echo &quot;Outer<br />&quot;;     while (1) {         echo &quot;Middle<br />&quot;;         while (1) {             echo &quot;Inner<br />&quot;;             continue 3;         }    echo &quot;This never gets output.<br />&quot;;     }     echo &quot;Neither does this.<br />&quot;; }
switch ,[object Object],[object Object],<?php switch ($i) { case 0:     echo &quot;i equals 0&quot;;     break; case 1:     echo &quot;i equals 1&quot;;     break; case 2:     echo &quot;i equals 2&quot;;     break; } ?>
switch ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],?php switch ($i) { case 0:     echo &quot;i equals 0&quot;; case 1:     echo &quot;i equals 1&quot;; case 2:     echo &quot;i equals 2&quot;; } ?>
Alternative syntax ,[object Object],<?php if ($a == 5): ?> A is equal to 5 <?php endif; ?>  <?php if ($a == 5):     echo &quot;a equals 5&quot;;     echo &quot;...&quot;; elseif ($a == 6):     echo &quot;a equals 6&quot;;     echo &quot;!!!&quot;; else:     echo &quot;a is neither 5 nor 6&quot;; endif; ?>
return ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
return ,[object Object],[object Object]
require() ,[object Object],[object Object],<?php require 'prepend.php'; require $somefile; require ('somefile.txt'); ?>
include() ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
require_once() ,[object Object],[object Object]
require_once() ,[object Object],<?php require_once(&quot;a.php&quot;); // this will include a.php require_once(&quot;A.php&quot;); // this will include a.php //again on Windows! (PHP 4 only) ?>
include_once() ,[object Object]
declare ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],declare (directive) statement <?php // these are the same: // you can use this: declare(ticks=1) {     // entire script here } // or you can use this: declare(ticks=1); // entire script here ?>
ticks ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ticks <?php // A function that records the time when it is called function profile($dump = FALSE) {     static $profile;     // Return the times stored in profile, then erase it     if ($dump) {         $temp = $profile;         unset($profile);         return $temp;     } $profile[] = microtime(); } // Set up a tick handler register_tick_function(&quot;profile&quot;); // Initialize the function before the declare block profile(); // Run a block of code, throw a tick every  2nd statement declare(ticks=2) {   for ($x = 1; $x < 50; ++$x) { echo similar_text(md5($x), md5($x*$x)), &quot;<br />;&quot;;     } } // Display the data stored in the profiler print_r(profile(TRUE)); ?>
Building Complicated Decisions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Repeating Yourself ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Chapter Summary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Chapter Summary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Chapter Summary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Chapter Summary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CHAPTER 4 WORKING WITH ARRAYS
Working with Arrays ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Array Basics and Creation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Creating an Array ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Creating a Numeric Array ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Looping through Arrays ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Looping through Arrays ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
array() ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],<?php $fruits = array (     &quot;fruits&quot;  => array(&quot;a&quot; => &quot;orange&quot;, &quot;b&quot; => &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;c&quot; => &quot;apple&quot;),     &quot;numbers&quot; => array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6),     &quot;holes&quot;  => array(&quot;first&quot;, 5 => &quot;second&quot;, &quot;third&quot;) ); ?>
array <?php $array = array(1, 1, 1, 1,  1, 8 => 1,  4 => 1, 19, 3 => 13); print_r($array); ?>  Array (     [0] => 1     [1] => 1     [2] => 1     [3] => 13     [4] => 1     [8] => 1     [9] => 19 )
array() <?php $firstquarter = array(1 => 'January', 'February', 'March'); print_r($firstquarter); ?>  The above example will output: Array ( [1] => January [2] => February [3] => March ) 1-based index with array() <?php $foo = array('bar' => 'baz'); echo &quot;Hello {$foo['bar']}!&quot;; // Hello baz! ?>
sort ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],<?php $fruits = array(&quot;lemon&quot;, &quot;orange&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;apple&quot;); sort($fruits); foreach ($fruits as $key => $val) {     echo &quot;fruits[&quot; . $key . &quot;] = &quot; . $val . &quot;&quot;; } ?>  The above example will output: fruits[0] = apple fruits[1] = banana fruits[2] = lemon fruits[3] = orange
rsort ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
rsort <?php $fruits = array(&quot;lemon&quot;, &quot;orange&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;apple&quot;); rsort($fruits); foreach ($fruits as $key => $val) {     echo &quot;$key = $val&quot;; } ?>  The above example will output: 0 = orange 1 = lemon 2 = banana 3 = apple
asort ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
asort <?php $fruits = array(&quot;d&quot; => &quot;lemon&quot;, &quot;a&quot; => &quot;orange&quot;, &quot;b&quot; => &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;c&quot; => &quot;apple&quot;); asort($fruits); foreach ($fruits as $key => $val) {     echo &quot;$key = $val&quot;; } ?>  The above example will output: c = apple b = banana d = lemon a = orange The fruits have been sorted in alphabetical order, and the index associated with each element has been maintained.
arsort ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
arsort <?php $fruits = array(&quot;d&quot; => &quot;lemon&quot;, &quot;a&quot; => &quot;orange&quot;, &quot;b&quot; => &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;c&quot; => &quot;apple&quot;); arsort($fruits); foreach ($fruits as $key => $val) {     echo &quot;$key = $val&quot;; } ?>  The above example will output: a = orange d = lemon b = banana c = apple The fruits have been sorted in reverse alphabetical order, and the index associated with each element has been maintained.
ksort ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],<?php $fruits = array(&quot;d&quot;=>&quot;lemon&quot;, &quot;a&quot;=>&quot;orange&quot;, &quot;b&quot;=>&quot;banana&quot;, &quot;c&quot;=>&quot;apple&quot;); ksort($fruits); foreach ($fruits as $key => $val) {     echo &quot;$key = $val&quot;; } ?>  The above example will output: a = orange b = banana c = apple d = lemon
krsort ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],<?php $fruits = array(&quot;d&quot;=>&quot;lemon&quot;, &quot;a&quot;=>&quot;orange&quot;, &quot;b&quot;=>&quot;banana&quot;, &quot;c&quot;=>&quot;apple&quot;); krsort($fruits); foreach ($fruits as $key => $val) {     echo &quot;$key = $val&quot;; } ?>  The above example will output: d = lemon c = apple b = banana a = orange
natsort ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
natsort <?php $array1 = $array2 = array(&quot;img12.png&quot;, &quot;img10.png&quot;, &quot;img2.png&quot;, &quot;img1.png&quot;); sort($array1); echo &quot;Standard sorting&quot;; print_r($array1); natsort($array2); echo &quot;Natural order sorting&quot;; print_r($array2); ?>  The above example will output: Standard sorting Array ( [0] => img1.png [1] => img10.png [2] => img12.png [3] => img2.png ) Natural order sorting Array ( [3] => img1.png [2] => img2.png [1] => img10.png [0] => img12.png )
usort ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
usort <?php function cmp($a, $b) {     if ($a == $b) {         return 0;     }     return ($a < $b) ? -1 : 1; } $a = array(3, 2, 5, 6, 1); usort($a, &quot;cmp&quot;); foreach ($a as $key => $value) {     echo &quot;$key: $value&quot;; } ?>  The above example will output: 0: 1 1: 2 2: 3 3: 5 4: 6
usort ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
uasort ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
uksort ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
uksort <?php function cmp($a, $b) {     $a = ereg_replace('^(a|an|the) ', '', $a);     $b = ereg_replace('^(a|an|the) ', '', $b);     return strcasecmp($a, $b); } The above example will output: an apple: 3 a banana: 4 the Earth: 2 John: 1 $a = array(&quot;John&quot; => 1, &quot;the Earth&quot; => 2, &quot;an apple&quot; => 3, &quot;a banana&quot; => 4); uksort($a, &quot;cmp&quot;); foreach ($a as $key => $value) {     echo &quot;$key: $value&quot;; } ?>
list ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],<?php $info = array('coffee', 'brown', 'caffeine'); // Listing all the variables list($drink, $color, $power) = $info; echo &quot;$drink is $color and $power makes it special.&quot;; // Listing some of them list($drink, , $power) = $info; echo &quot;$drink has $power.&quot;; // Or let's skip to only the third one list( , , $power) = $info; echo &quot;I need $power!&quot;; ?>
shuffle ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],<?php $numbers = range(1, 20); shuffle($numbers); foreach ($numbers as $number) {     echo &quot;$number &quot;; } ?>
array_change_key_case ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],<?php $input_array = array(&quot;FirSt&quot; => 1, &quot;SecOnd&quot; => 4); print_r(array_change_key_case($input_array, CASE_UPPER)); ?>  The above example will output: Array ( [FIRST] => 1 [SECOND] => 4 )
array_chunk() ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],<?php $input_array = array('a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'); print_r(array_chunk($input_array, 2)); ?>  The below example will output: Array ( [0] => Array ( [0] => a [1] => b ) [1] => Array ( [0] => c [1] => d ) [2] => Array ( [0] => e ) )
array_chunk() ,[object Object],[object Object],<?php $input_array = array('a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'); print_r(array_chunk($input_array, 2, true)); ?>  The below example will output: Array ( [0] => Array ( [0] => a [1] => b ) [1] => Array ( [2] => c [3] => d ) [2] => Array ( [4] => e ) )
key ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],<?php $array = array(     'fruit1' => 'apple',     'fruit2' => 'orange',     'fruit3' => 'grape',     'fruit4' => 'apple',     'fruit5' => 'apple'); / / this cycle echoes all associative array // key where value equals &quot;apple&quot; while ($fruit_name = current($array)) {     if ($fruit_name == 'apple') {         echo key($array).'<br />';     }     next($array); } ?>
count ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
count <?php $a[0] = 1; $a[1] = 3; $a[2] = 5; $result = count($a); // $result == 3 $b[0]  = 7; $b[5]  = 9; $b[10] = 11; $result = count($b); // $result == 3 $result = count(null); // $result == 0 $result = count(false); // $result == 1 ?>  sizeof — Alias of count()
current ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
next ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],<?php $transport = array('foot', 'bike', 'car', 'plane'); $mode = current($transport); // $mode = 'foot'; $mode = next($transport);    // $mode = 'bike'; $mode = next($transport);    // $mode = 'car'; $mode = prev($transport);    // $mode = 'bike'; $mode = end($transport);    // $mode = 'plane'; ?>
prev ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],<?php $transport = array('foot', 'bike', 'car', 'plane'); $mode = current($transport); // $mode = 'foot'; $mode = next($transport);    // $mode = 'bike'; $mode = next($transport);    // $mode = 'car'; $mode = prev($transport);    // $mode = 'bike'; $mode = end($transport);    // $mode = 'plane'; ?>
each ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
each <?php $foo = array(&quot;bob&quot;, &quot;fred&quot;, &quot;jussi&quot;, &quot;jouni&quot;, &quot;egon&quot;, &quot;marliese&quot;); $bar = each($foo); print_r($bar); ?>  $bar now contains the following key/value pairs:  Array ( [1] => bob [value] => bob [0] => 0 [key] => 0 ) <?php $foo = array(&quot;Robert&quot; => &quot;Bob&quot;, &quot;Seppo&quot; => &quot;Sepi&quot;); $bar = each($foo); print_r($bar); ?>  $bar now contains the following key/value pairs:  Array ( [1] => Bob [value] => Bob [0] => Robert [key] => Robert )
end ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],<?php $fruits = array('apple', 'banana', 'cranberry'); echo end($fruits); // cranberry ?>
reset ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
reset <?php $array = array('step one', 'step two', 'step three', 'step four'); // by default, the pointer is on the first element echo current($array) . &quot;<br />&quot;; // &quot;step one&quot; // skip two steps next($array); next($array); echo current($array) . &quot;<br />&quot;; // &quot;step three&quot; // reset pointer, start again on step one reset($array); echo current($array) . &quot;<br />&quot;; // &quot;step one&quot; ?>
range ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
range // array('a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i'); foreach (range('a', 'i') as $letter) {     echo $letter; } // array('c', 'b', 'a'); foreach (range('c', 'a') as $letter) {     echo $letter; } ?> ?php // array(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12) foreach (range(0, 12) as $number) {     echo $number; } // The step parameter was introduced in 5.0.0 // array(0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100) foreach (range(0, 100, 10) as $number) {     echo $number; }
in_array() ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
in_array <?php $os = array(&quot;Mac&quot;, &quot;NT&quot;, &quot;Irix&quot;, &quot;Linux&quot;); if (in_array(&quot;Irix&quot;, $os)) {     echo &quot;Got Irix&quot;; } if (in_array(&quot;mac&quot;, $os)) {     echo &quot;Got mac&quot;; } ?>  The second condition fails because in_array() is case-sensitive, so the program above will display:  Got Irix
extract ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
array_count_values ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],<?php $array = array(1, &quot;hello&quot;, 1, &quot;world&quot;, &quot;hello&quot;); print_r(array_count_values($array)); ?>  The above example will output: Array ( [1] => 2 [hello] => 2 [world] => 1 )
array_sum ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],<?php $a = array(2, 4, 6, 8); echo &quot;sum(a) = &quot; . array_sum($a) . &quot;&quot;; $b = array(&quot;a&quot; => 1.2, &quot;b&quot; => 2.3, &quot;c&quot; => 3.4); echo &quot;sum(b) = &quot; . array_sum($b) . &quot;&quot;; ?>  The above example will output: sum(a) = 20 sum(b) = 6.9
array_values ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],<?php $array = array(&quot;size&quot; => &quot;XL&quot;, &quot;color&quot; => &quot;gold&quot;); print_r(array_values($array)); ?>  The above example will output: Array (     [0] => XL     [1] => gold )
array_pad ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],<?php $input = array(12, 10, 9); $result = array_pad($input, 5, 0); // result is array(12, 10, 9, 0, 0) $result = array_pad($input, -7, -1); // result is array(-1, -1, -1, -1, 12, 10, 9) $result = array_pad($input, 2, &quot;noop&quot;); // not padded ?>  www.intellibitz.com   [email_address]
array_pop ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],<?php $stack = array(&quot;orange&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;apple&quot;, &quot;raspberry&quot;); $fruit = array_pop($stack); print_r($stack); ?>  After this, $stack will have only 3 elements:  Array (     [0] => orange     [1] => banana     [2] => apple ) and raspberry will be assigned to $fruit.
array_push ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],<?php $stack = array(&quot;orange&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;); array_push($stack, &quot;apple&quot;, &quot;raspberry&quot;); print_r($stack); ?>  The above example will output: Array (     [0] => orange     [1] => banana     [2] => apple     [3] => raspberry )
array_push ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
compact ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
array_product ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],<?php $a = array(2, 4, 6, 8); echo &quot;product(a) = &quot; . array_product($a) . &quot;&quot;; ?>  The above example will output: product(a) = 384
array_rand ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],<?php $input = array(&quot;Neo&quot;, &quot;Morpheus&quot;, &quot;Trinity&quot;, &quot;Cypher&quot;, &quot;Tank&quot;); $rand_keys = array_rand($input, 2); echo $input[$rand_keys[0]] . &quot;&quot;; echo $input[$rand_keys[1]] . &quot;&quot;; ?>
array_walk ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
array_walk <?php $fruits = array(&quot;d&quot; => &quot;lemon&quot;, &quot;a&quot; => &quot;orange&quot;, &quot;b&quot; => &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;c&quot; => &quot;apple&quot;); function test_alter(&$item1, $key, $prefix) {     $item1 = &quot;$prefix: $item1&quot;; } function test_print($item2, $key) {     echo &quot;$key. $item2<br />&quot;; } This example will output: Before ...: d. lemon a. orange b. banana c. apple ... and after: d. fruit: lemon a. fruit: orange b. fruit: banana c. fruit: apple  echo &quot;Before ...:&quot;; array_walk($fruits, 'test_print'); array_walk($fruits, 'test_alter', 'fruit'); echo &quot;... and after:&quot;; array_walk($fruits, 'test_print'); ?>
array_unique ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
array_unique <?php $input = array(&quot;a&quot; => &quot;green&quot;, &quot;red&quot;, &quot;b&quot; => &quot;green&quot;, &quot;blue&quot;, &quot;red&quot;); $result = array_unique($input); print_r($result); ?>  The above example will output: Array (     [a] => green     [0] => red     [1] => blue )  <?php $input = array(4, &quot;4&quot;, &quot;3&quot;, 4, 3, &quot;3&quot;); $result = array_unique($input); var_dump($result); ?>  The above example will output: array(2) {    [0] => int(4)    [2] => string(1) &quot;3&quot; }
array_map ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],?php function cube($n) {     return($n * $n * $n); } $a = array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5); $b = array_map(&quot;cube&quot;, $a); print_r($b); ?>  This makes $b have:  Array ( [0] => 1 [1] => 8 [2] => 27 [3] => 64 [4] => 125 )
array_reduce ,[object Object],[object Object],<?php function rsum($v, $w) {     $v += $w;     return $v; } $a = array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5); $x = array(); $b = array_reduce($a, &quot;rsum&quot;); $c = array_reduce($a, &quot;rmul&quot;, 10); $d = array_reduce($x, &quot;rsum&quot;, 1); ?>  This will result in $b containing 15, $c containing 1200 (= 10*1*2*3*4*5), and $d containing 1.  function rmul($v, $w) {     $v *= $w;     return $v; }
array_reduce ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
array_reverse ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
array_reverse <?php $input  = array(&quot;php&quot;, 4.0, array(&quot;green&quot;, &quot;red&quot;)); $result = array_reverse($input); $result_keyed = array_reverse($input, true); ?>  Array (     [2] => Array         (             [0] => green             [1] => red         )     [1] => 4     [0] => php )  Array (     [0] => Array         (             [0] => green             [1] => red         )     [1] => 4     [2] => php ) $result will be $result_keyed will be:  This makes both $result and $result_keyed have the same elements, but note the difference between the keys.
array_search ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],<?php $array = array(0 => 'blue', 1 => 'red', 2 => 'green', 3 => 'red'); $key = array_search('green', $array); // $key = 2; $key = array_search('red', $array);  // $key = 1; ?>
array_shift ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
array_shift <?php $stack = array(&quot;orange&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;apple&quot;, &quot;raspberry&quot;); $fruit = array_shift($stack); print_r($stack); ?>  This would result in $stack having 3 elements left:  Array (     [0] => banana     [1] => apple     [2] => raspberry )  and orange will be assigned to $fruit.
array_unshift ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],<?php $queue = array(&quot;orange&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;); array_unshift($queue, &quot;apple&quot;, &quot;raspberry&quot;); print_r($queue); ?>  The above example will output: Array (     [0] => apple     [1] => raspberry     [2] => orange     [3] => banana )
array_slice ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
array_slice ,[object Object],[object Object]
array_slice <?php $input = array(&quot;a&quot;, &quot;b&quot;, &quot;c&quot;, &quot;d&quot;, &quot;e&quot;); $output = array_slice($input, 2);      // returns &quot;c&quot;, &quot;d&quot;, and &quot;e&quot; $output = array_slice($input, -2, 1);  // returns &quot;d&quot; $output = array_slice($input, 0, 3);  // returns &quot;a&quot;, &quot;b&quot;, and &quot;c&quot; // note the differences in the array keys print_r(array_slice($input, 2, -1)); print_r(array_slice($input, 2, -1, true)); Array ( [0] => c [1] => d ) Array ( [2] => c [3] => d )
array_splice ,[object Object],[object Object],<?php $input = array(&quot;red&quot;, &quot;green&quot;, &quot;blue&quot;, &quot;yellow&quot;); array_splice($input, 2); // $input is now array(&quot;red&quot;, &quot;green&quot;) $input = array(&quot;red&quot;, &quot;green&quot;, &quot;blue&quot;, &quot;yellow&quot;); array_splice($input, 1, -1); // $input is now array(&quot;red&quot;, &quot;yellow&quot;)
array_splice ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
array_merge ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],<?php $array1 = array( &quot;color&quot; => &quot;red&quot;, 2, 4); $array2 = array( &quot;a&quot;, &quot;b&quot;,  &quot;color&quot; => &quot;green&quot;, &quot;shape&quot; => &quot;trapezoid&quot;,4); $result = array_merge($array1, $array2); print_r($result); ?>  This example will output: Array (     [color] => green     [0] => 2     [1] => 4     [2] => a     [3] => b     [shape] => trapezoid     [4] => 4 )
array_merge_recursive ,[object Object],<?php $ar1 = array(&quot;color&quot; =>  array(&quot;favorite&quot; => &quot;red&quot;), 5); $ar2 = array(10, &quot;color&quot; => array(&quot;favorite&quot; => &quot;green&quot;, &quot;blue&quot;)); $result = array_merge_recursive($ar1, $ar2); print_r($result); ?>  Array (     [color] => Array         (             [favorite] => Array                 (                     [0] => red                     [1] => green                 )             [0] => blue   )    [0] => 5     [1] => 10 )
array_key ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
array_key <?php $array = array(0 => 100, &quot;color&quot; => &quot;red&quot;); print_r(array_keys($array)); $array = array(&quot;blue&quot;, &quot;red&quot;, &quot;green&quot;, &quot;blue&quot;, &quot;blue&quot;); print_r(array_keys($array, &quot;blue&quot;)); $array = array(&quot;color&quot; => array(&quot;blue&quot;, &quot;red&quot;, &quot;green&quot;),                 &quot;size&quot;  => array(&quot;small&quot;, &quot;medium&quot;, &quot;large&quot;)); print_r(array_keys($array)); ?>  The above example will output: Array ( [0] => 0 [1] => color ) Array ( [0] => 0 [1] => 3 [2] => 4 ) Array ( [0] => color [1] => size )
array_key_exists ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],<?php $search_array = array('first' => 1, 'second' => 4); if (array_key_exists('first', $search_array)) {     echo &quot;The 'first' element is in the array&quot;; } ?>  <?php $search_array = array('first' => null, 'second' =>  4); // returns false isset($search_array['first']); // returns true array_key_exists('first', $search_array); ?>
array_fill ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],?php $a = array_fill(5, 6, 'banana'); print_r($a); ?>  $a now is:  Array ( [5]  => banana [6]  => banana [7]  => banana [8]  => banana [9]  => banana [10] => banana )
array_fill_keys ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],<?php $keys = array('foo', 5, 10, 'bar'); $a = array_fill_keys($keys, 'banana'); print_r($a); ?>  $a now is:  Array ( [foo] => banana [5] => banana [10] => banana [bar] => banana )
array_flip ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],<?php $trans = array(&quot;a&quot; => 1, &quot;b&quot; => 1, &quot;c&quot;  => 2); $trans = array_flip($trans); print_r($trans); ?>  now $trans is:  Array ( [1] => b [2] => c )
array_intersect ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],<?php $array1 = array(&quot;a&quot; => &quot;green&quot;, &quot;red&quot;, &quot;blue&quot;); $array2 = array(&quot;b&quot; => &quot;green&quot;, &quot;yellow&quot;, &quot;red&quot;); $result = array_intersect($array1, $array2); print_r($result); ?>  The above example will output: Array (     [a] => green     [0] => red )
array_intersect_key ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
array_intersect_key ,[object Object],[object Object],<?php $array1 = array('blue'  => 1, 'red'  => 2, 'green'  => 3, 'purple' => 4); $array2 = array('green' => 5, 'blue' => 6, 'yellow' => 7, 'cyan'  => 8); var_dump(array_intersect_key($array1, $array2)); ?>  The above example will output: array(2) { [&quot;blue&quot;]=> int(1) [&quot;green&quot;]=> int(3) }
array_intersect_uassoc ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],<?php $array1 = array(&quot;a&quot; => &quot;green&quot;, &quot;b&quot; => &quot;brown&quot;, &quot;c&quot; => &quot;blue&quot;, &quot;red&quot;); $array2 = array(&quot;a&quot; => &quot;GREEN&quot;, &quot;B&quot; => &quot;brown&quot;, &quot;yellow&quot;, &quot;red&quot;); print_r(array_intersect_uassoc($array1, $array2, &quot;strcasecmp&quot;)); ?>  The above example will output: Array ( [b] => brown )
array_intersect_assoc ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],<?php $array1 = array(&quot;a&quot; => &quot;green&quot;, &quot;b&quot; => &quot;brown&quot;, &quot;c&quot; => &quot;blue&quot;, &quot;red&quot;); $array2 = array(&quot;a&quot; => &quot;green&quot;, &quot;yellow&quot;, &quot;red&quot;); $result_array = array_intersect_assoc($array1, $array2); print_r($result_array); ?>  The above example will output: Array ( [a] => green )
array_intersect_assoc ,[object Object],[object Object]
array_intersect_ukey ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
array_intersect_ukey <?php function key_compare_func($key1, $key2) {     if ($key1 == $key2)         return 0;     else if ($key1 > $key2)         return 1;     else         return -1; } The above example will output: array(2) { [&quot;blue&quot;]=> int(1) [&quot;green&quot;]=> int(3) } $array1 = array('blue'  => 1, 'red'  => 2, 'gree
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PHP Web Programming Chapter

  • 1. IntelliBitz Technologies Training Division 168, Medavakkam Main Road Madipakkam, Chennai 91. PH: +91 044 2247 5106 www.intellibitz.com [email_address]
  • 2. PHP WEB PROGRAMMING.
  • 3. CHAPTER 1 STARTING WITH PHP.
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  • 13. CHAPTER 2 TEXT AND NUMBERS
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  • 58. CHAPTER 3 Making Decisions and Looping
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  • 89. ticks <?php // A function that records the time when it is called function profile($dump = FALSE) {    static $profile;    // Return the times stored in profile, then erase it    if ($dump) {        $temp = $profile;        unset($profile);        return $temp;    } $profile[] = microtime(); } // Set up a tick handler register_tick_function(&quot;profile&quot;); // Initialize the function before the declare block profile(); // Run a block of code, throw a tick every 2nd statement declare(ticks=2) {   for ($x = 1; $x < 50; ++$x) { echo similar_text(md5($x), md5($x*$x)), &quot;<br />;&quot;;    } } // Display the data stored in the profiler print_r(profile(TRUE)); ?>
  • 90.
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  • 92.
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  • 94.
  • 95.
  • 96. CHAPTER 4 WORKING WITH ARRAYS
  • 97.
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  • 100.
  • 101.
  • 102.
  • 103.
  • 104. array <?php $array = array(1, 1, 1, 1,  1, 8 => 1,  4 => 1, 19, 3 => 13); print_r($array); ?> Array (    [0] => 1    [1] => 1    [2] => 1    [3] => 13    [4] => 1    [8] => 1    [9] => 19 )
  • 105. array() <?php $firstquarter = array(1 => 'January', 'February', 'March'); print_r($firstquarter); ?> The above example will output: Array ( [1] => January [2] => February [3] => March ) 1-based index with array() <?php $foo = array('bar' => 'baz'); echo &quot;Hello {$foo['bar']}!&quot;; // Hello baz! ?>
  • 106.
  • 107.
  • 108. rsort <?php $fruits = array(&quot;lemon&quot;, &quot;orange&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;apple&quot;); rsort($fruits); foreach ($fruits as $key => $val) {    echo &quot;$key = $val&quot;; } ?> The above example will output: 0 = orange 1 = lemon 2 = banana 3 = apple
  • 109.
  • 110. asort <?php $fruits = array(&quot;d&quot; => &quot;lemon&quot;, &quot;a&quot; => &quot;orange&quot;, &quot;b&quot; => &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;c&quot; => &quot;apple&quot;); asort($fruits); foreach ($fruits as $key => $val) {    echo &quot;$key = $val&quot;; } ?> The above example will output: c = apple b = banana d = lemon a = orange The fruits have been sorted in alphabetical order, and the index associated with each element has been maintained.
  • 111.
  • 112. arsort <?php $fruits = array(&quot;d&quot; => &quot;lemon&quot;, &quot;a&quot; => &quot;orange&quot;, &quot;b&quot; => &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;c&quot; => &quot;apple&quot;); arsort($fruits); foreach ($fruits as $key => $val) {    echo &quot;$key = $val&quot;; } ?> The above example will output: a = orange d = lemon b = banana c = apple The fruits have been sorted in reverse alphabetical order, and the index associated with each element has been maintained.
  • 113.
  • 114.
  • 115.
  • 116. natsort <?php $array1 = $array2 = array(&quot;img12.png&quot;, &quot;img10.png&quot;, &quot;img2.png&quot;, &quot;img1.png&quot;); sort($array1); echo &quot;Standard sorting&quot;; print_r($array1); natsort($array2); echo &quot;Natural order sorting&quot;; print_r($array2); ?> The above example will output: Standard sorting Array ( [0] => img1.png [1] => img10.png [2] => img12.png [3] => img2.png ) Natural order sorting Array ( [3] => img1.png [2] => img2.png [1] => img10.png [0] => img12.png )
  • 117.
  • 118. usort <?php function cmp($a, $b) {    if ($a == $b) {        return 0;    }    return ($a < $b) ? -1 : 1; } $a = array(3, 2, 5, 6, 1); usort($a, &quot;cmp&quot;); foreach ($a as $key => $value) {    echo &quot;$key: $value&quot;; } ?> The above example will output: 0: 1 1: 2 2: 3 3: 5 4: 6
  • 119.
  • 120.
  • 121.
  • 122. uksort <?php function cmp($a, $b) {    $a = ereg_replace('^(a|an|the) ', '', $a);    $b = ereg_replace('^(a|an|the) ', '', $b);    return strcasecmp($a, $b); } The above example will output: an apple: 3 a banana: 4 the Earth: 2 John: 1 $a = array(&quot;John&quot; => 1, &quot;the Earth&quot; => 2, &quot;an apple&quot; => 3, &quot;a banana&quot; => 4); uksort($a, &quot;cmp&quot;); foreach ($a as $key => $value) {    echo &quot;$key: $value&quot;; } ?>
  • 123.
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  • 129.
  • 130. count <?php $a[0] = 1; $a[1] = 3; $a[2] = 5; $result = count($a); // $result == 3 $b[0]  = 7; $b[5]  = 9; $b[10] = 11; $result = count($b); // $result == 3 $result = count(null); // $result == 0 $result = count(false); // $result == 1 ?> sizeof — Alias of count()
  • 131.
  • 132.
  • 133.
  • 134.
  • 135. each <?php $foo = array(&quot;bob&quot;, &quot;fred&quot;, &quot;jussi&quot;, &quot;jouni&quot;, &quot;egon&quot;, &quot;marliese&quot;); $bar = each($foo); print_r($bar); ?> $bar now contains the following key/value pairs: Array ( [1] => bob [value] => bob [0] => 0 [key] => 0 ) <?php $foo = array(&quot;Robert&quot; => &quot;Bob&quot;, &quot;Seppo&quot; => &quot;Sepi&quot;); $bar = each($foo); print_r($bar); ?> $bar now contains the following key/value pairs: Array ( [1] => Bob [value] => Bob [0] => Robert [key] => Robert )
  • 136.
  • 137.
  • 138. reset <?php $array = array('step one', 'step two', 'step three', 'step four'); // by default, the pointer is on the first element echo current($array) . &quot;<br />&quot;; // &quot;step one&quot; // skip two steps next($array); next($array); echo current($array) . &quot;<br />&quot;; // &quot;step three&quot; // reset pointer, start again on step one reset($array); echo current($array) . &quot;<br />&quot;; // &quot;step one&quot; ?>
  • 139.
  • 140. range // array('a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i'); foreach (range('a', 'i') as $letter) {    echo $letter; } // array('c', 'b', 'a'); foreach (range('c', 'a') as $letter) {    echo $letter; } ?> ?php // array(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12) foreach (range(0, 12) as $number) {    echo $number; } // The step parameter was introduced in 5.0.0 // array(0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100) foreach (range(0, 100, 10) as $number) {    echo $number; }
  • 141.
  • 142. in_array <?php $os = array(&quot;Mac&quot;, &quot;NT&quot;, &quot;Irix&quot;, &quot;Linux&quot;); if (in_array(&quot;Irix&quot;, $os)) {    echo &quot;Got Irix&quot;; } if (in_array(&quot;mac&quot;, $os)) {    echo &quot;Got mac&quot;; } ?> The second condition fails because in_array() is case-sensitive, so the program above will display: Got Irix
  • 143.
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  • 154.
  • 155. array_walk <?php $fruits = array(&quot;d&quot; => &quot;lemon&quot;, &quot;a&quot; => &quot;orange&quot;, &quot;b&quot; => &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;c&quot; => &quot;apple&quot;); function test_alter(&$item1, $key, $prefix) {    $item1 = &quot;$prefix: $item1&quot;; } function test_print($item2, $key) {    echo &quot;$key. $item2<br />&quot;; } This example will output: Before ...: d. lemon a. orange b. banana c. apple ... and after: d. fruit: lemon a. fruit: orange b. fruit: banana c. fruit: apple echo &quot;Before ...:&quot;; array_walk($fruits, 'test_print'); array_walk($fruits, 'test_alter', 'fruit'); echo &quot;... and after:&quot;; array_walk($fruits, 'test_print'); ?>
  • 156.
  • 157. array_unique <?php $input = array(&quot;a&quot; => &quot;green&quot;, &quot;red&quot;, &quot;b&quot; => &quot;green&quot;, &quot;blue&quot;, &quot;red&quot;); $result = array_unique($input); print_r($result); ?> The above example will output: Array (    [a] => green    [0] => red    [1] => blue ) <?php $input = array(4, &quot;4&quot;, &quot;3&quot;, 4, 3, &quot;3&quot;); $result = array_unique($input); var_dump($result); ?> The above example will output: array(2) {   [0] => int(4)   [2] => string(1) &quot;3&quot; }
  • 158.
  • 159.
  • 160.
  • 161.
  • 162. array_reverse <?php $input  = array(&quot;php&quot;, 4.0, array(&quot;green&quot;, &quot;red&quot;)); $result = array_reverse($input); $result_keyed = array_reverse($input, true); ?> Array (    [2] => Array        (            [0] => green            [1] => red        )    [1] => 4    [0] => php ) Array (    [0] => Array        (            [0] => green            [1] => red        )    [1] => 4    [2] => php ) $result will be $result_keyed will be: This makes both $result and $result_keyed have the same elements, but note the difference between the keys.
  • 163.
  • 164.
  • 165. array_shift <?php $stack = array(&quot;orange&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;apple&quot;, &quot;raspberry&quot;); $fruit = array_shift($stack); print_r($stack); ?> This would result in $stack having 3 elements left: Array (    [0] => banana    [1] => apple    [2] => raspberry ) and orange will be assigned to $fruit.
  • 166.
  • 167.
  • 168.
  • 169. array_slice <?php $input = array(&quot;a&quot;, &quot;b&quot;, &quot;c&quot;, &quot;d&quot;, &quot;e&quot;); $output = array_slice($input, 2);      // returns &quot;c&quot;, &quot;d&quot;, and &quot;e&quot; $output = array_slice($input, -2, 1);  // returns &quot;d&quot; $output = array_slice($input, 0, 3);  // returns &quot;a&quot;, &quot;b&quot;, and &quot;c&quot; // note the differences in the array keys print_r(array_slice($input, 2, -1)); print_r(array_slice($input, 2, -1, true)); Array ( [0] => c [1] => d ) Array ( [2] => c [3] => d )
  • 170.
  • 171.
  • 172.
  • 173.
  • 174.
  • 175. array_key <?php $array = array(0 => 100, &quot;color&quot; => &quot;red&quot;); print_r(array_keys($array)); $array = array(&quot;blue&quot;, &quot;red&quot;, &quot;green&quot;, &quot;blue&quot;, &quot;blue&quot;); print_r(array_keys($array, &quot;blue&quot;)); $array = array(&quot;color&quot; => array(&quot;blue&quot;, &quot;red&quot;, &quot;green&quot;),                &quot;size&quot;  => array(&quot;small&quot;, &quot;medium&quot;, &quot;large&quot;)); print_r(array_keys($array)); ?> The above example will output: Array ( [0] => 0 [1] => color ) Array ( [0] => 0 [1] => 3 [2] => 4 ) Array ( [0] => color [1] => size )
  • 176.
  • 177.
  • 178.
  • 179.
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  • 185.
  • 186.
  • 187. array_intersect_ukey <?php function key_compare_func($key1, $key2) {    if ($key1 == $key2)        return 0;    else if ($key1 > $key2)        return 1;    else        return -1; } The above example will output: array(2) { [&quot;blue&quot;]=> int(1) [&quot;green&quot;]=> int(3) } $array1 = array('blue'  => 1, 'red'  => 2, 'gree