Spring 2010 CHS 335 Week 3 presentation No audio. Please read through and google/wikipedia the topics or people. Links may not work here.

1. Race and Culture in the Americas Online Presentation Week Four Race, Class, Gender, and Miscegenation in Colonial America (1492-1821)

6. Native Communities: The Encomienda From Meredith Scott’s The Encomienda “ The encomienda system is deeply entrenched in the history and culture of South and Central America, and is one of the most damaging institutions that the Spanish colonists implemented in the New World. The system came to signify the oppression and exploitation of Native Americans, although its originators did not set out with such intent.” http://www.platiquemos-letstalk.com/Comments/FlogIndian.gif Race and Culture in the Americas Race, Class, Gender, and Miscegenation

9. In Mexico, the population may have been as high as 20 million in 1519, but it collapsed to a little over two million in 1605. While these numbers are only estimates, it is clear that there was a striking demographic collapse of the native population in the first century after the Spanish conquest of Mexico. Source: http://www.medscape.com/content/2002/00/43/21/432138/art-eid432138.fig1.gif Race and Culture in the Americas Race, Class, Gender, and Miscegenation Native Communities Cocoliztli is the Nahuatl word for pestilence and both word and concept appeared in the native language only after the arrival of the Spaniards. Cocoliztli probably describes a form of hemorrhagic fever that was new to Central Mexico after the conquest, though the exact diagnosis remains unknown

10. Online Reading Source: http://www.ssc.uwo.ca/geography/faculty/luckman/trl/images/Mega.jpg Native Communities Read Chapter one from David Cook’s Born to Die Race and Culture in the Americas Race, Class, Gender, and Miscegenation

13. Africans, Slavery, and Forced Migration Madeira Islands Race and Culture in the Americas Race, Class, Gender, and Miscegenation Source: http://worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/europe/madeira.htm

14. Africans, Slavery, and Forced Migration Race and Culture in the Americas Race, Class, Gender, and Miscegenation Source: http://worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/europe/azores.htm Azores

15. Azores, Madeira, and Portugal Race and Culture in the Americas Race, Class, Gender, and Miscegenation Africans, Slavery, and Forced Migration

16. Canary Islands Africans, Slavery, and Forced Migration Race and Culture in the Americas Race, Class, Gender, and Miscegenation

17. Cape Verde Islands Source: http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/cape_verde_pol_2004.jpg Race and Culture in the Americas Race, Class, Gender, and Miscegenation Africans, Slavery, and Forced Migration

21. Source: http://encarta.msn.com/media_461547221_761595721_-1_1/Slave_Destinations.html Race and Culture in the Americas Race, Class, Gender, and Miscegenation

25. Race and Culture in the Americas Race, Class, Gender, and Miscegenation For translation see next slide.

27. Mestizos and Their Friends Some estimates place the total number of castas in use in colonial Mexico at sixty or more. The table in the following slide describes some of the most common castas . As can be seen even in this abbreviated list, many of the castas overlap and contradict one another. The system of castas was never fully codified. Different terminologies grew up in different regions, among different ethnic groups, and among different occupations. Many researchers have found that often a change in classifying official (priest, government clerk, etc.) resulted in an abrupt shift in the system of racial classification used. Source: http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/colonial/casta-mulata.jpg Race and Culture in the Americas Race, Class, Gender, and Miscegenation

28. Mestizos and Their Friends A Description of the Most Common Castas Caste Origin or Meaning Ethnic Makeup Spanish/Criollo A Criollo was a Spaniard born in the colonies Two "white" Spanish Parents * or one Spanish parent and one Castizo parent Mestizo Literally, a person of "mixed" ethnic heritage Offspring of one (white) Spanish parent and one Indian parent Castizo From the word "casta" or caste Offspring of one Spanish parent and one Mestizo parent Mulatto A reference to the interbreeding of horses and donkeys. People believed Mulattos would be sterile. Offspring of one Spanish parent and one African/Black parent Morisco From Spanish moro , "Moor" Offspring of one Mulatto parent and one Spanish parent Albino From albino: total or partial absence of pigmentation Offspring of one Morisco parent and one Spanish parent Ahi te estas Mexican localism: "stay where you are" Offspring of one Mulatto parent and one Coyote parent Coyote From Nahuatl: coyotl, "coyote" Offspring of either one Mestizo parent and one Indian parent Lobo From Latin lupus, "wolf" Offspring of: Black/African and Indian; Mulatto and Indian Torna-atras and Mulatto; or several others Zambo From Latin strambus : "bowlegged" Offspring of one Black or Mulatto parent and one Indian parent Torna-atras "turn back," a throw back to the African/Black "race" Offspring of one Spanish parent and one Albino parent, one Lobo parent and one Indian parent, or one Mestizo parent and one Mulatto parent

29. Mestizos and Their Friends In the following series of fourteen slides, you will view a particular set of 18th century painting of las castas . The painter is unknown, but paintings are known to date from the very late 1700s. The 18th Century tradition of Casta paintings has received little attention. Casta paintings generally appear in groups of sixteen portraits that trace the complex racial mixing or mestizaje of the people of New Spain. Each painting depicts a couple along with one or two children. Typically an inscription is present describing the ethno racial make-up of the mother, the father, and the child or children. Source: http://www.artehistoria.jcyl.es/historia/obras/10441.htm Race and Culture in the Americas Race, Class, Gender, and Miscegenation

30. Source: http://www.unc.edu/courses/2007fall/hist/142/001/images/castaS1o-b.jpg Mestizos and Their Friends

31. Source: http://www.unc.edu/courses/2007fall/hist/142/001/images/castaS1o-b.jpg Mestizos and Their Friends

32. Source: http://www.unc.edu/courses/2007fall/hist/142/001/images/castaS1o-d.jpg Mestizos and Their Friends

33. Source: http://www.unc.edu/courses/2007fall/hist/142/001/images/castaS1o-e.jpg Mestizos and Their Friends

34. Source: http://www.unc.edu/courses/2007fall/hist/142/001/images/castaS1o-f.jpg Mestizos and Their Friends

35. Source: http://www.unc.edu/courses/2007fall/hist/142/001/images/castaS1o-g.jpg Mestizos and Their Friends

36. Source: http://www.unc.edu/courses/2007fall/hist/142/001/images/castaS1o-i.jpg Mestizos and Their Friends

37. Source: http://www.unc.edu/courses/2007fall/hist/142/001/images/castaS1o-j.jpg Mestizos and Their Friends

38. Source: http://www.unc.edu/courses/2007fall/hist/142/001/images/castaS1o-k.jpg Mestizos and Their Friends

39. Source: http://www.unc.edu/courses/2007fall/hist/142/001/images/castaS1o-l.jpg Mestizos and Their Friends

40. Source: http://www.unc.edu/courses/2007fall/hist/142/001/images/castaS1o-m.jpg Mestizos and Their Friends

41. Source: http://www.unc.edu/courses/2007fall/hist/142/001/images/castaS1o-n.jpg Mestizos and Their Friends

42. Source: http://www.unc.edu/courses/2007fall/hist/142/001/images/castaS1o-o.jpg Mestizos and Their Friends

43. Source: http://www.unc.edu/courses/2007fall/hist/142/001/images/castaS1o-p.jpg Mestizos and Their Friends

46. Source: http://www.wmich.edu/dialogues/sitepages/vespucci.html