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MARKET POTENTIAL FOR CREDIT
INSURANCE




NOVEMBER 14, 2003




                 i NDICUS ANALYTICS
                    B - 17 GREATER KAILASH ENCLAVE 2
                        New Delhi 110048, India
    HTTP://WWW.INDICUS.NET, INDIC@INDICUS.NET, (91-11) 29222838/63




                                                              1
Chapter 1


                                   Introduction and Summary

Background
• Credit to households one of the fastest growing segments of the financial sector.
• Households comprise:
   – Individuals
   – Proprietorships
   – Partnerships
   – HUFs
   – Cooperatives and religious organizations
Household Credit
• Household credit market has been growing rapidly through the eighties and nineties and
  is expected to continue. This is due to:
  – Demographics: high proportion of population among younger age groups in the
     country
  – Fast expanding consumption opportunities in the post-1991 reform period
• Banks have always been the key credit provider to households in the formal sector and
  will continue to be so as is the case internationally
• Household credit has been growing at about …. percent through the nineties and this
  expected to continue through the next decade
• Growth has been, and is expected to be, similar for bank loans as well as other types of
  loans

                       Changes in Financial Liabilities of Household Sector
                  40,000
                  35,000
                  30,000
    Rs. 10 Mill




                  25,000
                  20,000
                  15,000
                  10,000
                   5,000
                       0
                           1970-71 1975-76 1980-81 1985-86 1990-91 1995-96 2000-01
                                Total Loans                 Bank Loans




                                                                                         2
This study
• Focuses on Credit to individuals
   – Personal loans for consumption purposes
   – Proprietorships, partnerships etc., for commercial purposes
• Provided by organized sector both for personal and commercial purposes
• It includes any formal loans whose repayment is affected by the health/life conditions of
   the key borrowing individual
• Kinds of loans included in the study
   – Personal loans for durables, housing, others such as education
   – Professionals, self-employed, owners of small and tiny industries, agriculturists, etc.
Key Objectives of the study
– To identify insights into market characteristics that enables Max New York Life (MNYL)
  to satisfy credit-life insurance requirements
   – Size of the accessible credit insurance industry
   – Characteristics of various segments of the credit industry
   – What industry professionals believe
   – What are the consumers ‘openness’ levels towards credit-life insurance
The Market Size
– The credit-market size considered includes:
   – Providers of personal credit
   – Providers of credit for commercial purposes
– The ‘accessible’ market includes lenders that are not currently allied to major insurance
  firm

Providers of Personal Credit
– Commercial banks: include different kinds of Banks, large and small, public and private,
  Indian and foreign
   – Public Sector: includes State Bank of India and its associate banks as well as other
     nationalized banks
   – Private sector (Indian): This includes the newly set-up HDFC Bank and ICICI bank as
     well as many older private sector banks. The larger private sector banks are associated
     with insurance firms, and therefore cannot be considered to be ‘accessible’. However
     many private banks are still not affiliated with any insurance firm.
   – Private sector (Foreign): Some foreign banks are quite large and associated with a
     high degree of dynamism in providing personal loans such as Citibank. However
     many others are predominantly oriented towards financing commercial and trade
     requirements
   – Regional Rural Banks: are typically small banks that have a high degree of rural reach.
     They are also un-affiliated with insurance firms.




                                                                                              3
Credit Card loans: are provided by all types of banks, however the credit card lending
      is not-reported separately but as a part of overall ‘personal loans’. This study therefore
      has not been able to include them as a separate entity.
– Non Banking Finance Companies (NBFCs)
   – Non-Housing NBFCs: These financial institutions grew rapidly through the nineties,
      however due to competition from the banking sector their growth has slowed down.
      It is expected that they will not be important players in the future. However, many
      automobile companies have their own NBFCs and these may continue to have some
      importance in the future. Most NBFCs are unaffiliated with insurance firms, though a
      few are.
   – Housing finance companies: A few HFCs have been quite strong and are growing
      rapidly such as HDFC. However, few smaller ones are likely to survive the
      competition from Banks. The smaller HFCs are also unaffiliated though the larger
      ones such as HDFC are.
– Corporate loans to employees: Large public sector firms as well as a few [private sector
  non-financial firms are large providers of loans to their employees. Most such companies
  are unaffiliated with insurance firms.

Providers of Credit for Commercial Purposes
– Commercial banks
   – Public Sector
   – Private sector (Indian)
   – Private sector (Foreign)
   – Regional Rural Banks
      Kisan Credit Cards: Kisan credit cards are designed to enable easy credit to farmers
      from Scheduled Commercial Banks. However these loans are categorized as direct
      agriculture loans and have not been separately dealt with.
– Credit Societies/ Cooperatives: Cooperative, credit societies, self help groups, have been
  important players; however they are typically poorly managed and subject to stringent
  regulatory oversight. Though they are predominantly un-affiliated with insurance firms,
  partnering with these institutions will be a long-term process, as they are not known for
  their flexibility.
– State finance and other development corporations: Many state organizations provide
  credit for ‘development’ or ‘socially desirable’ purposes. These include to disadvantaged
  sections, small-scale industries, etc. These organizations are also not known for their
  flexibility or dynamism. If current trends continue, they will soon become insignificant
  players. However many are reported to be changing and may be open to partnering.
  However, it is reported that single-person-dependent loans are not a high share of their
  total outstanding.

Purposes of Credit
– Housing: Housing loans are a rapidly expanding segment and are likely to remain so for
  the foreseeable future.
– Automobiles, Education, Health and other personal: These are not reported individually
  and it is not possible to disentangle the various components of the ‘other personal loans’.


                                                                                              4
There is significant flexibility related to duration of loans. Typically however for health
  and other consumption purposes loans tend to be for about 2 years, for automobiles for
  two to five years, and for education from five to 20 years. All are secured loans.
– Commercial: Almost all commercial loans are secured loans and could be highly short
  term to 5 to 20 years. Generally commercial loans to individuals have a good repayment
  history.

Commercial Bank Loans for Housing, Durables, & Other: Characteristics
– Public Sector: Well spread across country
– Private sector (Indian): Dynamic, expanding rapidly
– Private sector (Foreign): Concentrating on metros and ‘premium’ customers
– Regional Rural Banks: large rural spread but many are poorly run
Average Account Size of All Personal Loans
     Amt/Acc (Rs)       Consumer          Housing           Rest of Personal   All Personal
     2001               Durables
     Public Sector
     Foreign Banks
     RRBs
     Private Indian
     Total

Housing Finance Institutions: Characteristics
– Both SCBs and HFCs
   – SCBs also considered previously
– Many not affiliated with insurance companies
– But could potentially offer own credit-life products
– Possibility of alliance is open
– Cost of providing credit-life products/service of critical importance
Non Banking Finance Corporations (non-housing): Characteristics
– Have suffered loss in market share from Banks in the past
– RRBs the most aggressive players in this segment
– Banks report durable and auto loans under ‘Durables’ and ‘Rest of Personal’ categories
– Not possible to disentangle market size cleanly
Calculating Market Size
– Use 2001 as base year as data are provisional or estimates for later years
– First estimate total possible market for credit-life
– But some of this is inaccessible
– Then estimate all ‘accessible’ market size
Problem in estimating market size
– Non availability of categorization of purpose from many sources
– Non uniformity in categorization of purpose from many sources
– Only broad numbers available for some (eg. RRBs)

                                                                                                5
– Inter FI lending: Possibility of double counting
– Focus more on identification of accessible markets
– Estimations at a single point in time as well as relevant break-ups of sub-components
   have been conducted taking into consideration the above factors

                                Total Market Size: Personal Loans
                                              All
                                          Personal
                                            Loans                    Auto &
                                             (Rs.                     Other
                         Rs Mill., 2001   '000,000) Housing Durables Personal
                         Bank
                        SBI Associates
                        Nationalized
                        Indian Pvt
                        Foreign
                        RRBs
                        Non Bank
                        HFCs
                        NBFCs
                        Corporates
                        Total



Total Market Size: Commercial Loans
                                                                                            Priority
                                                                                  Priority   Sr. -
                Priority Sr. Priority Priority                     Priority Sr.- Sr.-Food Export
                  Direct Sr. Small- Sr. Road Priority Priority Professional Processing Credit
 Rs Mill.,      Agriculture scale     & Water Sr.-Retail Sr.-Small   & Self      not incl. (Foreign
2001              Loans industries Transport Trade Business          Empl.          SSI     Banks)
 Bank Total
 SBI Ass
 Nationalized
 Indian Pvt
 Foreign
 RRBs
Non Bank
Total
HFCs
NBFCs
Corporates
Total



Other sources of credit
• Include
          o State financial corporations


                                                                                                 6
o Cooperatives at different levels
•    However market size cannot be estimated for this segment
•    Large amount of lending within these categories of institutions and also from
     commercial banks to these institutions combined with poor reporting
–   Receive loans from SCBs and others under ‘Agriculture’ or ‘Priority’ head
–   Highly regulated
–   Most have personnel with low financial skill-base
–   Highly structured operations
–   Many are re-appraising role in changing economy
–   Almost all loans backed by tangible assets in the case of SFCs and also for many
    cooperative loans

Other Commercial Bank Credit: Characteristics of Priority Sector
– Priority sector lending constitutes about 40 percent of all SCB lending
– Large part for agriculture, SSIs, and for export
– But significant amounts to:
   – Professionals
   – Artisans
   – Shop owners, restaurants
– Call this the non-conventional market
Key Issues in the Accessing of the Non-conventional Market
– Regulations, state and central government policies and procedures
– Openness of government and public functionaries to allying with non-public sector
  entities
– Marketing capability at state and sub-state level
– Lobbying abilities
Accessibility: Banks
– Negligible-Low Accessibility
   – Foreign Private Sector Banks
   – Larger Indian Private Sector Banks
   – SBI and Affiliates
– Low-Medium Accessibility
   – Smaller non-SBI public sector (some do not have any current plans for insurance
     related product-lines)
   – Poorly performing RRBs
– Medium-High Accessibility
   – Better performing RRBs
   – Smaller Indian Private Sector Banks




                                                                                       7
Accessibility: Housing Finance Companies
– Consistent long term fall
– Shares expected to be lower in coming years due to aggressive private SCBs
– Largest fall in market share of smaller players
– Possibility of accessing larger players low
   – HDFC, GICHF, LICHF, Canfin, etc.
– Indicates falling long term potential for credit-life through HFCs
Accessibility: Non Banking Finance Companies (non-housing)
– Medium-High:
   – NBFCs associated with auto companies
   – Smaller NBFCs such as Nidhis, etc.
– But falling size
– Outstanding in 2003 in the region of Rs 80,000 mill (hire purchase and lease)
Accessibility: Corporate Employee Loans
– Medium to High
– Have not normally partnered with FIs
– Do not have required financial skill-base
Accessibility: Cooperatives
– Low to Medium
– Need exists
– Not ‘attached’ to competing FIs
– But highly regulated
– Not clear what permissions or procedures will be required
Accessibility: SFCs
– Medium to High
– Significant part of credit not for consumption related loans
– Consider expanding scope to include credit-life to proprietorships as well
– Could cover:
   – Professionals
   – Proprietorships
   – Artisans
   – Disadvantaged sections




                                                                                  8
Accessible Market: Personal Loans
                                     Auto &
                                      Other      All Personal
Rs Mill. 2001 Housing    Durables    Personal       Loans
 Banks
SBI Ass
Nationalized
Indian Pvt
Foreign
RRBs
Non Bank
HFCs
NBFCs
Corporates
Total



Accessible Market: Relevant Commercial Loans from Priority Sector Advances
                                                                                           Priority
                                                                              Priority      Sr. -
             Priority Sr. Priority Priority                     Priority Sr.- Sr.-Food     Export   Total
               Direct Sr. Small- Sr. Road Priority Priority Professional Processing        Credit (Relevant
             Agriculture scale     & Water Sr.-Retail Sr.-Small    & Self     not incl.   (Foreign Priority
Rs Mill. 2001 Loans industries Transport Trade Business            Empl.         SSI       Banks) Sector)
Banks
SBI Ass
Nationalized
Indian Pvt
Foreign
RRBs
Non Bank
HFCs
NBFCs
Corporates
Total




                                                                                                   9
Total Accessible Market: Banks, corporate, NBFCs etc.
                 All Personal
                 Loans (Rs.     Total (Relevant
Rs Mill. 2001     '000,000)     Priority Sector)    Total
 Banks
SBI Ass
Nationalized
Indian Pvt
Foreign
RRBs
Non Bank
HFCs
NBFCs
Corporates
Total



Total Accessible Market Size
– Total accessible market size of about Rs 1,555 Billion as of 2001
– Market has been growing at about 20% in early 2000s but is expected to grow by about
  15% annually this decade
– Conservative estimates as this does not include those by SFCs, cooperatives etc.
– Avoid possibilities of double counting

Characteristics of borrowers: SEC
• Socio-Economic Classification (SEC A, B, C, D & E): SEC A indicates better incomes as
   well as potential income than that for SEC B and so on. SEC categorization is based on
   a combination of education and occupation characteristics. Overall we find that
   – Inclination to borrow is somewhat evenly divided between different SEC segments
   – However typical size of loans varies
   – The openness to credit-life insurance is not dependent upon SEC status of a person.
   – However those in lower SECs had great difficulty in understanding the concept of
      SEC
   – Financial institution representatives informally reported larger defaults and ‘fraudulent’
      activity among lower SECs
Overall, it appears that SEC categorization should not form the basis of any credit-life
marketing strategy

Characteristics of borrowings: Geographic
– The southern region accounts for a large part of the total credit
– Western and northern regions next in importance
– Eastern region least importance


                                                                                            10
– If economic growth is an indication, the importance of the western half of India is only
  going to increase.
– The western half includes the area starting from Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan,
  Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and also Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.

The following two maps show the share of each state in India’s total (i) relevant priority
sector credit and (ii) personal loans, by commercial banks. Darker shades in each represent a
higher share. Note that despite lower populations the southern states top among all states in
the share of total loans in both categories.




                                                                                             11
Inclinations of the consumers
– Surety and not investment/tax saving are of critical factor in insurance decisions of most
  – this also reflects need for credit-insurance
– Consumers are not necessary loyal to brands/past relationships – they are most
  concerned with price, range of options, and then with quality of services.
– Formal sources of information are of least importance – friends, family, colleagues tend
  to be the most preferred sources of information

Views towards credit-life insurance
– Consumers are on the whole positive about the idea of credit-life insurance
– Different types of consumers – across age, socio-economic profile, asset ownership, as
  well as family structure, all show relatively high levels of appreciation for the concept


                                                                                              12
– However premiums will be of critical importance
– The results suggest that one time premiums and large amounts not preferred – some
   preference for including credit-life insurance within the regular repayment structure

Cost of credit life
– Seven in ten consumers are open to purchasing credit life at a very low premium of Rs 20
  for a Rs 1000 repayment (2 percent of the repayment).
– However this falls to three in ten if premium at 2% is continued but repayment amount is
  increased to Rs 10,000.
– When the premium amount is kept the same at Rs 5000 but the extra percentage paid for
  credit life is changed from 0.5 to 6% (Rs 25 to Rs 300) we find only a small fall in the
  preference for credit-life
– This implies that the rupee amounts will play a critical role in consumer acceptability
– That is, larger premiums could be charged as long as they are broken into small amounts

Consumer characteristics and credit-life
– SEC profile: Higher SECs are more likely to prefer credit life insurance
– Asset Profile: The economically better off are somewhat more likely to purchase credit-
  life insurance
– Family type: Family type does not appear to play an important role in consumer
  preferences
– Household size: Those in larger households are somewhat less likely top prefer credit-life
  insurance.

Characteristics of Credit
– Average amounts: Vary considerably across types of consumer, institution, segment, etc.
– Time-profile: Time profile varies, but does not necessarily play a role directly in the
   attractiveness of credit-life services. The key determinant is the amount of the premium
   paid. Moreover, money illusion appears to play a role. That is, consumers do not prefer
   larger amounts (one time payments).
– NPAs: Most FI representatives were unaware of what percentage of their NPAs in their
   institution were due to death of the borrower.
– Expected growth: We expect a 15 percent annual growth in the different xomponents fo
   credit. This is also in line with what industry professionals feel. However some even
   expect growth to be in the range of 20 to 25 percent annually in the coming decade.
In informal discussions with both consumers as well as financial institution representatives
we could not identify any of the above as a significant enough factor for basing a marketing
strategy on. This was as

Lenders views
– Senior and middle managers were all positive to the idea of credit-life insurance
– All believed that their institutions could potentially partner with other institutions



                                                                                           13
– However no one could categorically commit to the same – they considered this to be a
    decision that only the senior managers collectively could take
–   For government entities partnering with an MNC might be an issue
–   Believed that the key potential advantages were:
     – Reduction of their risk profile
     – Reduction in risk for consumer
–   Did not think that their profits would be a key criteria for partnering
–   However, a share of the credit-life premiums might smoothen decisions
–   Lenders preferred the following types of loans the most for credit insurance services:
     – Long-term loans especially greater than three years
     – Short-term loans of large amounts
–   (However consumers do not necessarily have such preferences)
–   Some respondents were also in favor of compulsory coverage
–   Emphasized importance of simple documentation for such a service
–   Some preference for adding credit-life policies to new products not existing products as it
    may lead to confusion




                                             Summary
•   This is a large enough accessible market for a non-affiliated insurance firm
•   Accessing the bulk of the market would involve interacting with both the private and
    public sector
•   However scales can best be achieved if public sector financial institutions are accessed.
•   The southern part of India is the largest market
•   Consumers suffer from ‘illusion’ and are more likely to be agreeable to pay high
    premiums if it is broken into smaller parts
•   Though the better off consumers will be more willing to purchase credit-life, significant
    shares of the less well off will be interested
•   Financial institutions will generally be open to the idea of partnering with other
    institutions
•   But some concerns may be there in some public sector entities about partnering with
    MNCs
•   Moreover death does not appear to be an important contributor to NPAs in the
    perception of financial institution respondents. This may make it difficult to ally with
    them without some other incentive to partnering institution.
•   Consumers would be more open to it as they are highly family oriented
•   The key marketing challenge is therefore less related to design of credit-life products and
    more towards the creation of alliances with different types of lenders.




                                                                                            14
Chapter 2

                Views of Financial Institutions’ Personnel


                                  1. Background
The idea behind involving Personnel from Financial Institutions was to get insights on:

•   Familiarity with credit life insurance
•   Personal views on credit life insurance
•   Their institution’s views on allying with insurance firms for such products
•   Appropriateness of institution’s openness level – whether the market is ‘ready’
•   Perceived advantages and hindrances in offering such products
Such an exercise is aimed at providing insights into the possibility of offering credit-life
insurance through different types of financial institutions.

The persons interviewed included Senior Managers/Managers from various types of
Financial Institutions - Nationalised Banks, Cooperative Banks, Regional Rural Banks etc.
The interviews were conducted in 2 states- Delhi and Madhya Pradesh. Representatives of
the following classes of financial institutions were interviewed

•   Public Sector Bank (PSB)
•   Regional Rural Bank
•   Cooperative Bank
•   Housing Finance Bank
•   NBFC
•   Direct Sales Agent

A set of questions was identified; respondents were then queried by way of a structured
questionnaire (refer appendix 1). A prior appointment was fixed with representatives of
financial institutions and an interviewer personally visited the offices to get responses to the
questionnaire. In most cases a single question had to be verbally asked in different ways to
gain an insightful enough answer (most respondents had a proclivity for single sentence
responses).




                                                                                              15
2. Synopsis
The brief summary of the responses is presented here.

Most respondents were aware of the concept of credit-life insurance. However many were
not aware of the details and also how it worked. They tended to be quite positively inclined
to including credit-life as an add-on to their credit. For this purpose they were open to
allying/partnering with other organizations. They also felt that their very senior
management (which ultimately would take the partnering decision) would be open to
alliances.


2.1 The loan procedure

This question was aimed at understanding the criteria deployed by banks to assess the
borrowers. All banks/ lending agencies have their own system of evaluation. The common
criteria that emerge are:

•    Educational Qualifications
•    For Salaried class- Current salary, profile, status
•    For Business-Business reputation, Assets, Turnover
•    Credit repayment record
•    Family background
•    Minimum income level
•    Property- Whether house is rented or owned
•    Location of residence
Most respondents sited at least 4 out of these as indispensable factors in assessing
borrowers. Of these credit repayment record, family background (as also reflected in
location of residence), salaries and occupation were the most critical. When pressed, it was
difficult for respondents to clearly rank various factors in order of importance.


2.2 Risk factors

All financial institutions take a risk when they lend, as there are always chances of non-
repayment of loans. The questions were aimed at identifying risk factors encountered by a
financial institution while lending and the precautions taken to mitigate these factors. None
of the respondents were aware of the percentage distribution of NPAs due to various
possible causes/risk factors. They were queried about the following risk factors:

•   Health problems
•   This is an important factor but most have backups in forms of collaterals/ guarantees to
    recover the loan


                                                                                           16
•   Generally there are no medical check ups of potential borrowers
•   Death
•   As death cannot be predicted it poses an obvious threat, especially in cases where one
    key man runs the business
•   To lessen the risk some institutions specify age groups for lending. That is, many do not
    provide loans to those above 60 years of age.
•   Most ask for collaterals/ security to recover loans
•   Loss of Income/ employment
•   Most individuals repay loans from current income
•   To lessen this risk all institutions conduct thorough checkups of individual’s and their
    family’s backgrounds (as listed in ‘Loan procedure’ above)
•   Some institutions prefer government employees and some are averse to government
    employees
•   Loans are generally extended to professionals who are highly qualified or who have
    guarantors to take care of the loan
•   Most have not had any experiences of fraud cases, however fraud remains a perceived
    risk
•   Many are also averse to provide loans to police, lawyers and politicians as sometimes it is
    difficult to recover from them


2.3 NPA due to death

This question helped find whether the organization has NPA (Non Performing Assets) due
to death. As credit life insurance means insuring the person’s debts after his death it is
important to understand this factor. Key findings:

•   Financial Institutions (FIs) have NPA but believe that death is not an important cause.
•   Most have collaterals/ security to recover NPAs
•   Some do not extend loans to persons beyond a specified upper age limit


    2.4 Product segment:

    This question aims to identify the kinds of credit (product segments) that the
    respondents felt should be covered under credit life insurance. :

•   Products involving large loan amounts such as
       •               Housing loans
       •               Car loans
       •               Educational loans




                                                                                              17
2.5 Tenure

    This question identifies time spans for loan repayment that the
     respondents felt should be covered under credit life insurance.
•   Most favor long-term loans
•   Any loan for more than 3 years should be covered, since after 3 years predictions about
    ability to repay are difficult
•   Short-term loans of a large amount are also favored


2.6 Acceptability of credit life insurance in India

The idea was to utilize their better-informed perception in assessing the prospects of credit
life insurance in India. According to the respondents:

•   Credit life insurance will be accepted
•   Reason- it would lead to family security and ease of mind
•   However, awareness has to be spread
•   Amount or % of premium should be minimal
•   Some FIs even want it to be made a part of policy so that all persons have to take it


2.7 Channels for distribution

This question was aimed at understanding the distribution channels set up by FIs for credit
disbursement. The responses reveal:

•   The bigger FIs and some smaller ones have their own channels in form of branches –
    for example Canara Bank, Corporation Bank etc.
•   Few small FIs - Cooperative banks, Regional Rural Banks etc. have some tie ups for
    distribution
•   But own channels remain the most prevalent across different types of institutions


2.8 Willingness to pay premium

This question was asked to gain insights into whether persons would pay premium for
availing credit life insurance. Most answers are:

•   Yes they would pay
•   Awareness/education has to be spread
•   Premium amount should be minimal




                                                                                            18
2.9 Critical persons

The idea behind this question was to find who are the decision makers in the institution who
could be approached for taking a decision regarding introduction of credit life insurance.
The responses are:

•   In most cases it is the senior management that takes decisions
•   Most respondents feel that senior management would accept it
•   However, all raised queries about cost to the consumer and also the structuring of the
    alliance


2.10 Key benefits

This question aimed at understanding what would be the key benefits for the institution if it
accepts credit life insurance. Following are identified as key benefits:

•   Ease of ‘selling’ credit- all say that it will ease the process of selling credit as it would
    reduce the consumers perceived risk
•   Lower risk of credit repayment - all agree that it will reduce the risk involved for both
    the borrower as well as the lender
•   Other potential benefits such as the financial institution’s share of the premium were not
    considered to be important


2.11 Key success factors

This question aimed at identifying the key factors that would help in ensuring acceptance
and success of credit life insurance in India. The key success factors are:

•   Cost- should be minimal
•   Ease of access- should be very easily accessible, minimum documentation, hassle free
•   Product design- should involve options to choose from
•   Integrability with your range of credit products- this is considered very important by
    most as it will benefit both clients as well as lenders
•   Interest in attaching with existing products – most believe that credit life insurance
    should not be tried with existing products, as it would lead to confusion. Should be tried
    with new products




                                                                                              19
Chapter 3
                                            Consumer Insights
     1. Introduction and Background
     1.1 Indian Consumer Profile
Annual Market Size                                              Annual Household Expenditure (Rs. in '000)
Expenditure in Rs. Crore                  Numbers in '00,000              ≤35        35-70      70-140          140-200     >200      Total
      1.2
Total market size            2,185,983    Households                     596          834         474               83       43      2,030
Food products                1,162,404                             Per Capita Monthly Expenditure (Rs.)
FMCG
      1.3                       89,888    Numbers in '00,000             ≤400    400-550       550-750         750-1500   >1500       Total
      1.4
Durables                        87,105    Population                     614       1,567         2,397            4,427   1,874     10,880
Misc. goods & services         846,585    High school plus                14          55           142              590     745      1,546
     1.5
Annualized Growth in 1990s (%)                         Persons & Rooms in a House: Number of Households (00,000)
Employment growth                  2.5    Persons                      1 Room   2 Rooms       3 Rooms          4 Rooms ≥5 Rooms       Total
Population growth                  2.0    1 to 2                          135        57            19                7        5        238
Literacy growth                    4.7    3 to 5                          420       308           132               59       40        990
Savings growth                    17.4    6 & above                       227       245           141               86       89        805
Credit growth                     16.2    Total                           782       610           292              152      134      2,033

% of Households having
Telephones                          9
Television                         32
Bicycles                           44
Two wheelers                       12    Seasonality - Share of expenditure in each quarter (%)
Four wheelers                       3
LPG                                18
Electricity                        56      25              27            26              26               25

Banking                            36
                                                                                                                              Apr-Jun
Households in '000 that                               25                        25                                 25
                                                                  25                             25                           Jan-Mar
Are nuclear                   129,939
Are joint                       9,796                                                                                         Oct-Dec
                                          25          24               23                 25              25                  Jul-Sep
Are extended & others          63,309
Have 2 adults                  90,786
Have 3 adults                  38,077              25         25                 26               24              25
Have 4 or more adults          54,018
Have 1 child                   39,168
                                      High Value Value FMCG
                                               Value FMCG FMCGDurablesDurables Clothing & Market size sizesize
                                          High High                     Durables ClothingClothing & Market
                                                                                               &              Market
Have 2 children                46,507    Food Food productsproducts
                                             Food      products                       Footwear Footwear
                                                                                          Footwear
Have >2 children               71,281                   See notes for constituents in each consumption category

                    Regionality: Urban Markets
  Socio-Economic Classification                                   Households    % of Urban                % Households having
    (Urban Households in '000)      Key Urban Areas                   in '000         Total   4 Wheeler     2 Wheeler     Bicycle   TV Set
A                               5,290   Mumbai (Suburban)            19,072             3             8             9         10        74
B                              10,438   Thane                        15,015             3             4           12          18        73
C                              14,449   Bangalore                    13,810             2           10            35          29        79
D                              15,214   North 24 Parganas            10,769             2             4             7         49        60
E                              13,151   Ahmadabad                    10,398             2             7           37          54        72
Single income                  32,779   Pune                          9,849             2             9           39          48        78
Two or more income             20,993   Kolkata                       9,309             2             7             9         23        72
Own house (%)                       67  Others                      497,439            85             5           26          49        63
Source: Market
Separate kitchen (%)
                         Skyline of76India 2004 – District        Profile
                                                                    585,661           100             6           25          46        64
                                        Urban total

Source: Market Skyline of India 2004 – District Profile




                                                                                                                                              20
Table 1: Distribution of credit
   DISTRIBUTION OF CREDIT- MAJOR CITIES (New Delhi, Mumbai, Calcutta, Chennai, Pune,
                             Hyderabad, Bangalore)
                    SEC A      SEC B       SEC C       SEC D          SEC E       Total
Housing
Durables
Personal
Residual
Total



Housing
Durables
Personal
Residual
Total
    Source: Estimates from NSSOs Large expenditure survey – 55th round

•   Most credit is for ‘personal’ uses. This includes:
           •    Education
           •    Consumption including marriages, festivals, ceremonies and health
                requirements
           •    Credit cards etc.
•   Housing is the other key segment
•   The term ‘residual’ includes the unexplained part of total loans
•   There are few differences between different SEC groupings


    Sample Size
    •    Total Respondents: 1660
    •    SEC classification

                                Table 2: Socio-economic classification
                           SEC                                   Freq.      Percent
                           A1
                           A2
                           B1
                           B2
                           C
                           Others
                           Total

    •    Most respondents belong to SEC A1, A2 and B1




                                                                                      21
Figure 1: Age Distribution of Respondents


    120

    100

     80

     60                                                                                Freq.


     40

     20

      0
          19 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 71



•   The sample captures a large share of young and middle aged persons


                        Table 3: Number of adults per family

                   Adults                              Freq.          Percent
                   Missing
                   1
                   2
                   3
                   4
                   5
                   6
                   7
                   8
                   >8
                   Total

•   Most respondents belong to families with 2 to 4 adult members




                                                                                               22
Table 4: Type of family
                     Family type                   Freq.       Percent
                     Joint
                     Extended
                     Nuclear
                     Other
                     Total

   •   Joint families are those that contain more than one married sibling sharing a single
       kitchen
   •   Extended households include those where parents share a kitchen with a married
       child
   •   Largest sample is of members of nuclear families
   •   Extended families are the next large set


                                 Table 5: Ownership of house

                     House type                    Freq.       Percent
                     Self
                     Rented
                     Total

   •   Most respondents own the house they live in


Table 6: Ownership of vehicles

                     Automobile                    Freq.       Percent
                     4 Wheeler
                     2 Wheeler
                     Bicycle
                     None
                     Total

   •   The sample captures the well off
   •   Almost half of the respondents own a 4 wheeler
   •   Two-wheelers are owned by a large share of the respondents




                                                                                              23
Table 7: Motivation

                            Work motivation               Percent
                            Work for my family’s
                            happiness/comfort

                            Work for self-
                            satisfaction/comforts
                            Total

   •   Family’s comfort and happiness is the predominant motivation for the bulk of the
       respondents

   2. Borrowing and Insurance Behavior
Table 8: Type of insurance

    Type of               Life       Accident          Health            Fire    Calamities
    insurance       insurance       insurance       insurance       insurance     insurance
    No
    Yes
    Missing
    Total

   •   Most families / individuals have life insurance
   •   Half do not have health insurance
   •   Most prefer to have accident insurance
   •   Fire and calamities insurance is held by few


Table 9: Motives for insurance

       Motive for            Investment    Tax savings          Surety           Family
       investment                                                               Pressure
       Very important
       Important
       Less Important
       Not Important
       Missing
       Total

   •   More than three fourths consider surety to be the most insurance factor for
       insurance
   •   Investment and tax savings are also considered to be important but this preference is
       not as strong


                                                                                              24
•   Family pressure was considered by most to be unimportant


                              Table 10: Criteria for insurance

   Criteria for choosing Low interest Customer         Range of          Past       Ease of
   the creditor                  rate friendliness        credit relationship      access of
                                        of creditor terms/optio                    creditors
                                                             ns                       office
   Very important
   Moderately Important
   Important
   Less Important
   Not Important
   Missing
   Total

    •   Low interest rates are the most important determinants of loan-scheme for almost
        four fifths of the respondents
    •   Customer friendliness and range of credit are next in importance


                             Table 11: Sources of information

      Source of        Very    Moderately            Less      Not             Total
information on loans important Important Important Important Important Missing
Friends or family
Office colleagues and
associates
Prospective creditor
Other specialists
Internet search
Magazines and books
Advertisement
Other (Specify)

    •   Relations, friends, office colleagues and associates are considered to be very
        important sources of information by most respondents
    •   Formal sources of information are not as important
    •   However information from the creditor is next in importance
    •   Media is not considered a very important source of information by most




                                                                                               25
3. Views on Credit Insurance
    3.1 Policy Preference 1



                                Table 12: Preference for credit-life
    Sec               1020 with        3060 with        5100 with        7650 with       10200 with
                   credit-life is   credit-life is   credit-life is   credit-life is   credit-life is
                   preferred to     preferred to     preferred to     preferred to      preferred to
                    1000 w/out       3000 w/out       5000 w/out       7500 w/out      10000 w/out
                      credit life      credit life      credit life      credit life      credit life
    Total


    •     At minimal premiums credit-life insurance is preferred by more than 70 percent
    •     Each of the options above imply a marginal credit life premium of 2% over the total
          premium
    •     Note the large fall in percentage preferring credit life as the basic amount increases
    •     This suggests that large money amounts are not preferred
    •     A large number of respondents were found to be in favor of credit life in this set of
          queries
    •     More importantly, amount matters much more than percentage; that is, consumers
          may be willing to pay more as long as amount of extra premium paid is not large

Table 13: Preference for credit-life
    Sec               1020 with        3060 with        5100 with        7650 with       10200 with
                   credit-life is   credit-life is   credit-life is   credit-life is   credit-life is
                   preferred to     preferred to     preferred to     preferred to      preferred to
                    1000 w/out       3000 w/out       5000 w/out       7500 w/out      10000 w/out
                      credit life      credit life      credit life      credit life      credit life
    A1
    A2
    B1
    B2
    Others
    Total

•   Higher SECs are more likely to prefer credit-life
•   However even the lower SECs have some preference for the same




                                                                                                        26
Table 14: Number of adults per family

Adults             1020 with         3060 with        5100 with          7650 with 10200 with
                credit-life is    credit-life is   credit-life is     credit-life is credit-life is
                preferred to      preferred to     preferred to       preferred to preferred to
                 1000 w/out        3000 w/out       5000 w/out         7500 w/out           10000
                   credit life       credit life      credit life        credit life       w/out
                                                                                       credit life
Missing
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Total

 •   Larger families lead to lesser need for insurance
 •   This is because larger families tend to self-insure implicitly


                                 Table 15: Type of family

     Family type       1020 with     3060 with       5100 with     7650 with      10200 with
                    credit-life is credit-life is credit-life is credit-life is credit-life is
                    preferred to preferred to preferred to preferred to preferred to
                     1000 w/out 3000 w/out 5000 w/out 7500 w/out 10000 w/out
                       credit life   credit life    credit life    credit life     credit life
     Joint
     Extended
     Nuclear
     Other
     Total

 •   Family type is less important than family size
 •   Other factors such as automobile ownership or home ownership (proxies for
     economic class) have no significant impact on credit-life insurance
 •   Neither does age have a significant impact on proclivity towards credit-life except for
     those above 60 years of age




                                                                                                  27
Chapter 4
                                       Market Size

                                     Synopsis & Insights
Background

Different components of the formal credit market are studied in this section.
These include:

•   Housing finance
•   Consumer durables finance
•   Automobile finance
•   Employee loans
•   Personal loans
•   Priority Sector lending by Banks
•   Loans by State Finance Corporations and Cooperatives


Of these the last are not included in the calculation of overall market sizes due to significant
lending between different financial institutions. There inclusion could lead to double
counting.


Market Size

Market sizes have been calculated from information contained in various parts of this
chapter. This has been done at a company/institution-level basis in the accompanying MS
Excel spreadsheet.


The Market Size includes
   –     The credit-market size considered includes:
   –     Providers of personal credit
   –     Providers of credit for commercial purposes
   –     The ‘accessible’ market includes lenders that are not currently allied to major
         insurance firm




                                                                                              28
Providers of Personal Credit
   –      Commercial banks: include different kinds of Banks, large and small, public and
          private, Indian and foreign
   –      Public Sector: includes State Bank of India and its associate banks as well as
          other nationalized banks
   –      Private sector (Indian): This includes the newly set-up HDFC Bank and ICICI
          bank as well as many older private sector banks. The larger private sector banks
          are associated with insurance firms, and therefore cannot be considered to be
          ‘accessible’. However many private banks are still not affiliated with any
          insurance firm.
   –      Private sector (Foreign): Some foreign banks are quite large and associated with
          a high degree of dynamism in providing personal loans such as Citibank.
          However many others are predominantly oriented towards financing commercial
          and trade requirements
   –      Regional Rural Banks: are typically small banks that have a high degree of rural
          reach. They are also un-affiliated with insurance firms.
   –      Credit Card loans: are provided by all types of banks, however the credit card
          lending is not-reported separately but as a part of overall ‘personal loans’. This
          study therefore has not been able to include them as a separate entity.
   –      Non Banking Finance Companies (NBFCs)
   –      Non-Housing NBFCs: These financial institutions grew rapidly through the
          nineties, however due to competition from the banking sector their growth has
          slowed down. It is expected that they will not be important players in the future.
          However, many automobile companies have their own NBFCs and these may
          continue to have some importance in the future. Most NBFCs are unaffiliated
          with insurance firms, though a few are.
   –      Housing finance companies: A few HFCs have been quite strong and are
          growing rapidly such as HDFC. However few smaller ones are likely to survive
          the competition from Banks. The smaller HFCs are also unaffiliated though the
          larger ones such as HDFC are.
   –      Corporate loans to employees: Large public sector firms as well as a few private
          sector non-financial firms are large providers of loans to their employees. Most
          such companies are unaffiliated with insurance firms.

Providers of Credit for Commercial Purposes
   –      Commercial banks
   –      Public Sector
   –      Private sector (Indian)
   –      Private sector (Foreign)
   –      Regional Rural Banks
   –      Kisan Credit Cards: Kisan credit cards are designed to enable easy credit to
          farmers from Scheduled Commercial Banks. However these loans are
          categorized as direct agriculture loans and have not been separately dealt with.




                                                                                             29
–       Credit Societies/ Cooperatives: Cooperative, credit societies, self help groups,
            have been important players; however they are typically poorly managed and
            subject to stringent regulatory oversight. Though they are predominantly un-
            affiliated with insurance firms, partnering with these institutions will be a long-
            term process, as they are not known for their flexibility.
    –       State finance and other development corporations: Many state organizations
            provide credit for ‘development’ or ‘socially desirable’ purposes. These include
            to disadvantaged sections, small-scale industries, etc. These organizations are
            also not known for their flexibility or dynamism. If current trends continue, they
            will soon become insignificant players. However many are reported to be
            changing and may be open to partnering. However, it is reported that single-
            person-dependent loans are not a high share of their total outstanding.

Purposes of Credit
   –      Durables: Consumer durables
   –      Housing: Housing loans are a rapidly expanding segment and are likely to remain
          so for the foreseeable future.
   –      Automobiles, Education, Health and other personal: These are not reported
          individually and it is not possible to disentangle the various components of the
          ‘other personal loans’. There is significant flexibility related to duration of loans.
          Typically however for health and other consumption purposes loans tend to be
          for about 2 years, for automobiles for two to five years, and for education from
          five to 20 years. All are secured loans.
   –      Commercial: Almost all commercial loans are secured loans and could be highly
          short term to 5 to 20 years. Generally commercial loans to individuals have a
          good repayment history.

Commercial Bank Loans for Housing, Durables, & Other: Characteristics
  –     Public Sector: Well spread across country
  –     Private sector (Indian): Dynamic, expanding rapidly
  –     Private sector (Foreign): Concentrating on metros and ‘premium’ customers
  –     Regional Rural Banks: large rural spread but many are poorly run

What SCBs lend for
  –     Durables: Includes consumer durables, PCs, etc
  –     Housing: Housing purchase, repair and construction
  –     Other Personal
  –     Credit Cards
  –     Automobiles
  –     Education, Health Etc.
  –     Not all SCBs follow exactly same categorization




                                                                                             30
Average Account Size of All Personal Loans
     Amt/Acc (Rs)      Consumer           Housing           Rest of Personal   All Personal
     2001              Durables
     Public Sector
     Foreign Banks
     RRBs
     Private Indian
     Total



Housing Finance Institutions: Characteristics
  –      Both SCBs and HFCs
  –      SCBs also considered previously
  –      Many not affiliated with insurance companies
  –      But could potentially offer own credit-life products
  –      Possibility of alliance is open
  –      Cost of providing credit-life products/service of critical importance
  –      Non Banking Finance Corporations (non-housing): Characteristics
  –      Have suffered loss in market share from Banks in the past
  –      RRBs the most aggressive players in this segment
  –      Banks report durable and auto loans under ‘Durables’ and ‘Rest of Personal’
         categories
  –      Not possible to disentangle market size cleanly


Calculating Market Size
   –      Use 2001 as base year as data are provisional or estimates for later years
   –      First estimate total possible market for credit-life
   –      But some of this is inaccessible
   –      Then estimate all ‘accessible’ market size

Problem in estimating market size
   –      Non availability of categorization of purpose from many sources
   –      Non uniformity in categorization of purpose from many sources
   –      Only broad numbers available for some (eg. RRBs)
   –      Inter FI lending: Possibility of double counting
   –      Focus more on identification of accessible markets
   –      Estimations at a single point in time as well as relevant break-ups of sub-
          components have been conducted taking into consideration the above factors




                                                                                              31
Total Market Size: Personal Loans
                                              All
                                          Personal
                                            Loans                    Auto &
                                             (Rs.                     Other
                         Rs Mill., 2001   '000,000) Housing Durables Personal
                         Bank
                        SBI Associates
                        Nationalized
                        Indian Pvt
                        Foreign
                        RRBs
                        Non Bank
                        HFCs
                        NBFCs
                        Corporates
                        Total



Total Market Size: Commercial Loans
                                                                                            Priority
                                                                                  Priority   Sr. -
                Priority Sr. Priority Priority                     Priority Sr.- Sr.-Food Export
                  Direct Sr. Small- Sr. Road Priority Priority Professional Processing Credit
 Rs Mill.,      Agriculture scale     & Water Sr.-Retail Sr.-Small   & Self      not incl. (Foreign
2001              Loans industries Transport Trade Business          Empl.          SSI     Banks)
 Bank Total
 SBI Ass
 Nationalized
 Indian Pvt
 Foreign
 RRBs
Non Bank
Total
HFCs
NBFCs
Corporates
Total



Other sources of credit: State financial corporations
– Cooperatives at different levels
– However market size cannot be estimated for this segment
– Large amount of inter-lending with these categories of institutions and also from
   commercial banks to these institutions
– Difficult to make an estimate



                                                                                                32
Credit Societies/Cooperatives: Characteristics
   –      Receive loans from SCBs and others under ‘Agriculture’ or ‘Priority’ head
   –      Highly regulated
   –      Most have personnel with low financial skill-base
   –      Many not viable in the medium-long term
   –      Include
                     –       The Primary Agricultural Co-operative Societies
                     –       District Central Co-operative Banks
                     –       State Co-operative Banks
                     –       Comparative Share of Co-operative Banks vis-a-vis SCBs

State -Level Finance Corporations: Characteristics
    –      State financial corporations
    –      Institutions oriented towards disadvantaged sections
    –      Development institutions such as tourism development
    –      Highly structured operations
    –      Many are re-appraising role in changing economy


State -Level Finance Corporations: Provide credit to
    –      Companies
    –      Proprietorships and Partnerships
    –      Professionals
    –      Artisans
    –      Deprived sections
    –      Credit predominantly for ‘productive purposes’
    –      Also includes that for
                       –       Automobiles
                       –       Housing
    –      Other assets: Shops, restaurants, cattle etc.
    –      Almost all loans backed by tangible assets

Other Commercial Bank Credit: Characteristics of Priority Sector
   –     Priority sector lending constitutes about 40 percent of all SCB lending
   –     Large part for agriculture, SSIs, and for export
   –     But significant amounts to:
   –     Professionals
   –     Artisans
   –     Shop owners, restaurants




                                                                                   33
Key Issues in the Accessing of the Non-conventional Market
   –      Regulations, state and central government policies and procedures
   –      Openness of government and public functionaries to allying with non-public
          sector entities
   –      Marketing capability at state and sub-state level
   –      Lobbying abilities


Accessibility: Banks
   –       Negligible-Low Accessibility
   –       Foreign Private Sector Banks
   –       Larger Indian Private Sector Banks
   –       SBI and Affiliates
   –       Low-Medium Accessibility
   –       Smaller non-SBI public sector (some do not have any current plans for insurance
           related product-lines)
   –       Poorly performing RRBs
   –       Medium-High Accessibility
   –       Better performing RRBs
   –       Smaller Indian Private Sector Banks

Accessibility: Housing Finance Companies
   –       Consistent long term fall
   –       Shares expected to be lower in coming years due to aggressive private SCBs
   –       Largest fall in market share of smaller players
   –       Possibility of accessing larger players low
   –       HDFC, GICHF, LICHF, Canfin, etc.
   –       Indicates falling long term potential for credit-life through HFCs

Accessibility: Non Banking Finance Companies (non-housing)
   –       Medium-High
   –       NBFCs associated with auto companies
   –       Smaller NBFCs such as Nidhis, etc.
   –       But falling size
   –       Outstanding in 2003 in the region of Rs 80,000 mill (hire purchase and lease)

Accessibility: Corporate Employee Loans
   –       Medium to High
   –       Have not normally partnered with FIs
   –       Do not have required financial skill-base




                                                                                           34
Accessibility: Cooperatives
   –       Low to Medium
   –       Need exists
   –       Not ‘attached’ to competing FIs
   –       But highly regulated
   –       Not clear what permissions or procedures will be required

Accessibility: SFCs
   –       Medium to High
   –       Significant part of credit not for consumption related loans
   –       Consider expanding scope to include credit-life to proprietorships as well
   –       Could cover:
   –       Professionals
   –       Proprietorships
   –       Artisans
   –       Disadvantaged sections


                           Accessible Market: Personal Loans

                                                    Auto &
                                                     Other     All Personal
                 Rs Mill. 2001 Housing   Durables   Personal      Loans
                  Banks
                 SBI Ass
                 Nationalized
                 Indian Pvt
                 Foreign
                 RRBs
                 Non Bank
                 HFCs
                 NBFCs
                 Corporates
                 Total




                                                                                        35
Accessible Market: Relevant Commercial Loans from Priority Sector Advances
                                                                                         Priority
                                                                              Priority    Sr. -
             Priority Sr. Priority Priority                     Priority Sr.- Sr.-Food Export     Total
               Direct Sr. Small- Sr. Road Priority Priority Professional Processing Credit (Relevant
             Agriculture scale     & Water Sr.-Retail Sr.-Small    & Self     not incl. (Foreign Priority
Rs Mill. 2001 Loans industries Transport Trade Business            Empl.         SSI     Banks) Sector)
Banks
SBI Ass
Nationalized
Indian Pvt
Foreign
RRBs
Non Bank
HFCs
NBFCs
Corporates
Total



                 Total Accessible Market: Banks, corporate, NBFCs etc.
                                   All Personal
                                   Loans (Rs.     Total (Relevant
                Rs Mill. 2001       '000,000)     Priority Sector)    Total
                 Banks
                SBI Ass
                Nationalized
                Indian Pvt
                Foreign
                RRBs
                Non Bank
                HFCs
                NBFCs
                Corporates
                Total



Total Accessible Market Size
   –      Total accessible market size of about Rs 1,555 Billion as of 2001
   –      Market has been growing at about 20% in early 2000s but is expected to grow by
          about 15% annually this decade
   –      Conservative estimates as this does not include those by SFCs, cooperatives etc.
   –      Avoid possibilities of double counting




                                                                                                36
I. Housing Finance
1. Data Description

The Housing Finance (HF) industry in India has two major segments consisting of
Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs) and specialized Housing Finance Companies (HFCs).
While there is a significant amount of data available for the SCBs, the data on HFCs is
limited.

Two sources of data have been used for this analysis: (1) Reserve Bank of India and (2)
Annual accounts of the major HFCs.

(1) The RBI data coverage is in three parts for the years ending March 31st in 2000, 2001 and
2002.
    (i)   An occupational classification of bank credit gives a state-wise break-up of credit
          going to different sectors, by different types of scheduled commercial banks. The
          data is further broken up for each state, but for the purposes of this analysis we
          use a regional classification (See Appendix II).
    (ii)  The Scheduled Commercial Bank’s advances under Priority Sector (2000 and
          2001) gives a statewise (regional) break-up of credit given by the banks either
          directly or indirectly. Indirect credit is typically through HFCs where the banks
          lend to HFCs against an earmarked portfolio of accounts.
    (iii)  State and Population Group wise Classification of Outstanding Credit of Small
          Borrowal Accounts of Scheduled Commercial Banks According to Occupation

The RBI data has a hierarchical structure; (ii) is a subset of (i) and (iii) is a sub-set of (ii).
While for all market related analysis, we rely on data from (i), we also provide an analysis of
data from (ii) and (iii) to give an idea of the characteristics of the different market segments.

(2) Annual financial statements of 15 HFCs for 5 years 1998 – 2002.

(3) CRIS INFAC Retail Finance Annual Review: January 2003.

2 Formal Credit In The Housing Finance Sector


2.1 Market Size Of The Housing Finance Sector
The HF industry has been growing at a healthy CAGR, estimated to be in the 25-30% range.
While market size can be defined in many ways – annual sanction, annual disbursement of
housing loans, outstanding credit for housing purposes, we define the market as the stock of
outstanding loans to the housing sector. The size is estimated as follows:

(Housing Loans O/S for HFCs – Bank Borrowings by HFCs) + SCB O/S Housing Loans




                                                                                               37
Table 1: Select Financials Of 15 Housing Finance Companies In India, 1998-2002
                                               (Amount in Rs. bill.)
           Select Financials for
           HFCs (from B/S)*                      1998           1999         2000        2001      2002
           Networth
           Borrowings
             Banks
             Financial Institutions
             Foreign
             Bonds/Debentures
             Fixed Deposits

           Housing Loans
            YOY Growth (%)
                             Source: Financial Statements of HFCs (Prowess, CMIE)
                  * A list of the HFCs whose financials are reported here is given in Appendix 1

            Table 2: Estimate Of Housing Finance Market Size, 2000-2002

                                                                                 (Amount in Rs. bill.)
       Market Size Estimate                                                  2000          2001      2002
       HFC Housing Loans O/S                   A
       Bank borrowing by HFCs                  B
       Net Housing Loans by HFCs               (A) - (B) = C
       Housing Loans O/S for SCBs              D
       Market Size                             (C) + (D)
       YOY Growth in Market Size (%)

A market size of approximately Rs. 525 billion translates to about 3% of the country’s GDP,
which is small in comparison to other countries (see Fig 1). It is useful to bear in mind that
the housing finance market is comparatively young in India. According to CRISIL, the
housing finance market enjoys a market share of 52% in the key retail finance market. In
existence for over two decade, the buoyancy of the market is a recent phenomenon, in the
last 3-4 years. The tax incentives for owner occupied homes under section 88 of the IT Act,
combined with the reduction in the interest rates gave a fillip to the market in recent years.
The size of the new mortgages sanctioned and the amounts disbursed have grown much
faster than the housing loans outstanding, suggesting that a large proportion of the housing
loans were refinanced due to the significant fall in the interest rates. For instance, during the
financial year 2001 housing loans disbursement for HDFC was Rs. 58.03 billion while its
loan outstanding rose by Rs. 31.5 billion. Also, for the financial year 2002, the corresponding
figures were Rs. 76.17 billion and Rs. 39.83 billion respectively.




                                                                                                            38
Figure 1-Housing Finance as a % of GDP 2002-
                                                   2003

                         70%
                                                                            58%
                         60%
                         50%
              % of GDP




                         40%
                         30%
                         20%              15%       15%
                         10%    3%                              3%
                         0%
                                India   Malaysia   Thailand    Korea        USA
                                                   Country



Since we have limited data on HFCs, the housing loans data from the banking sector
comprising of Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs) is analyzed in significant detail to
provide insights into market segmentation of housing finance.

It should however be noted that the banks have an economic incentive to lend money either
directly or indirectly to this sector since such loans (less than Rs. 0.5 m in rural areas and Rs.
1.0 mill. in urban/metropolitan areas) qualify for Priority Sector lending. Given that 40% of
the credits extended by the banks have to be to the priority sector, housing loans are
preferred. We see below that about 75% of the banks lending to this sector qualifies for
priority sector. What this implies is that most of the non-bank lending to the sector is larger
than the priority sector threshold.


3 Housing Finance Credit Of Housing Finance Companies (HFC)

3.1 Credit Account Related Analysis

3.1.2 Total Housing Credit Disbursed Of HFC’s And Overall Growth Of The
       Segment

In 2001-02, the incremental disbursement of HFC’s is estimated to have increased by 17.3%
over 2000-01 to Rs. 148.05 billion. In the same period, the total outstanding loans of HFC’s
are estimated to have increased by 19.8% to Rs. 385.73 billion. However, the outstanding
assets of other HFC’s is estimated to have increased by only 9.5% due to lower incremental
disbursements in 2001-2002 coupled with existing borrowers opting for refinance from
other aggressive players like banks as a result of the declining interest rates. The share of
outstanding housing loans of HFC’s to total housing loans is estimated to have declined
significantly from 82.9% in 2000-01 to 72% in 2001-2002 indicating a loss of outstanding
portfolio by HFC’s to banks.




                                                                                               39
3.1.2 Number And Average Size Of Accounts

Financing from HFC’s are generally in the form of term loans. During the 1998-99 to 2001-
02 period, the average size of the retail loan is estimated to have increased from Rs. 152,000
to Rs. 225,000, a CAGR of 18.9%. In 2001-02 the average loan size of HDFC was Rs.
357,500, an increase of 10.9% over the previous year 2000-01. The number of housing loans
disbursed by HDFC increased by 18.3% to 213,000. The average loan size of LIC Housing
Finance and Dewan Housing Finance was Rs. 313,500 and Rs. 224,400. Housing finance
companies while sanctioning loans give higher credit to households having more than one
earning member and sanctions loan amounts upto a maximum of 36 months of average
household income. HFC’s finance loans upto a limit of 85% and in select construction
projects upto 100% of the value of the house.

3.1.3 Average Tenure

Most HFC’s offer housing loans for a period of 15-20 years. During the 1996-2002 periods,
the tenure of loans available increased from 7-10 years to 20-30 years. However the average
tenure of loan at origination ranges from 10-14 years, while the average duration of
outstanding loans is 7-8 years. Interest rates for shorter tenure loans (below 5 years) are
lower than longer tenure loans (15 years and above) by 75-175 basis points.

3.1.4 Average EMI

During the 1995-1996 period, the EMI on housing loans is estimated to have declined by
almost 50%. The EMI on a 20-year loan at 8.5% interest is Rs. 870 per and on a 7 year, loan
at 18% interest is approximately Rs. 1590).

3.2 Analysis Of The Competitive Scenario Of The HFC Segment

3.2.1 Major Players In The HFC Segment

There are approximately 350 HFC’s in India of which only 31 are approved and registered
with the NHB for refinancing. The major players are:

   •   Housing Development Finance Corporation
   •   Life Insurance Company Housing Finance
   •   General Insurance Company Housing Finance
   •   Dewan Housing Finance Corporation Ltd.
   •   Canfin Homes Ltd.

3.2.2 Current Performance Of The HFC Players

In 2001-02, the disbursements of HFC’s like HDFC, LIC Housing Finance and Canfin
Homes increased by 31.3%, 25.5% and 28% respectively over 2000-01.




                                                                                            40
3.2.3 Credit Ratings Of The HFC’s

Credit ratings of the major HFC’s are listed below. See Appendix IV for a detailed list of
credit ratings for all HFC’s.

   •   Housing Development Finance Corporation-AAA (CRISIL)
   •   Life Insurance Company Housing Finance-AAA (CRISIL)
   •   General Insurance Company Housing Finance-AA (CARE)
   •   Dewan Housing Finance Corporation Ltd.-AA (CARE, Fitch)
   •   Canfin Homes Ltd.-A+ (CRISIL)

3.2.4 Non Performing Assets (NPA) of HFC

The average gross NPA of the industry is estimated at 2-2.5% of the outstanding portfolio.
However, it varies between 1-5%. In 2001-02, gross NPA of HDFC was .91% of the
portfolio. The industry credit loss is determined at 20-40 basis points

3.2.5 Market Share Of The HFC’s

Table 3: Incremental Disbursements Of The HFC’s In The Housing Finance Sector
                                                     (Rs. bill.)
                      Particulars 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02
                     HDFC
                     LICHF
                     GICHF
                     Dewan HF
                     Canfin Homes
                     Other HFCs
                     All HFCs
                  Source: CRIS INFAC Retail Finance Annual Review: January 2003

       Table 4: Outstanding Loans Of HFC’s In The Housing Finance Sector
                                                        (Rs. bill.)
                 Particulars      1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02
                 HDFC
                 LICHF
                 GICHF
                 Dewan HF
                 Canfin Homes
                 Other HFCs
                 All HFCs
                 Source: CRIS INFAC Retail Finance Annual Review: January 2003

In 2001-02, the aggregate market share of all HFC’s in aggregate retail disbursements
declined by 9.1% to 59.2%. Most of the HFC’s have lost their market share to the banks.
However, the largest loosing segment has been the small and medium sized HFC’s with a
loss of 7.2% in market share. The market share of small and medium HFC’s declined from


                                                                                             41
25% in 2000-01 to 17.8% in 2001-02. Market share of HDFC declined from 31.4% in 2000-
01 to 30.5% in 2001-02.


4. Commercial Banks In Housing Finance

4.1 Market Size And Growth Of Housing Finance From Banks, 2000-2002

   Table 5: Total Outstanding Of Housing Loan By Scheduled Commercial Banks

                        Particulars                    2000 2001 2002
                        Total Outstanding (Rs. bill.)
                        Total Accounts
                        Amount Per Account (Rs. mill.)
                        Growth in O/s (Rs. bill.)
                        Growth Rate in Total O/s (%)
Source: Reserve Bank of India data on State and Bank Group-wise Classification of Outstanding Credit of
                         Scheduled Commercial Banks According to Occupation

4.2 Outstanding Housing Credit By Type Of Scheduled Commercial Banks

  Table 6: Outstanding Housing Credit And Market Share By Type Of SCBs - 2000-
                                        2002

                                                                                    (Rs. mill. /
    (%)
    Outstanding Loans/Market Share                        2000               2001              2002
    SBI & Associates
    Nationalized banks
    Other SCB
    Foreign Banks
    RRB
    All SCB
Source: Reserve Bank of India data on State and Bank Group-wise Classification of outstanding Credit of
Scheduled Commercial Banks According

    •   Table 6 shows that the nationalized banks along with State Bank of India and
        Associates (SBI) dominate 80% of the market for housing finance in India. Between
        2000 and 2001, SBI has gained market share at the expense of the Nationalized
        banks




                                                                                                      42
Figure 2-Bank Groupwise Housing Loan Outstanding Per
             Amount O/s per Account                          Account

                                      0.8
                                      0.7
                                      0.6
                    (Rs mn)


                                                                                                             2000
                                      0.5
                                      0.4                                                                    2001
                                      0.3
                                      0.2                                                                    2002
                                      0.1
                                        0




                                                                            Foreign




                                                                                         RRB




                                                                                                 Other SCB
                                                          Nationalised
                                              SBI & Ass




                                                                            Banks
                                                             banks


                                                                         Bank Group

 Source: Reserve Bank of India data on State and Bank Group-wise Classification of outstanding Credit of
                          Scheduled Commercial Banks According to Occupation

     • The quantum of housing loan disbursed per account, is the highest for foreign banks
       as compared to other bank groups as shown in Figure 2 above although their market
       share has remained in the 6-8% bracket in the period 2000-2002.
Table 7: Region Wise Market Share Each Bank Type In Outstanding Housing Credit
                                       For 2002 (in %)
Region/Bank                                 SBI        & Nationalized                 Foreign   RRB Other           All
                                            Associates   Banks                        Banks         SCB             Banks
Northern region
North-eastern region
Eastern region
Central region
Western region
Southern region
All India
Source: Reserve Bank of India data on State and Bank Group-wise Classification of outstanding Credit of Scheduled Commercial
                                               Banks According to Occupation
Table 8: Bank Wise Market Share In Each Region For Outstanding Housing Credit,
                                   2002 (in %)
Region/ Bank     SBI &       Nationalized      Foreign  RRB Other      All
                 Associates Banks              Banks           SCB     Banks
Northern region
North-eastern
region
Eastern region
Central region
Western region
Southern region
All India
Source: Reserve Bank of India data on State and Bank Group-wise Classification of outstanding Credit of Scheduled Commercial
Banks According to Occupation


                                                                                                                        43
Table 9: Bank-Wise Market Share In Each Population Group For Outstanding
                                     Housing Credit-2002
                                                                           (in %)
                                         SBI & Nationalized Foreign                              RRB           Other         All SCB
       Population Groups               Associates Banks      Banks                                             SCB
       Rural
       Semi-Urban
       Urban
       Metropolitan
       All India
      Source: Reserve Bank of India data on Population and Bank Group wise classification of outstanding credit of Scheduled Commercial Banks
                                                            According to Occupation


         •     Amongst all SCB, SBI & Associates and Nationalized Banks together have over 70%
               of Housing Loan market share across each of the population group sectors for the
               year 2002, as can be seen from Table 9.


     Table 10: Population Group-Wise Market Share Of Each Bank Type In Outstanding
                           Housing Loan Credit For 2002 (in %)

                        SBI & Nationalized                                  Foreign            RRB            Other            All SCB
    Population Groups Associates Banks                                       Banks                            SCB
    Rural
    Semi-Urban
    Urban
    Metropolitan
    All India
      Source: Reserve Bank of India data on Population and Bank Group wise classification of outstanding credit of Scheduled Commercial Banks
                                                            According to Occupation


             Table 11: Commercial Banks In Housing Finance – The Population Group
                                Perspective (Amount in Rs. mill.)

                                    2000                    2001                    2002
Population group          Amount O/s Amt per Acc. Amount O/s Amt per Acc. Amount O/s Amt per Acc.
Rural
Semi Urban
Urban
Metropolitan
All India
        Source: Reserve Bank of India data on Population and Bank Group wise classification of outstanding credit of Scheduled
                                            Commercial Banks According to Occupation




                                                                                                                                           44
•   Referring to Table 11, we observe that the Urban and Metropolitan group of the
           population together occupied 70% of the Housing Loan Market for the year 2002.
           We also see that each of the population group has more than doubled its loan per
           housing account in 2002 on comparison with data from 2000. What could possibly
           have helped such a steep rise?


   5. Formal Credit in Housing Finance Sector By Location

   5.1 Region-Wise Housing Loans Outstanding Between 2000-2002

       •   Referring to Table 12, we observe that the western and southern region enjoyed a
           market share of 59%-61% during 2002.

    Table 12: Region-Wise Housing Loans Outstanding And Amount Outstanding Per
                                Housing Loan By All SCB

                                                                       (Rs. mill.)
Particulars                    2000                2001              2002
Regions Of India        No. Of Amount Amt. No. Of Amount Amt No. of Amount Amt
                       Accounts O/s    per Accounts O/s  per Accounts O/s      per
                                      Acc.               Acc.                 Acc.
Northern region
North eastern region
Eastern region
Central region
Western Region
Southern region
All India
    Source: Reserve Bank of India data on State and Bank Group-wise Classification of outstanding Credit of
                             Scheduled Commercial Banks According to Occupation
       •   Amount disbursed per loan has increased significantly between 2000 and 2002 in
           almost all the regions as can be seen from Table 12. The western region has grown
           the maximum in 2002 to an amount of Rs0.23m per account as shown in Table 12.
           This is probably due to the high property prices in Bombay.

       •   The loans per account is the highest in the western and southern regions which
           matches the previous observation of the two regions dominating almost 60% of
           market share in the period 2000-2002. Although the market share of the southern
           region is higher, the loans per account are lower than that of the western region. This
           highlights the existence of high property prices in Bombay, which is likely to
           dominate the regions’ demand for housing loans.




                                                                                                         45
5.3 ‘Big Players’ State Wise Analysis
    Table 13: Cumulative Market Share Of Housing Credit Of 10 Top States In %
                                                 Cumulative Share, O/s             States’
           States                                                                  Market
                                                                                   Share
           Maharashtra
           Tamil Nadu
           Karnataka
           Andhra Pradesh
           Kerala
           Uttar Pradesh
           West Bengal
           Delhi
           Rajasthan
           Gujarat
           All India
Source: Reserve Bank of India data on State and Bank Group-wise Classification of outstanding Credit of
                         Scheduled Commercial Banks According to Occupation


6. Priority Sector Lending Of Housing Credit

  Table 14: All India Housing Loan Advances Under Priority Sector 2000 And 2001
                               (Amount in Rs. mill.)
                                     2000
    Direct Finance             Indirect Finance                       Total
                               No. of        Amount                                   Amount
    No. of Accounts Amount O/s Accounts      O/s                      No. of Accounts O/s

                                                   2001
    Direct Finance                     Indirect Finance               Total
                    Amount                             Amount                         Amount
    No. of Accounts O/s                No. of Accounts O/s            No. of Accounts O/s

        Source: Reserve Bank of India “ Scheduled Commercial Bank’s Advances under Priority Sector”
   •   The housing loan advances under priority sector, which stood at Rs. 123.59 bill. in
       the year 2000, rose by 68.71% for the following year. The growth can be accredited
       firstly to the direct housing finance segment which rose from Rs. 55.26 bill. in 2000
       by a high 89.25% in 2001 and secondly to the indirect housing finance segment,
       which saw it’s outstanding reach Rs.103.93 bill. in year 2001- a growth of 52.10%
       over it’s previous year account.

   •   The percentage contribution to the overall outstanding by the direct housing finance
       under priority sector jumped from 44.71% in 2000 to 50.15% in 2001.

   *Refer to Appendix III for definition of Priority Sector Lending




                                                                                                      46
Table 15: Region Wise Amount Per Account For SCB’s Advances To Priority Sector
                             (Amount in Rs. mill.)
                                          2000                             2001
 Regions of India           No. of Amount        Amount      No. of Amount        Amount
                            Accounts Outstanding per account Accounts Outstanding per account
Northern Region
North-Eastern Region
Eastern Region
Central Region
Western Region
Southern Region
All India
        Source: Reserve Bank of India “ Scheduled Commercial Bank’s Advances under Priority Sector”

    •     As we can see from Table 15, the Western region has a very high value for
          outstanding amount per housing loan under priority sector in comparison with the
          other regions for both the concerned years. The reason for this could be the
          presence of Mumbai and other industrial cities in this region.

    •     The only substantial change that can be seen for both segments of housing loans
          under priority sector for the concerned years has been from the southern region. An
          apparent loosening of hold of the market in this region is complemented by the
          western region’s increase in hold in these segments.


7. Non -Priority Sector Outstanding In The Housing Finance Sector

    7.1 Definition & Features Of Small Borrowal Accounts In Housing
      Credit Sector
With reference to the ‘Basic Statistical Return of Scheduled Commercial Banks in India’-
Volume 31, a home publication of Reserve Bank of India, all borrowal accounts with the
credit limit of Rs. 2 lakh or less of all scheduled commercial banks including Regional Rural
Banks, are classified as ‘small borrowal accounts’ or non-priority sector borrowals, from March
1999 survey onwards.

            Non- Priority Sector O/S= All Bank Total O/S- Priority Sector O/S

Table 16
                          Particulars                                     2000          2001
                          Total Outstanding (Rs. bill.)
                          Total Accounts
                          Amount per Account (Rs. mill.)
 Source: Reserve Bank of India “ Scheduled Commercial Bank’s Advances under Priority Sector” and data on State and Bank
                                     GroupWise Classification of O/S Credit of SCB’s.



                                                                                                                     47
II. Personal Loans
1. Data Description

The personal loan (PL) segment of bank lending consists of loans given to individuals for
unspecified purposes. This segment includes both “unsecured “ credit as well as credit
“secured” against a variety of collateral- property, shares, other financial securities, etc. It is
difficult to ascertain the purposes of these loans, but it is a growing segment of the
consumer finance market. The only source of data used for this analysis is from the database
of the Reserve Bank of India.

The RBI data coverage is in three parts for the years ending March 31st in 2000, 2001 and
2002.

    (i)       An occupational classification of bank credit gives a state-wise break-up of credit
              going to different sectors, by different types of scheduled commercial banks. The
              data is further broken up for each state, but for the purposes of this analysis we
              use a regional classification.

    (ii)      Population group wise and Bank group wise classification of outstanding credit
              of Scheduled Commercial Banks According to Occupation.



2. Commercial Banks In Personal Loan Segment

2.1 Market Size And Growth Of PL Credit From Banks, 2000-2002

              Table 17: Total Outstanding In PL By Scheduled Commercial Banks

                             Particulars                       2000          2001          2002
                   Total Outstanding (Rs. bill.)
                   Total Accounts
                   Amount per Account (Rs. mill.)
                   Growth in O/s (Rs. bill.)
                   Growth Rate in Total O/s (%)
    Source: Reserve Bank of India data on State and Bank Group Wise Classification of Outstanding Credit of Scheduled
                                        Commercial Banks According to Occupation



•   The PL sector has grown marginally by 1.465 between 2001-02 with corresponding
    growth in outstanding worth Rs. 20 billion approximately.




                                                                                                                        48
2.2 Outstanding PL Credit By Types Of Scheduled Commercial Banks, 2000-2002


        Table 18: Outstanding Credit In PL Segment By Types Of SCB’s (2000-2002)

                                                                                                (Rs.
                                                                                      mill.)
               Outstanding Loans                 2000                   2001                   2002
              SBI &Associates
              Nationalized Banks
              Foreign Banks
              RRB
              Other SCB
              All SCB
  Source: Reserve Bank of India data on State and Bank Group Wise Classification of Outstanding Credit of Scheduled
  Commercial Banks According to Occupation


      •    Table 18 shows that for the period 2000-2002, there has been no significant shift in
           the market share of the different types of banks. About 65-70% of the personal loan
           market was dominated by SBI & Associates and nationalized banks.


   Table 19: Region Wise Market Share Of Each Bank Type In Outstanding Credit For
                                 Personal Loan 2002

                                                                                                                      (in %)
                              SBI &             Nationalized           Foreign                         Other       All
    Region/Bank             Associates            Banks                 Banks            RRB           SCB        Banks
Northern Region
North-Eastern Region
Eastern Region
Central Region
Western Region
Southern Region
All India
  Source: Reserve Bank of India data on State and Bank Group Wise Classification of Outstanding Credit of
                           Scheduled Commercial Banks According to Occupation

      •    The southern region accounts for the largest share of the personal loan market-
           accounting for close to 40% of all India borrowing.




                                                                                                                       49
Market Potential For Credit Insurance
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Market Potential For Credit Insurance

  • 1. MARKET POTENTIAL FOR CREDIT INSURANCE NOVEMBER 14, 2003 i NDICUS ANALYTICS B - 17 GREATER KAILASH ENCLAVE 2 New Delhi 110048, India HTTP://WWW.INDICUS.NET, INDIC@INDICUS.NET, (91-11) 29222838/63 1
  • 2. Chapter 1 Introduction and Summary Background • Credit to households one of the fastest growing segments of the financial sector. • Households comprise: – Individuals – Proprietorships – Partnerships – HUFs – Cooperatives and religious organizations Household Credit • Household credit market has been growing rapidly through the eighties and nineties and is expected to continue. This is due to: – Demographics: high proportion of population among younger age groups in the country – Fast expanding consumption opportunities in the post-1991 reform period • Banks have always been the key credit provider to households in the formal sector and will continue to be so as is the case internationally • Household credit has been growing at about …. percent through the nineties and this expected to continue through the next decade • Growth has been, and is expected to be, similar for bank loans as well as other types of loans Changes in Financial Liabilities of Household Sector 40,000 35,000 30,000 Rs. 10 Mill 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 1970-71 1975-76 1980-81 1985-86 1990-91 1995-96 2000-01 Total Loans Bank Loans 2
  • 3. This study • Focuses on Credit to individuals – Personal loans for consumption purposes – Proprietorships, partnerships etc., for commercial purposes • Provided by organized sector both for personal and commercial purposes • It includes any formal loans whose repayment is affected by the health/life conditions of the key borrowing individual • Kinds of loans included in the study – Personal loans for durables, housing, others such as education – Professionals, self-employed, owners of small and tiny industries, agriculturists, etc. Key Objectives of the study – To identify insights into market characteristics that enables Max New York Life (MNYL) to satisfy credit-life insurance requirements – Size of the accessible credit insurance industry – Characteristics of various segments of the credit industry – What industry professionals believe – What are the consumers ‘openness’ levels towards credit-life insurance The Market Size – The credit-market size considered includes: – Providers of personal credit – Providers of credit for commercial purposes – The ‘accessible’ market includes lenders that are not currently allied to major insurance firm Providers of Personal Credit – Commercial banks: include different kinds of Banks, large and small, public and private, Indian and foreign – Public Sector: includes State Bank of India and its associate banks as well as other nationalized banks – Private sector (Indian): This includes the newly set-up HDFC Bank and ICICI bank as well as many older private sector banks. The larger private sector banks are associated with insurance firms, and therefore cannot be considered to be ‘accessible’. However many private banks are still not affiliated with any insurance firm. – Private sector (Foreign): Some foreign banks are quite large and associated with a high degree of dynamism in providing personal loans such as Citibank. However many others are predominantly oriented towards financing commercial and trade requirements – Regional Rural Banks: are typically small banks that have a high degree of rural reach. They are also un-affiliated with insurance firms. 3
  • 4. Credit Card loans: are provided by all types of banks, however the credit card lending is not-reported separately but as a part of overall ‘personal loans’. This study therefore has not been able to include them as a separate entity. – Non Banking Finance Companies (NBFCs) – Non-Housing NBFCs: These financial institutions grew rapidly through the nineties, however due to competition from the banking sector their growth has slowed down. It is expected that they will not be important players in the future. However, many automobile companies have their own NBFCs and these may continue to have some importance in the future. Most NBFCs are unaffiliated with insurance firms, though a few are. – Housing finance companies: A few HFCs have been quite strong and are growing rapidly such as HDFC. However, few smaller ones are likely to survive the competition from Banks. The smaller HFCs are also unaffiliated though the larger ones such as HDFC are. – Corporate loans to employees: Large public sector firms as well as a few [private sector non-financial firms are large providers of loans to their employees. Most such companies are unaffiliated with insurance firms. Providers of Credit for Commercial Purposes – Commercial banks – Public Sector – Private sector (Indian) – Private sector (Foreign) – Regional Rural Banks Kisan Credit Cards: Kisan credit cards are designed to enable easy credit to farmers from Scheduled Commercial Banks. However these loans are categorized as direct agriculture loans and have not been separately dealt with. – Credit Societies/ Cooperatives: Cooperative, credit societies, self help groups, have been important players; however they are typically poorly managed and subject to stringent regulatory oversight. Though they are predominantly un-affiliated with insurance firms, partnering with these institutions will be a long-term process, as they are not known for their flexibility. – State finance and other development corporations: Many state organizations provide credit for ‘development’ or ‘socially desirable’ purposes. These include to disadvantaged sections, small-scale industries, etc. These organizations are also not known for their flexibility or dynamism. If current trends continue, they will soon become insignificant players. However many are reported to be changing and may be open to partnering. However, it is reported that single-person-dependent loans are not a high share of their total outstanding. Purposes of Credit – Housing: Housing loans are a rapidly expanding segment and are likely to remain so for the foreseeable future. – Automobiles, Education, Health and other personal: These are not reported individually and it is not possible to disentangle the various components of the ‘other personal loans’. 4
  • 5. There is significant flexibility related to duration of loans. Typically however for health and other consumption purposes loans tend to be for about 2 years, for automobiles for two to five years, and for education from five to 20 years. All are secured loans. – Commercial: Almost all commercial loans are secured loans and could be highly short term to 5 to 20 years. Generally commercial loans to individuals have a good repayment history. Commercial Bank Loans for Housing, Durables, & Other: Characteristics – Public Sector: Well spread across country – Private sector (Indian): Dynamic, expanding rapidly – Private sector (Foreign): Concentrating on metros and ‘premium’ customers – Regional Rural Banks: large rural spread but many are poorly run Average Account Size of All Personal Loans Amt/Acc (Rs) Consumer Housing Rest of Personal All Personal 2001 Durables Public Sector Foreign Banks RRBs Private Indian Total Housing Finance Institutions: Characteristics – Both SCBs and HFCs – SCBs also considered previously – Many not affiliated with insurance companies – But could potentially offer own credit-life products – Possibility of alliance is open – Cost of providing credit-life products/service of critical importance Non Banking Finance Corporations (non-housing): Characteristics – Have suffered loss in market share from Banks in the past – RRBs the most aggressive players in this segment – Banks report durable and auto loans under ‘Durables’ and ‘Rest of Personal’ categories – Not possible to disentangle market size cleanly Calculating Market Size – Use 2001 as base year as data are provisional or estimates for later years – First estimate total possible market for credit-life – But some of this is inaccessible – Then estimate all ‘accessible’ market size Problem in estimating market size – Non availability of categorization of purpose from many sources – Non uniformity in categorization of purpose from many sources – Only broad numbers available for some (eg. RRBs) 5
  • 6. – Inter FI lending: Possibility of double counting – Focus more on identification of accessible markets – Estimations at a single point in time as well as relevant break-ups of sub-components have been conducted taking into consideration the above factors Total Market Size: Personal Loans All Personal Loans Auto & (Rs. Other Rs Mill., 2001 '000,000) Housing Durables Personal Bank SBI Associates Nationalized Indian Pvt Foreign RRBs Non Bank HFCs NBFCs Corporates Total Total Market Size: Commercial Loans Priority Priority Sr. - Priority Sr. Priority Priority Priority Sr.- Sr.-Food Export Direct Sr. Small- Sr. Road Priority Priority Professional Processing Credit Rs Mill., Agriculture scale & Water Sr.-Retail Sr.-Small & Self not incl. (Foreign 2001 Loans industries Transport Trade Business Empl. SSI Banks) Bank Total SBI Ass Nationalized Indian Pvt Foreign RRBs Non Bank Total HFCs NBFCs Corporates Total Other sources of credit • Include o State financial corporations 6
  • 7. o Cooperatives at different levels • However market size cannot be estimated for this segment • Large amount of lending within these categories of institutions and also from commercial banks to these institutions combined with poor reporting – Receive loans from SCBs and others under ‘Agriculture’ or ‘Priority’ head – Highly regulated – Most have personnel with low financial skill-base – Highly structured operations – Many are re-appraising role in changing economy – Almost all loans backed by tangible assets in the case of SFCs and also for many cooperative loans Other Commercial Bank Credit: Characteristics of Priority Sector – Priority sector lending constitutes about 40 percent of all SCB lending – Large part for agriculture, SSIs, and for export – But significant amounts to: – Professionals – Artisans – Shop owners, restaurants – Call this the non-conventional market Key Issues in the Accessing of the Non-conventional Market – Regulations, state and central government policies and procedures – Openness of government and public functionaries to allying with non-public sector entities – Marketing capability at state and sub-state level – Lobbying abilities Accessibility: Banks – Negligible-Low Accessibility – Foreign Private Sector Banks – Larger Indian Private Sector Banks – SBI and Affiliates – Low-Medium Accessibility – Smaller non-SBI public sector (some do not have any current plans for insurance related product-lines) – Poorly performing RRBs – Medium-High Accessibility – Better performing RRBs – Smaller Indian Private Sector Banks 7
  • 8. Accessibility: Housing Finance Companies – Consistent long term fall – Shares expected to be lower in coming years due to aggressive private SCBs – Largest fall in market share of smaller players – Possibility of accessing larger players low – HDFC, GICHF, LICHF, Canfin, etc. – Indicates falling long term potential for credit-life through HFCs Accessibility: Non Banking Finance Companies (non-housing) – Medium-High: – NBFCs associated with auto companies – Smaller NBFCs such as Nidhis, etc. – But falling size – Outstanding in 2003 in the region of Rs 80,000 mill (hire purchase and lease) Accessibility: Corporate Employee Loans – Medium to High – Have not normally partnered with FIs – Do not have required financial skill-base Accessibility: Cooperatives – Low to Medium – Need exists – Not ‘attached’ to competing FIs – But highly regulated – Not clear what permissions or procedures will be required Accessibility: SFCs – Medium to High – Significant part of credit not for consumption related loans – Consider expanding scope to include credit-life to proprietorships as well – Could cover: – Professionals – Proprietorships – Artisans – Disadvantaged sections 8
  • 9. Accessible Market: Personal Loans Auto & Other All Personal Rs Mill. 2001 Housing Durables Personal Loans Banks SBI Ass Nationalized Indian Pvt Foreign RRBs Non Bank HFCs NBFCs Corporates Total Accessible Market: Relevant Commercial Loans from Priority Sector Advances Priority Priority Sr. - Priority Sr. Priority Priority Priority Sr.- Sr.-Food Export Total Direct Sr. Small- Sr. Road Priority Priority Professional Processing Credit (Relevant Agriculture scale & Water Sr.-Retail Sr.-Small & Self not incl. (Foreign Priority Rs Mill. 2001 Loans industries Transport Trade Business Empl. SSI Banks) Sector) Banks SBI Ass Nationalized Indian Pvt Foreign RRBs Non Bank HFCs NBFCs Corporates Total 9
  • 10. Total Accessible Market: Banks, corporate, NBFCs etc. All Personal Loans (Rs. Total (Relevant Rs Mill. 2001 '000,000) Priority Sector) Total Banks SBI Ass Nationalized Indian Pvt Foreign RRBs Non Bank HFCs NBFCs Corporates Total Total Accessible Market Size – Total accessible market size of about Rs 1,555 Billion as of 2001 – Market has been growing at about 20% in early 2000s but is expected to grow by about 15% annually this decade – Conservative estimates as this does not include those by SFCs, cooperatives etc. – Avoid possibilities of double counting Characteristics of borrowers: SEC • Socio-Economic Classification (SEC A, B, C, D & E): SEC A indicates better incomes as well as potential income than that for SEC B and so on. SEC categorization is based on a combination of education and occupation characteristics. Overall we find that – Inclination to borrow is somewhat evenly divided between different SEC segments – However typical size of loans varies – The openness to credit-life insurance is not dependent upon SEC status of a person. – However those in lower SECs had great difficulty in understanding the concept of SEC – Financial institution representatives informally reported larger defaults and ‘fraudulent’ activity among lower SECs Overall, it appears that SEC categorization should not form the basis of any credit-life marketing strategy Characteristics of borrowings: Geographic – The southern region accounts for a large part of the total credit – Western and northern regions next in importance – Eastern region least importance 10
  • 11. – If economic growth is an indication, the importance of the western half of India is only going to increase. – The western half includes the area starting from Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and also Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. The following two maps show the share of each state in India’s total (i) relevant priority sector credit and (ii) personal loans, by commercial banks. Darker shades in each represent a higher share. Note that despite lower populations the southern states top among all states in the share of total loans in both categories. 11
  • 12. Inclinations of the consumers – Surety and not investment/tax saving are of critical factor in insurance decisions of most – this also reflects need for credit-insurance – Consumers are not necessary loyal to brands/past relationships – they are most concerned with price, range of options, and then with quality of services. – Formal sources of information are of least importance – friends, family, colleagues tend to be the most preferred sources of information Views towards credit-life insurance – Consumers are on the whole positive about the idea of credit-life insurance – Different types of consumers – across age, socio-economic profile, asset ownership, as well as family structure, all show relatively high levels of appreciation for the concept 12
  • 13. – However premiums will be of critical importance – The results suggest that one time premiums and large amounts not preferred – some preference for including credit-life insurance within the regular repayment structure Cost of credit life – Seven in ten consumers are open to purchasing credit life at a very low premium of Rs 20 for a Rs 1000 repayment (2 percent of the repayment). – However this falls to three in ten if premium at 2% is continued but repayment amount is increased to Rs 10,000. – When the premium amount is kept the same at Rs 5000 but the extra percentage paid for credit life is changed from 0.5 to 6% (Rs 25 to Rs 300) we find only a small fall in the preference for credit-life – This implies that the rupee amounts will play a critical role in consumer acceptability – That is, larger premiums could be charged as long as they are broken into small amounts Consumer characteristics and credit-life – SEC profile: Higher SECs are more likely to prefer credit life insurance – Asset Profile: The economically better off are somewhat more likely to purchase credit- life insurance – Family type: Family type does not appear to play an important role in consumer preferences – Household size: Those in larger households are somewhat less likely top prefer credit-life insurance. Characteristics of Credit – Average amounts: Vary considerably across types of consumer, institution, segment, etc. – Time-profile: Time profile varies, but does not necessarily play a role directly in the attractiveness of credit-life services. The key determinant is the amount of the premium paid. Moreover, money illusion appears to play a role. That is, consumers do not prefer larger amounts (one time payments). – NPAs: Most FI representatives were unaware of what percentage of their NPAs in their institution were due to death of the borrower. – Expected growth: We expect a 15 percent annual growth in the different xomponents fo credit. This is also in line with what industry professionals feel. However some even expect growth to be in the range of 20 to 25 percent annually in the coming decade. In informal discussions with both consumers as well as financial institution representatives we could not identify any of the above as a significant enough factor for basing a marketing strategy on. This was as Lenders views – Senior and middle managers were all positive to the idea of credit-life insurance – All believed that their institutions could potentially partner with other institutions 13
  • 14. – However no one could categorically commit to the same – they considered this to be a decision that only the senior managers collectively could take – For government entities partnering with an MNC might be an issue – Believed that the key potential advantages were: – Reduction of their risk profile – Reduction in risk for consumer – Did not think that their profits would be a key criteria for partnering – However, a share of the credit-life premiums might smoothen decisions – Lenders preferred the following types of loans the most for credit insurance services: – Long-term loans especially greater than three years – Short-term loans of large amounts – (However consumers do not necessarily have such preferences) – Some respondents were also in favor of compulsory coverage – Emphasized importance of simple documentation for such a service – Some preference for adding credit-life policies to new products not existing products as it may lead to confusion Summary • This is a large enough accessible market for a non-affiliated insurance firm • Accessing the bulk of the market would involve interacting with both the private and public sector • However scales can best be achieved if public sector financial institutions are accessed. • The southern part of India is the largest market • Consumers suffer from ‘illusion’ and are more likely to be agreeable to pay high premiums if it is broken into smaller parts • Though the better off consumers will be more willing to purchase credit-life, significant shares of the less well off will be interested • Financial institutions will generally be open to the idea of partnering with other institutions • But some concerns may be there in some public sector entities about partnering with MNCs • Moreover death does not appear to be an important contributor to NPAs in the perception of financial institution respondents. This may make it difficult to ally with them without some other incentive to partnering institution. • Consumers would be more open to it as they are highly family oriented • The key marketing challenge is therefore less related to design of credit-life products and more towards the creation of alliances with different types of lenders. 14
  • 15. Chapter 2 Views of Financial Institutions’ Personnel 1. Background The idea behind involving Personnel from Financial Institutions was to get insights on: • Familiarity with credit life insurance • Personal views on credit life insurance • Their institution’s views on allying with insurance firms for such products • Appropriateness of institution’s openness level – whether the market is ‘ready’ • Perceived advantages and hindrances in offering such products Such an exercise is aimed at providing insights into the possibility of offering credit-life insurance through different types of financial institutions. The persons interviewed included Senior Managers/Managers from various types of Financial Institutions - Nationalised Banks, Cooperative Banks, Regional Rural Banks etc. The interviews were conducted in 2 states- Delhi and Madhya Pradesh. Representatives of the following classes of financial institutions were interviewed • Public Sector Bank (PSB) • Regional Rural Bank • Cooperative Bank • Housing Finance Bank • NBFC • Direct Sales Agent A set of questions was identified; respondents were then queried by way of a structured questionnaire (refer appendix 1). A prior appointment was fixed with representatives of financial institutions and an interviewer personally visited the offices to get responses to the questionnaire. In most cases a single question had to be verbally asked in different ways to gain an insightful enough answer (most respondents had a proclivity for single sentence responses). 15
  • 16. 2. Synopsis The brief summary of the responses is presented here. Most respondents were aware of the concept of credit-life insurance. However many were not aware of the details and also how it worked. They tended to be quite positively inclined to including credit-life as an add-on to their credit. For this purpose they were open to allying/partnering with other organizations. They also felt that their very senior management (which ultimately would take the partnering decision) would be open to alliances. 2.1 The loan procedure This question was aimed at understanding the criteria deployed by banks to assess the borrowers. All banks/ lending agencies have their own system of evaluation. The common criteria that emerge are: • Educational Qualifications • For Salaried class- Current salary, profile, status • For Business-Business reputation, Assets, Turnover • Credit repayment record • Family background • Minimum income level • Property- Whether house is rented or owned • Location of residence Most respondents sited at least 4 out of these as indispensable factors in assessing borrowers. Of these credit repayment record, family background (as also reflected in location of residence), salaries and occupation were the most critical. When pressed, it was difficult for respondents to clearly rank various factors in order of importance. 2.2 Risk factors All financial institutions take a risk when they lend, as there are always chances of non- repayment of loans. The questions were aimed at identifying risk factors encountered by a financial institution while lending and the precautions taken to mitigate these factors. None of the respondents were aware of the percentage distribution of NPAs due to various possible causes/risk factors. They were queried about the following risk factors: • Health problems • This is an important factor but most have backups in forms of collaterals/ guarantees to recover the loan 16
  • 17. Generally there are no medical check ups of potential borrowers • Death • As death cannot be predicted it poses an obvious threat, especially in cases where one key man runs the business • To lessen the risk some institutions specify age groups for lending. That is, many do not provide loans to those above 60 years of age. • Most ask for collaterals/ security to recover loans • Loss of Income/ employment • Most individuals repay loans from current income • To lessen this risk all institutions conduct thorough checkups of individual’s and their family’s backgrounds (as listed in ‘Loan procedure’ above) • Some institutions prefer government employees and some are averse to government employees • Loans are generally extended to professionals who are highly qualified or who have guarantors to take care of the loan • Most have not had any experiences of fraud cases, however fraud remains a perceived risk • Many are also averse to provide loans to police, lawyers and politicians as sometimes it is difficult to recover from them 2.3 NPA due to death This question helped find whether the organization has NPA (Non Performing Assets) due to death. As credit life insurance means insuring the person’s debts after his death it is important to understand this factor. Key findings: • Financial Institutions (FIs) have NPA but believe that death is not an important cause. • Most have collaterals/ security to recover NPAs • Some do not extend loans to persons beyond a specified upper age limit 2.4 Product segment: This question aims to identify the kinds of credit (product segments) that the respondents felt should be covered under credit life insurance. : • Products involving large loan amounts such as • Housing loans • Car loans • Educational loans 17
  • 18. 2.5 Tenure This question identifies time spans for loan repayment that the respondents felt should be covered under credit life insurance. • Most favor long-term loans • Any loan for more than 3 years should be covered, since after 3 years predictions about ability to repay are difficult • Short-term loans of a large amount are also favored 2.6 Acceptability of credit life insurance in India The idea was to utilize their better-informed perception in assessing the prospects of credit life insurance in India. According to the respondents: • Credit life insurance will be accepted • Reason- it would lead to family security and ease of mind • However, awareness has to be spread • Amount or % of premium should be minimal • Some FIs even want it to be made a part of policy so that all persons have to take it 2.7 Channels for distribution This question was aimed at understanding the distribution channels set up by FIs for credit disbursement. The responses reveal: • The bigger FIs and some smaller ones have their own channels in form of branches – for example Canara Bank, Corporation Bank etc. • Few small FIs - Cooperative banks, Regional Rural Banks etc. have some tie ups for distribution • But own channels remain the most prevalent across different types of institutions 2.8 Willingness to pay premium This question was asked to gain insights into whether persons would pay premium for availing credit life insurance. Most answers are: • Yes they would pay • Awareness/education has to be spread • Premium amount should be minimal 18
  • 19. 2.9 Critical persons The idea behind this question was to find who are the decision makers in the institution who could be approached for taking a decision regarding introduction of credit life insurance. The responses are: • In most cases it is the senior management that takes decisions • Most respondents feel that senior management would accept it • However, all raised queries about cost to the consumer and also the structuring of the alliance 2.10 Key benefits This question aimed at understanding what would be the key benefits for the institution if it accepts credit life insurance. Following are identified as key benefits: • Ease of ‘selling’ credit- all say that it will ease the process of selling credit as it would reduce the consumers perceived risk • Lower risk of credit repayment - all agree that it will reduce the risk involved for both the borrower as well as the lender • Other potential benefits such as the financial institution’s share of the premium were not considered to be important 2.11 Key success factors This question aimed at identifying the key factors that would help in ensuring acceptance and success of credit life insurance in India. The key success factors are: • Cost- should be minimal • Ease of access- should be very easily accessible, minimum documentation, hassle free • Product design- should involve options to choose from • Integrability with your range of credit products- this is considered very important by most as it will benefit both clients as well as lenders • Interest in attaching with existing products – most believe that credit life insurance should not be tried with existing products, as it would lead to confusion. Should be tried with new products 19
  • 20. Chapter 3 Consumer Insights 1. Introduction and Background 1.1 Indian Consumer Profile Annual Market Size Annual Household Expenditure (Rs. in '000) Expenditure in Rs. Crore Numbers in '00,000 ≤35 35-70 70-140 140-200 >200 Total 1.2 Total market size 2,185,983 Households 596 834 474 83 43 2,030 Food products 1,162,404 Per Capita Monthly Expenditure (Rs.) FMCG 1.3 89,888 Numbers in '00,000 ≤400 400-550 550-750 750-1500 >1500 Total 1.4 Durables 87,105 Population 614 1,567 2,397 4,427 1,874 10,880 Misc. goods & services 846,585 High school plus 14 55 142 590 745 1,546 1.5 Annualized Growth in 1990s (%) Persons & Rooms in a House: Number of Households (00,000) Employment growth 2.5 Persons 1 Room 2 Rooms 3 Rooms 4 Rooms ≥5 Rooms Total Population growth 2.0 1 to 2 135 57 19 7 5 238 Literacy growth 4.7 3 to 5 420 308 132 59 40 990 Savings growth 17.4 6 & above 227 245 141 86 89 805 Credit growth 16.2 Total 782 610 292 152 134 2,033 % of Households having Telephones 9 Television 32 Bicycles 44 Two wheelers 12 Seasonality - Share of expenditure in each quarter (%) Four wheelers 3 LPG 18 Electricity 56 25 27 26 26 25 Banking 36 Apr-Jun Households in '000 that 25 25 25 25 25 Jan-Mar Are nuclear 129,939 Are joint 9,796 Oct-Dec 25 24 23 25 25 Jul-Sep Are extended & others 63,309 Have 2 adults 90,786 Have 3 adults 38,077 25 25 26 24 25 Have 4 or more adults 54,018 Have 1 child 39,168 High Value Value FMCG Value FMCG FMCGDurablesDurables Clothing & Market size sizesize High High Durables ClothingClothing & Market & Market Have 2 children 46,507 Food Food productsproducts Food products Footwear Footwear Footwear Have >2 children 71,281 See notes for constituents in each consumption category Regionality: Urban Markets Socio-Economic Classification Households % of Urban % Households having (Urban Households in '000) Key Urban Areas in '000 Total 4 Wheeler 2 Wheeler Bicycle TV Set A 5,290 Mumbai (Suburban) 19,072 3 8 9 10 74 B 10,438 Thane 15,015 3 4 12 18 73 C 14,449 Bangalore 13,810 2 10 35 29 79 D 15,214 North 24 Parganas 10,769 2 4 7 49 60 E 13,151 Ahmadabad 10,398 2 7 37 54 72 Single income 32,779 Pune 9,849 2 9 39 48 78 Two or more income 20,993 Kolkata 9,309 2 7 9 23 72 Own house (%) 67 Others 497,439 85 5 26 49 63 Source: Market Separate kitchen (%) Skyline of76India 2004 – District Profile 585,661 100 6 25 46 64 Urban total Source: Market Skyline of India 2004 – District Profile 20
  • 21. Table 1: Distribution of credit DISTRIBUTION OF CREDIT- MAJOR CITIES (New Delhi, Mumbai, Calcutta, Chennai, Pune, Hyderabad, Bangalore) SEC A SEC B SEC C SEC D SEC E Total Housing Durables Personal Residual Total Housing Durables Personal Residual Total Source: Estimates from NSSOs Large expenditure survey – 55th round • Most credit is for ‘personal’ uses. This includes: • Education • Consumption including marriages, festivals, ceremonies and health requirements • Credit cards etc. • Housing is the other key segment • The term ‘residual’ includes the unexplained part of total loans • There are few differences between different SEC groupings Sample Size • Total Respondents: 1660 • SEC classification Table 2: Socio-economic classification SEC Freq. Percent A1 A2 B1 B2 C Others Total • Most respondents belong to SEC A1, A2 and B1 21
  • 22. Figure 1: Age Distribution of Respondents 120 100 80 60 Freq. 40 20 0 19 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 71 • The sample captures a large share of young and middle aged persons Table 3: Number of adults per family Adults Freq. Percent Missing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 >8 Total • Most respondents belong to families with 2 to 4 adult members 22
  • 23. Table 4: Type of family Family type Freq. Percent Joint Extended Nuclear Other Total • Joint families are those that contain more than one married sibling sharing a single kitchen • Extended households include those where parents share a kitchen with a married child • Largest sample is of members of nuclear families • Extended families are the next large set Table 5: Ownership of house House type Freq. Percent Self Rented Total • Most respondents own the house they live in Table 6: Ownership of vehicles Automobile Freq. Percent 4 Wheeler 2 Wheeler Bicycle None Total • The sample captures the well off • Almost half of the respondents own a 4 wheeler • Two-wheelers are owned by a large share of the respondents 23
  • 24. Table 7: Motivation Work motivation Percent Work for my family’s happiness/comfort Work for self- satisfaction/comforts Total • Family’s comfort and happiness is the predominant motivation for the bulk of the respondents 2. Borrowing and Insurance Behavior Table 8: Type of insurance Type of Life Accident Health Fire Calamities insurance insurance insurance insurance insurance insurance No Yes Missing Total • Most families / individuals have life insurance • Half do not have health insurance • Most prefer to have accident insurance • Fire and calamities insurance is held by few Table 9: Motives for insurance Motive for Investment Tax savings Surety Family investment Pressure Very important Important Less Important Not Important Missing Total • More than three fourths consider surety to be the most insurance factor for insurance • Investment and tax savings are also considered to be important but this preference is not as strong 24
  • 25. Family pressure was considered by most to be unimportant Table 10: Criteria for insurance Criteria for choosing Low interest Customer Range of Past Ease of the creditor rate friendliness credit relationship access of of creditor terms/optio creditors ns office Very important Moderately Important Important Less Important Not Important Missing Total • Low interest rates are the most important determinants of loan-scheme for almost four fifths of the respondents • Customer friendliness and range of credit are next in importance Table 11: Sources of information Source of Very Moderately Less Not Total information on loans important Important Important Important Important Missing Friends or family Office colleagues and associates Prospective creditor Other specialists Internet search Magazines and books Advertisement Other (Specify) • Relations, friends, office colleagues and associates are considered to be very important sources of information by most respondents • Formal sources of information are not as important • However information from the creditor is next in importance • Media is not considered a very important source of information by most 25
  • 26. 3. Views on Credit Insurance 3.1 Policy Preference 1 Table 12: Preference for credit-life Sec 1020 with 3060 with 5100 with 7650 with 10200 with credit-life is credit-life is credit-life is credit-life is credit-life is preferred to preferred to preferred to preferred to preferred to 1000 w/out 3000 w/out 5000 w/out 7500 w/out 10000 w/out credit life credit life credit life credit life credit life Total • At minimal premiums credit-life insurance is preferred by more than 70 percent • Each of the options above imply a marginal credit life premium of 2% over the total premium • Note the large fall in percentage preferring credit life as the basic amount increases • This suggests that large money amounts are not preferred • A large number of respondents were found to be in favor of credit life in this set of queries • More importantly, amount matters much more than percentage; that is, consumers may be willing to pay more as long as amount of extra premium paid is not large Table 13: Preference for credit-life Sec 1020 with 3060 with 5100 with 7650 with 10200 with credit-life is credit-life is credit-life is credit-life is credit-life is preferred to preferred to preferred to preferred to preferred to 1000 w/out 3000 w/out 5000 w/out 7500 w/out 10000 w/out credit life credit life credit life credit life credit life A1 A2 B1 B2 Others Total • Higher SECs are more likely to prefer credit-life • However even the lower SECs have some preference for the same 26
  • 27. Table 14: Number of adults per family Adults 1020 with 3060 with 5100 with 7650 with 10200 with credit-life is credit-life is credit-life is credit-life is credit-life is preferred to preferred to preferred to preferred to preferred to 1000 w/out 3000 w/out 5000 w/out 7500 w/out 10000 credit life credit life credit life credit life w/out credit life Missing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total • Larger families lead to lesser need for insurance • This is because larger families tend to self-insure implicitly Table 15: Type of family Family type 1020 with 3060 with 5100 with 7650 with 10200 with credit-life is credit-life is credit-life is credit-life is credit-life is preferred to preferred to preferred to preferred to preferred to 1000 w/out 3000 w/out 5000 w/out 7500 w/out 10000 w/out credit life credit life credit life credit life credit life Joint Extended Nuclear Other Total • Family type is less important than family size • Other factors such as automobile ownership or home ownership (proxies for economic class) have no significant impact on credit-life insurance • Neither does age have a significant impact on proclivity towards credit-life except for those above 60 years of age 27
  • 28. Chapter 4 Market Size Synopsis & Insights Background Different components of the formal credit market are studied in this section. These include: • Housing finance • Consumer durables finance • Automobile finance • Employee loans • Personal loans • Priority Sector lending by Banks • Loans by State Finance Corporations and Cooperatives Of these the last are not included in the calculation of overall market sizes due to significant lending between different financial institutions. There inclusion could lead to double counting. Market Size Market sizes have been calculated from information contained in various parts of this chapter. This has been done at a company/institution-level basis in the accompanying MS Excel spreadsheet. The Market Size includes – The credit-market size considered includes: – Providers of personal credit – Providers of credit for commercial purposes – The ‘accessible’ market includes lenders that are not currently allied to major insurance firm 28
  • 29. Providers of Personal Credit – Commercial banks: include different kinds of Banks, large and small, public and private, Indian and foreign – Public Sector: includes State Bank of India and its associate banks as well as other nationalized banks – Private sector (Indian): This includes the newly set-up HDFC Bank and ICICI bank as well as many older private sector banks. The larger private sector banks are associated with insurance firms, and therefore cannot be considered to be ‘accessible’. However many private banks are still not affiliated with any insurance firm. – Private sector (Foreign): Some foreign banks are quite large and associated with a high degree of dynamism in providing personal loans such as Citibank. However many others are predominantly oriented towards financing commercial and trade requirements – Regional Rural Banks: are typically small banks that have a high degree of rural reach. They are also un-affiliated with insurance firms. – Credit Card loans: are provided by all types of banks, however the credit card lending is not-reported separately but as a part of overall ‘personal loans’. This study therefore has not been able to include them as a separate entity. – Non Banking Finance Companies (NBFCs) – Non-Housing NBFCs: These financial institutions grew rapidly through the nineties, however due to competition from the banking sector their growth has slowed down. It is expected that they will not be important players in the future. However, many automobile companies have their own NBFCs and these may continue to have some importance in the future. Most NBFCs are unaffiliated with insurance firms, though a few are. – Housing finance companies: A few HFCs have been quite strong and are growing rapidly such as HDFC. However few smaller ones are likely to survive the competition from Banks. The smaller HFCs are also unaffiliated though the larger ones such as HDFC are. – Corporate loans to employees: Large public sector firms as well as a few private sector non-financial firms are large providers of loans to their employees. Most such companies are unaffiliated with insurance firms. Providers of Credit for Commercial Purposes – Commercial banks – Public Sector – Private sector (Indian) – Private sector (Foreign) – Regional Rural Banks – Kisan Credit Cards: Kisan credit cards are designed to enable easy credit to farmers from Scheduled Commercial Banks. However these loans are categorized as direct agriculture loans and have not been separately dealt with. 29
  • 30. Credit Societies/ Cooperatives: Cooperative, credit societies, self help groups, have been important players; however they are typically poorly managed and subject to stringent regulatory oversight. Though they are predominantly un- affiliated with insurance firms, partnering with these institutions will be a long- term process, as they are not known for their flexibility. – State finance and other development corporations: Many state organizations provide credit for ‘development’ or ‘socially desirable’ purposes. These include to disadvantaged sections, small-scale industries, etc. These organizations are also not known for their flexibility or dynamism. If current trends continue, they will soon become insignificant players. However many are reported to be changing and may be open to partnering. However, it is reported that single- person-dependent loans are not a high share of their total outstanding. Purposes of Credit – Durables: Consumer durables – Housing: Housing loans are a rapidly expanding segment and are likely to remain so for the foreseeable future. – Automobiles, Education, Health and other personal: These are not reported individually and it is not possible to disentangle the various components of the ‘other personal loans’. There is significant flexibility related to duration of loans. Typically however for health and other consumption purposes loans tend to be for about 2 years, for automobiles for two to five years, and for education from five to 20 years. All are secured loans. – Commercial: Almost all commercial loans are secured loans and could be highly short term to 5 to 20 years. Generally commercial loans to individuals have a good repayment history. Commercial Bank Loans for Housing, Durables, & Other: Characteristics – Public Sector: Well spread across country – Private sector (Indian): Dynamic, expanding rapidly – Private sector (Foreign): Concentrating on metros and ‘premium’ customers – Regional Rural Banks: large rural spread but many are poorly run What SCBs lend for – Durables: Includes consumer durables, PCs, etc – Housing: Housing purchase, repair and construction – Other Personal – Credit Cards – Automobiles – Education, Health Etc. – Not all SCBs follow exactly same categorization 30
  • 31. Average Account Size of All Personal Loans Amt/Acc (Rs) Consumer Housing Rest of Personal All Personal 2001 Durables Public Sector Foreign Banks RRBs Private Indian Total Housing Finance Institutions: Characteristics – Both SCBs and HFCs – SCBs also considered previously – Many not affiliated with insurance companies – But could potentially offer own credit-life products – Possibility of alliance is open – Cost of providing credit-life products/service of critical importance – Non Banking Finance Corporations (non-housing): Characteristics – Have suffered loss in market share from Banks in the past – RRBs the most aggressive players in this segment – Banks report durable and auto loans under ‘Durables’ and ‘Rest of Personal’ categories – Not possible to disentangle market size cleanly Calculating Market Size – Use 2001 as base year as data are provisional or estimates for later years – First estimate total possible market for credit-life – But some of this is inaccessible – Then estimate all ‘accessible’ market size Problem in estimating market size – Non availability of categorization of purpose from many sources – Non uniformity in categorization of purpose from many sources – Only broad numbers available for some (eg. RRBs) – Inter FI lending: Possibility of double counting – Focus more on identification of accessible markets – Estimations at a single point in time as well as relevant break-ups of sub- components have been conducted taking into consideration the above factors 31
  • 32. Total Market Size: Personal Loans All Personal Loans Auto & (Rs. Other Rs Mill., 2001 '000,000) Housing Durables Personal Bank SBI Associates Nationalized Indian Pvt Foreign RRBs Non Bank HFCs NBFCs Corporates Total Total Market Size: Commercial Loans Priority Priority Sr. - Priority Sr. Priority Priority Priority Sr.- Sr.-Food Export Direct Sr. Small- Sr. Road Priority Priority Professional Processing Credit Rs Mill., Agriculture scale & Water Sr.-Retail Sr.-Small & Self not incl. (Foreign 2001 Loans industries Transport Trade Business Empl. SSI Banks) Bank Total SBI Ass Nationalized Indian Pvt Foreign RRBs Non Bank Total HFCs NBFCs Corporates Total Other sources of credit: State financial corporations – Cooperatives at different levels – However market size cannot be estimated for this segment – Large amount of inter-lending with these categories of institutions and also from commercial banks to these institutions – Difficult to make an estimate 32
  • 33. Credit Societies/Cooperatives: Characteristics – Receive loans from SCBs and others under ‘Agriculture’ or ‘Priority’ head – Highly regulated – Most have personnel with low financial skill-base – Many not viable in the medium-long term – Include – The Primary Agricultural Co-operative Societies – District Central Co-operative Banks – State Co-operative Banks – Comparative Share of Co-operative Banks vis-a-vis SCBs State -Level Finance Corporations: Characteristics – State financial corporations – Institutions oriented towards disadvantaged sections – Development institutions such as tourism development – Highly structured operations – Many are re-appraising role in changing economy State -Level Finance Corporations: Provide credit to – Companies – Proprietorships and Partnerships – Professionals – Artisans – Deprived sections – Credit predominantly for ‘productive purposes’ – Also includes that for – Automobiles – Housing – Other assets: Shops, restaurants, cattle etc. – Almost all loans backed by tangible assets Other Commercial Bank Credit: Characteristics of Priority Sector – Priority sector lending constitutes about 40 percent of all SCB lending – Large part for agriculture, SSIs, and for export – But significant amounts to: – Professionals – Artisans – Shop owners, restaurants 33
  • 34. Key Issues in the Accessing of the Non-conventional Market – Regulations, state and central government policies and procedures – Openness of government and public functionaries to allying with non-public sector entities – Marketing capability at state and sub-state level – Lobbying abilities Accessibility: Banks – Negligible-Low Accessibility – Foreign Private Sector Banks – Larger Indian Private Sector Banks – SBI and Affiliates – Low-Medium Accessibility – Smaller non-SBI public sector (some do not have any current plans for insurance related product-lines) – Poorly performing RRBs – Medium-High Accessibility – Better performing RRBs – Smaller Indian Private Sector Banks Accessibility: Housing Finance Companies – Consistent long term fall – Shares expected to be lower in coming years due to aggressive private SCBs – Largest fall in market share of smaller players – Possibility of accessing larger players low – HDFC, GICHF, LICHF, Canfin, etc. – Indicates falling long term potential for credit-life through HFCs Accessibility: Non Banking Finance Companies (non-housing) – Medium-High – NBFCs associated with auto companies – Smaller NBFCs such as Nidhis, etc. – But falling size – Outstanding in 2003 in the region of Rs 80,000 mill (hire purchase and lease) Accessibility: Corporate Employee Loans – Medium to High – Have not normally partnered with FIs – Do not have required financial skill-base 34
  • 35. Accessibility: Cooperatives – Low to Medium – Need exists – Not ‘attached’ to competing FIs – But highly regulated – Not clear what permissions or procedures will be required Accessibility: SFCs – Medium to High – Significant part of credit not for consumption related loans – Consider expanding scope to include credit-life to proprietorships as well – Could cover: – Professionals – Proprietorships – Artisans – Disadvantaged sections Accessible Market: Personal Loans Auto & Other All Personal Rs Mill. 2001 Housing Durables Personal Loans Banks SBI Ass Nationalized Indian Pvt Foreign RRBs Non Bank HFCs NBFCs Corporates Total 35
  • 36. Accessible Market: Relevant Commercial Loans from Priority Sector Advances Priority Priority Sr. - Priority Sr. Priority Priority Priority Sr.- Sr.-Food Export Total Direct Sr. Small- Sr. Road Priority Priority Professional Processing Credit (Relevant Agriculture scale & Water Sr.-Retail Sr.-Small & Self not incl. (Foreign Priority Rs Mill. 2001 Loans industries Transport Trade Business Empl. SSI Banks) Sector) Banks SBI Ass Nationalized Indian Pvt Foreign RRBs Non Bank HFCs NBFCs Corporates Total Total Accessible Market: Banks, corporate, NBFCs etc. All Personal Loans (Rs. Total (Relevant Rs Mill. 2001 '000,000) Priority Sector) Total Banks SBI Ass Nationalized Indian Pvt Foreign RRBs Non Bank HFCs NBFCs Corporates Total Total Accessible Market Size – Total accessible market size of about Rs 1,555 Billion as of 2001 – Market has been growing at about 20% in early 2000s but is expected to grow by about 15% annually this decade – Conservative estimates as this does not include those by SFCs, cooperatives etc. – Avoid possibilities of double counting 36
  • 37. I. Housing Finance 1. Data Description The Housing Finance (HF) industry in India has two major segments consisting of Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs) and specialized Housing Finance Companies (HFCs). While there is a significant amount of data available for the SCBs, the data on HFCs is limited. Two sources of data have been used for this analysis: (1) Reserve Bank of India and (2) Annual accounts of the major HFCs. (1) The RBI data coverage is in three parts for the years ending March 31st in 2000, 2001 and 2002. (i) An occupational classification of bank credit gives a state-wise break-up of credit going to different sectors, by different types of scheduled commercial banks. The data is further broken up for each state, but for the purposes of this analysis we use a regional classification (See Appendix II). (ii) The Scheduled Commercial Bank’s advances under Priority Sector (2000 and 2001) gives a statewise (regional) break-up of credit given by the banks either directly or indirectly. Indirect credit is typically through HFCs where the banks lend to HFCs against an earmarked portfolio of accounts. (iii) State and Population Group wise Classification of Outstanding Credit of Small Borrowal Accounts of Scheduled Commercial Banks According to Occupation The RBI data has a hierarchical structure; (ii) is a subset of (i) and (iii) is a sub-set of (ii). While for all market related analysis, we rely on data from (i), we also provide an analysis of data from (ii) and (iii) to give an idea of the characteristics of the different market segments. (2) Annual financial statements of 15 HFCs for 5 years 1998 – 2002. (3) CRIS INFAC Retail Finance Annual Review: January 2003. 2 Formal Credit In The Housing Finance Sector 2.1 Market Size Of The Housing Finance Sector The HF industry has been growing at a healthy CAGR, estimated to be in the 25-30% range. While market size can be defined in many ways – annual sanction, annual disbursement of housing loans, outstanding credit for housing purposes, we define the market as the stock of outstanding loans to the housing sector. The size is estimated as follows: (Housing Loans O/S for HFCs – Bank Borrowings by HFCs) + SCB O/S Housing Loans 37
  • 38. Table 1: Select Financials Of 15 Housing Finance Companies In India, 1998-2002 (Amount in Rs. bill.) Select Financials for HFCs (from B/S)* 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Networth Borrowings Banks Financial Institutions Foreign Bonds/Debentures Fixed Deposits Housing Loans YOY Growth (%) Source: Financial Statements of HFCs (Prowess, CMIE) * A list of the HFCs whose financials are reported here is given in Appendix 1 Table 2: Estimate Of Housing Finance Market Size, 2000-2002 (Amount in Rs. bill.) Market Size Estimate 2000 2001 2002 HFC Housing Loans O/S A Bank borrowing by HFCs B Net Housing Loans by HFCs (A) - (B) = C Housing Loans O/S for SCBs D Market Size (C) + (D) YOY Growth in Market Size (%) A market size of approximately Rs. 525 billion translates to about 3% of the country’s GDP, which is small in comparison to other countries (see Fig 1). It is useful to bear in mind that the housing finance market is comparatively young in India. According to CRISIL, the housing finance market enjoys a market share of 52% in the key retail finance market. In existence for over two decade, the buoyancy of the market is a recent phenomenon, in the last 3-4 years. The tax incentives for owner occupied homes under section 88 of the IT Act, combined with the reduction in the interest rates gave a fillip to the market in recent years. The size of the new mortgages sanctioned and the amounts disbursed have grown much faster than the housing loans outstanding, suggesting that a large proportion of the housing loans were refinanced due to the significant fall in the interest rates. For instance, during the financial year 2001 housing loans disbursement for HDFC was Rs. 58.03 billion while its loan outstanding rose by Rs. 31.5 billion. Also, for the financial year 2002, the corresponding figures were Rs. 76.17 billion and Rs. 39.83 billion respectively. 38
  • 39. Figure 1-Housing Finance as a % of GDP 2002- 2003 70% 58% 60% 50% % of GDP 40% 30% 20% 15% 15% 10% 3% 3% 0% India Malaysia Thailand Korea USA Country Since we have limited data on HFCs, the housing loans data from the banking sector comprising of Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs) is analyzed in significant detail to provide insights into market segmentation of housing finance. It should however be noted that the banks have an economic incentive to lend money either directly or indirectly to this sector since such loans (less than Rs. 0.5 m in rural areas and Rs. 1.0 mill. in urban/metropolitan areas) qualify for Priority Sector lending. Given that 40% of the credits extended by the banks have to be to the priority sector, housing loans are preferred. We see below that about 75% of the banks lending to this sector qualifies for priority sector. What this implies is that most of the non-bank lending to the sector is larger than the priority sector threshold. 3 Housing Finance Credit Of Housing Finance Companies (HFC) 3.1 Credit Account Related Analysis 3.1.2 Total Housing Credit Disbursed Of HFC’s And Overall Growth Of The Segment In 2001-02, the incremental disbursement of HFC’s is estimated to have increased by 17.3% over 2000-01 to Rs. 148.05 billion. In the same period, the total outstanding loans of HFC’s are estimated to have increased by 19.8% to Rs. 385.73 billion. However, the outstanding assets of other HFC’s is estimated to have increased by only 9.5% due to lower incremental disbursements in 2001-2002 coupled with existing borrowers opting for refinance from other aggressive players like banks as a result of the declining interest rates. The share of outstanding housing loans of HFC’s to total housing loans is estimated to have declined significantly from 82.9% in 2000-01 to 72% in 2001-2002 indicating a loss of outstanding portfolio by HFC’s to banks. 39
  • 40. 3.1.2 Number And Average Size Of Accounts Financing from HFC’s are generally in the form of term loans. During the 1998-99 to 2001- 02 period, the average size of the retail loan is estimated to have increased from Rs. 152,000 to Rs. 225,000, a CAGR of 18.9%. In 2001-02 the average loan size of HDFC was Rs. 357,500, an increase of 10.9% over the previous year 2000-01. The number of housing loans disbursed by HDFC increased by 18.3% to 213,000. The average loan size of LIC Housing Finance and Dewan Housing Finance was Rs. 313,500 and Rs. 224,400. Housing finance companies while sanctioning loans give higher credit to households having more than one earning member and sanctions loan amounts upto a maximum of 36 months of average household income. HFC’s finance loans upto a limit of 85% and in select construction projects upto 100% of the value of the house. 3.1.3 Average Tenure Most HFC’s offer housing loans for a period of 15-20 years. During the 1996-2002 periods, the tenure of loans available increased from 7-10 years to 20-30 years. However the average tenure of loan at origination ranges from 10-14 years, while the average duration of outstanding loans is 7-8 years. Interest rates for shorter tenure loans (below 5 years) are lower than longer tenure loans (15 years and above) by 75-175 basis points. 3.1.4 Average EMI During the 1995-1996 period, the EMI on housing loans is estimated to have declined by almost 50%. The EMI on a 20-year loan at 8.5% interest is Rs. 870 per and on a 7 year, loan at 18% interest is approximately Rs. 1590). 3.2 Analysis Of The Competitive Scenario Of The HFC Segment 3.2.1 Major Players In The HFC Segment There are approximately 350 HFC’s in India of which only 31 are approved and registered with the NHB for refinancing. The major players are: • Housing Development Finance Corporation • Life Insurance Company Housing Finance • General Insurance Company Housing Finance • Dewan Housing Finance Corporation Ltd. • Canfin Homes Ltd. 3.2.2 Current Performance Of The HFC Players In 2001-02, the disbursements of HFC’s like HDFC, LIC Housing Finance and Canfin Homes increased by 31.3%, 25.5% and 28% respectively over 2000-01. 40
  • 41. 3.2.3 Credit Ratings Of The HFC’s Credit ratings of the major HFC’s are listed below. See Appendix IV for a detailed list of credit ratings for all HFC’s. • Housing Development Finance Corporation-AAA (CRISIL) • Life Insurance Company Housing Finance-AAA (CRISIL) • General Insurance Company Housing Finance-AA (CARE) • Dewan Housing Finance Corporation Ltd.-AA (CARE, Fitch) • Canfin Homes Ltd.-A+ (CRISIL) 3.2.4 Non Performing Assets (NPA) of HFC The average gross NPA of the industry is estimated at 2-2.5% of the outstanding portfolio. However, it varies between 1-5%. In 2001-02, gross NPA of HDFC was .91% of the portfolio. The industry credit loss is determined at 20-40 basis points 3.2.5 Market Share Of The HFC’s Table 3: Incremental Disbursements Of The HFC’s In The Housing Finance Sector (Rs. bill.) Particulars 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 HDFC LICHF GICHF Dewan HF Canfin Homes Other HFCs All HFCs Source: CRIS INFAC Retail Finance Annual Review: January 2003 Table 4: Outstanding Loans Of HFC’s In The Housing Finance Sector (Rs. bill.) Particulars 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 HDFC LICHF GICHF Dewan HF Canfin Homes Other HFCs All HFCs Source: CRIS INFAC Retail Finance Annual Review: January 2003 In 2001-02, the aggregate market share of all HFC’s in aggregate retail disbursements declined by 9.1% to 59.2%. Most of the HFC’s have lost their market share to the banks. However, the largest loosing segment has been the small and medium sized HFC’s with a loss of 7.2% in market share. The market share of small and medium HFC’s declined from 41
  • 42. 25% in 2000-01 to 17.8% in 2001-02. Market share of HDFC declined from 31.4% in 2000- 01 to 30.5% in 2001-02. 4. Commercial Banks In Housing Finance 4.1 Market Size And Growth Of Housing Finance From Banks, 2000-2002 Table 5: Total Outstanding Of Housing Loan By Scheduled Commercial Banks Particulars 2000 2001 2002 Total Outstanding (Rs. bill.) Total Accounts Amount Per Account (Rs. mill.) Growth in O/s (Rs. bill.) Growth Rate in Total O/s (%) Source: Reserve Bank of India data on State and Bank Group-wise Classification of Outstanding Credit of Scheduled Commercial Banks According to Occupation 4.2 Outstanding Housing Credit By Type Of Scheduled Commercial Banks Table 6: Outstanding Housing Credit And Market Share By Type Of SCBs - 2000- 2002 (Rs. mill. / (%) Outstanding Loans/Market Share 2000 2001 2002 SBI & Associates Nationalized banks Other SCB Foreign Banks RRB All SCB Source: Reserve Bank of India data on State and Bank Group-wise Classification of outstanding Credit of Scheduled Commercial Banks According • Table 6 shows that the nationalized banks along with State Bank of India and Associates (SBI) dominate 80% of the market for housing finance in India. Between 2000 and 2001, SBI has gained market share at the expense of the Nationalized banks 42
  • 43. Figure 2-Bank Groupwise Housing Loan Outstanding Per Amount O/s per Account Account 0.8 0.7 0.6 (Rs mn) 2000 0.5 0.4 2001 0.3 0.2 2002 0.1 0 Foreign RRB Other SCB Nationalised SBI & Ass Banks banks Bank Group Source: Reserve Bank of India data on State and Bank Group-wise Classification of outstanding Credit of Scheduled Commercial Banks According to Occupation • The quantum of housing loan disbursed per account, is the highest for foreign banks as compared to other bank groups as shown in Figure 2 above although their market share has remained in the 6-8% bracket in the period 2000-2002. Table 7: Region Wise Market Share Each Bank Type In Outstanding Housing Credit For 2002 (in %) Region/Bank SBI & Nationalized Foreign RRB Other All Associates Banks Banks SCB Banks Northern region North-eastern region Eastern region Central region Western region Southern region All India Source: Reserve Bank of India data on State and Bank Group-wise Classification of outstanding Credit of Scheduled Commercial Banks According to Occupation Table 8: Bank Wise Market Share In Each Region For Outstanding Housing Credit, 2002 (in %) Region/ Bank SBI & Nationalized Foreign RRB Other All Associates Banks Banks SCB Banks Northern region North-eastern region Eastern region Central region Western region Southern region All India Source: Reserve Bank of India data on State and Bank Group-wise Classification of outstanding Credit of Scheduled Commercial Banks According to Occupation 43
  • 44. Table 9: Bank-Wise Market Share In Each Population Group For Outstanding Housing Credit-2002 (in %) SBI & Nationalized Foreign RRB Other All SCB Population Groups Associates Banks Banks SCB Rural Semi-Urban Urban Metropolitan All India Source: Reserve Bank of India data on Population and Bank Group wise classification of outstanding credit of Scheduled Commercial Banks According to Occupation • Amongst all SCB, SBI & Associates and Nationalized Banks together have over 70% of Housing Loan market share across each of the population group sectors for the year 2002, as can be seen from Table 9. Table 10: Population Group-Wise Market Share Of Each Bank Type In Outstanding Housing Loan Credit For 2002 (in %) SBI & Nationalized Foreign RRB Other All SCB Population Groups Associates Banks Banks SCB Rural Semi-Urban Urban Metropolitan All India Source: Reserve Bank of India data on Population and Bank Group wise classification of outstanding credit of Scheduled Commercial Banks According to Occupation Table 11: Commercial Banks In Housing Finance – The Population Group Perspective (Amount in Rs. mill.) 2000 2001 2002 Population group Amount O/s Amt per Acc. Amount O/s Amt per Acc. Amount O/s Amt per Acc. Rural Semi Urban Urban Metropolitan All India Source: Reserve Bank of India data on Population and Bank Group wise classification of outstanding credit of Scheduled Commercial Banks According to Occupation 44
  • 45. Referring to Table 11, we observe that the Urban and Metropolitan group of the population together occupied 70% of the Housing Loan Market for the year 2002. We also see that each of the population group has more than doubled its loan per housing account in 2002 on comparison with data from 2000. What could possibly have helped such a steep rise? 5. Formal Credit in Housing Finance Sector By Location 5.1 Region-Wise Housing Loans Outstanding Between 2000-2002 • Referring to Table 12, we observe that the western and southern region enjoyed a market share of 59%-61% during 2002. Table 12: Region-Wise Housing Loans Outstanding And Amount Outstanding Per Housing Loan By All SCB (Rs. mill.) Particulars 2000 2001 2002 Regions Of India No. Of Amount Amt. No. Of Amount Amt No. of Amount Amt Accounts O/s per Accounts O/s per Accounts O/s per Acc. Acc. Acc. Northern region North eastern region Eastern region Central region Western Region Southern region All India Source: Reserve Bank of India data on State and Bank Group-wise Classification of outstanding Credit of Scheduled Commercial Banks According to Occupation • Amount disbursed per loan has increased significantly between 2000 and 2002 in almost all the regions as can be seen from Table 12. The western region has grown the maximum in 2002 to an amount of Rs0.23m per account as shown in Table 12. This is probably due to the high property prices in Bombay. • The loans per account is the highest in the western and southern regions which matches the previous observation of the two regions dominating almost 60% of market share in the period 2000-2002. Although the market share of the southern region is higher, the loans per account are lower than that of the western region. This highlights the existence of high property prices in Bombay, which is likely to dominate the regions’ demand for housing loans. 45
  • 46. 5.3 ‘Big Players’ State Wise Analysis Table 13: Cumulative Market Share Of Housing Credit Of 10 Top States In % Cumulative Share, O/s States’ States Market Share Maharashtra Tamil Nadu Karnataka Andhra Pradesh Kerala Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Delhi Rajasthan Gujarat All India Source: Reserve Bank of India data on State and Bank Group-wise Classification of outstanding Credit of Scheduled Commercial Banks According to Occupation 6. Priority Sector Lending Of Housing Credit Table 14: All India Housing Loan Advances Under Priority Sector 2000 And 2001 (Amount in Rs. mill.) 2000 Direct Finance Indirect Finance Total No. of Amount Amount No. of Accounts Amount O/s Accounts O/s No. of Accounts O/s 2001 Direct Finance Indirect Finance Total Amount Amount Amount No. of Accounts O/s No. of Accounts O/s No. of Accounts O/s Source: Reserve Bank of India “ Scheduled Commercial Bank’s Advances under Priority Sector” • The housing loan advances under priority sector, which stood at Rs. 123.59 bill. in the year 2000, rose by 68.71% for the following year. The growth can be accredited firstly to the direct housing finance segment which rose from Rs. 55.26 bill. in 2000 by a high 89.25% in 2001 and secondly to the indirect housing finance segment, which saw it’s outstanding reach Rs.103.93 bill. in year 2001- a growth of 52.10% over it’s previous year account. • The percentage contribution to the overall outstanding by the direct housing finance under priority sector jumped from 44.71% in 2000 to 50.15% in 2001. *Refer to Appendix III for definition of Priority Sector Lending 46
  • 47. Table 15: Region Wise Amount Per Account For SCB’s Advances To Priority Sector (Amount in Rs. mill.) 2000 2001 Regions of India No. of Amount Amount No. of Amount Amount Accounts Outstanding per account Accounts Outstanding per account Northern Region North-Eastern Region Eastern Region Central Region Western Region Southern Region All India Source: Reserve Bank of India “ Scheduled Commercial Bank’s Advances under Priority Sector” • As we can see from Table 15, the Western region has a very high value for outstanding amount per housing loan under priority sector in comparison with the other regions for both the concerned years. The reason for this could be the presence of Mumbai and other industrial cities in this region. • The only substantial change that can be seen for both segments of housing loans under priority sector for the concerned years has been from the southern region. An apparent loosening of hold of the market in this region is complemented by the western region’s increase in hold in these segments. 7. Non -Priority Sector Outstanding In The Housing Finance Sector 7.1 Definition & Features Of Small Borrowal Accounts In Housing Credit Sector With reference to the ‘Basic Statistical Return of Scheduled Commercial Banks in India’- Volume 31, a home publication of Reserve Bank of India, all borrowal accounts with the credit limit of Rs. 2 lakh or less of all scheduled commercial banks including Regional Rural Banks, are classified as ‘small borrowal accounts’ or non-priority sector borrowals, from March 1999 survey onwards. Non- Priority Sector O/S= All Bank Total O/S- Priority Sector O/S Table 16 Particulars 2000 2001 Total Outstanding (Rs. bill.) Total Accounts Amount per Account (Rs. mill.) Source: Reserve Bank of India “ Scheduled Commercial Bank’s Advances under Priority Sector” and data on State and Bank GroupWise Classification of O/S Credit of SCB’s. 47
  • 48. II. Personal Loans 1. Data Description The personal loan (PL) segment of bank lending consists of loans given to individuals for unspecified purposes. This segment includes both “unsecured “ credit as well as credit “secured” against a variety of collateral- property, shares, other financial securities, etc. It is difficult to ascertain the purposes of these loans, but it is a growing segment of the consumer finance market. The only source of data used for this analysis is from the database of the Reserve Bank of India. The RBI data coverage is in three parts for the years ending March 31st in 2000, 2001 and 2002. (i) An occupational classification of bank credit gives a state-wise break-up of credit going to different sectors, by different types of scheduled commercial banks. The data is further broken up for each state, but for the purposes of this analysis we use a regional classification. (ii) Population group wise and Bank group wise classification of outstanding credit of Scheduled Commercial Banks According to Occupation. 2. Commercial Banks In Personal Loan Segment 2.1 Market Size And Growth Of PL Credit From Banks, 2000-2002 Table 17: Total Outstanding In PL By Scheduled Commercial Banks Particulars 2000 2001 2002 Total Outstanding (Rs. bill.) Total Accounts Amount per Account (Rs. mill.) Growth in O/s (Rs. bill.) Growth Rate in Total O/s (%) Source: Reserve Bank of India data on State and Bank Group Wise Classification of Outstanding Credit of Scheduled Commercial Banks According to Occupation • The PL sector has grown marginally by 1.465 between 2001-02 with corresponding growth in outstanding worth Rs. 20 billion approximately. 48
  • 49. 2.2 Outstanding PL Credit By Types Of Scheduled Commercial Banks, 2000-2002 Table 18: Outstanding Credit In PL Segment By Types Of SCB’s (2000-2002) (Rs. mill.) Outstanding Loans 2000 2001 2002 SBI &Associates Nationalized Banks Foreign Banks RRB Other SCB All SCB Source: Reserve Bank of India data on State and Bank Group Wise Classification of Outstanding Credit of Scheduled Commercial Banks According to Occupation • Table 18 shows that for the period 2000-2002, there has been no significant shift in the market share of the different types of banks. About 65-70% of the personal loan market was dominated by SBI & Associates and nationalized banks. Table 19: Region Wise Market Share Of Each Bank Type In Outstanding Credit For Personal Loan 2002 (in %) SBI & Nationalized Foreign Other All Region/Bank Associates Banks Banks RRB SCB Banks Northern Region North-Eastern Region Eastern Region Central Region Western Region Southern Region All India Source: Reserve Bank of India data on State and Bank Group Wise Classification of Outstanding Credit of Scheduled Commercial Banks According to Occupation • The southern region accounts for the largest share of the personal loan market- accounting for close to 40% of all India borrowing. 49